氟虫腈合成工艺的研究

以对氯三氟甲苯为起始原料,经硝化、氯代制得3,4,5-三氯三氟甲苯,通过路线选择,最终选定肼解还原法制得中间体2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺,各步产率均在90%以上。经重氮化制得的重氮盐与2,3-二氰基丙酸乙酯缩合后,在碱性条件下,闭环制得3-氰基-5-氨基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯基)吡唑,再经一步反应制得氟虫腈。反应总产率可达38.8%,纯度95%。各步产物经红外、质谱、核磁表征,证明结构正确。     

催化氧化合成氟虫腈新工艺

以4-三氟甲基苯胺、浓盐酸、双氧水为起始原料合成2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺,2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺,再和2,3-二氰基丙酸乙酯反应合成中间体芳基吡唑腈,5-氨基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基)吡唑经过硫氰化、缩合、催化氧化合成目标化合物氟虫腈.重点讨论了反应时间、温度、投料比对2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺和5-氨基-3-氰基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基)吡唑收率的影响.采用该工艺操作简单,易于工业化,且减少了废酸的处理和高毒性试剂的使用.     

催化氧化合成氟虫腈新工艺

以4-三氟甲基苯胺、浓盐酸、双氧水为起始原料合成2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺,2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺再和2,3-二氰基丙酸乙酯反应合成中间体芳基吡唑腈,5-氨基-3-氰基-1-（2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基）吡唑经过硫氰化、缩合、催化氧化合成目标化合物氟虫腈。重点讨论了反应时间、温度、投料比对2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基苯胺和5-氨基-3-氰基-1-（2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基）吡唑收率的影响。采用该工艺操作简单,易于工业化,且减少了废酸的处理和高毒性试剂的使用。     

N-(2,6-二氯-4-氰基苯基)-2-甲氧基烟酰胺合成研究

以2-氟烟酸为原料,通过酯化、氨解反应、 S_NAr反应, 3步合成N-(2,6-二氯-4-氰基苯基)-2-甲氧基烟酰胺,总收率52.5%。其中间体及目标化合物结构经~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和ESI-MS确证。并对合成目标化合物的反应条件进行研究,优化反应条件为:物料比n (2-氟烟酸甲酯)∶n (4-氨基-3,5-二氯苯腈)=1.0∶1.1, n(2-氟烟酸甲酯)∶n(六甲基二硅基氨基锂化合物)=1.0∶1.4;回流反应14 h,在优化条件下目标化合物收率为56.8%。     

2-(4′-羟基苯氧基)-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的合成

以对苯二酚与2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶单醚化合成精吡氟氯禾灵的重要中间体2-(4′-羟基苯氧基)-3-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶。探讨并得到了反应的最佳工艺条件:K2CO3为缚酸剂,二甲基亚砜和甲苯为溶剂,n(2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶)∶n(对苯二酚)∶n(K2CO3)=1∶2∶1.08,不需要脱水。在回流条件下加入2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶并反应5 h。在此条件下,2,3-二氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶的转化率100%,产品的选择性大于98%。     

2-氟-5-甲氧基苯甲醛的合成

以4-氟-3-甲基苯胺为原料,经重氮化、甲基化和溴化、水解等四步反应合成2-氟-5-甲氧基苯甲醛,产物的含量为99.176%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约37%,产物结构通过了1 H NMR和MS的验证。其中,重氮化酸性水解反应的最佳条件为n(4-氟-3-甲基苯胺)∶n(水)∶n(磷酸)∶n(五水硫酸铜)=1∶30∶4.0∶1.1,甲基化反应的最佳反应条件为n(4-氟-3-甲基苯酚)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1∶1.3,NaOH水溶液的质量浓度为20%,反应时间约为10h。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产等优点。     

4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶的合成研究

以3,5-二氯-2,4,6-三氟吡啶(TFP)为原料,水为溶剂,采用带压氨解合成氟草烟的中间体4-氨基-3,5-二氯-2,6-二氟吡啶,对反应条件进行了研究,优化反应条件为:反应温度80℃,反应时间30min,物料比n(TFP)∶n(氨水)=1∶3.5,苄基三乙基氯化铵的用量为TFP质量的5%。优化反应条件下收率为83.5%,产品含量为98.6%,其结构经红外分析、元素分析、核磁共振确证。     

对氟间苯氧基苯甲醛的合成

研究和优化了以4-氟-3-苯氧基甲苯(Ⅳ)为起始原料,经氯化反应,氧化反应合成对氟间苯氧基苯甲醛(Ⅶ)的方法。考察了催化剂用量,不同溶剂对氯化反应产物收率的影响和反应物配比对氧化水解反应产物收率的影响。氯化反应的最佳反应条件是选择CC l4作溶剂,在72~76℃下通氯气回流反应4 h。催化剂为x(过氧化二苯甲酰)=4.1%(相对于Ⅳ);中间产品α-氯-4-氟-3-苯氧基甲苯(Ⅴ)和α,α-二氯-4-氟-3-苯氧基甲苯(Ⅵ)的氧化水解反应的最佳反应条件是n(Ⅴ+Ⅵ)∶n[(CH2)6N4]=1∶4;w(HAc)=50%的冰醋酸水溶液作溶剂,在104~108℃下反应4 h。氯化、水解联合总收率可达86.8%,气相色谱纯度w(Ⅶ)=98.3%。Ⅶ的结构经1HNMR,13CNMR,IR,元素分析和ESI-MS证实。     

2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二甲基苯酚、氯乙酸为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在碘化钾催化下,经Williamson成醚反应合成了2′,6′-二甲基苯氧基乙酸。考察了原料摩尔比、氢氧化钠用量、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对收率影响。结果表明:n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)∶n(氯乙酸)∶(氢氧化钠)=1∶1.5∶2.86;n(碘化钾)∶n(2,6-二甲基苯酚)=0.1;反应温度70℃;反应时间4 h条件下产率达54.7%。     

2-氰基-2,2-二(4-氯苄基)乙酸乙酯的合成研究

以4-氯甲苯为原料,二氯甲烷为溶剂,室温下,用三氯化硼氯化甲基侧链合成4-氯氯苄,收率55.3%;乙醇钠催化下,物料配比n(4-氯氯苄)∶n(丙二腈)=2.0∶1.0,反应合成2,2-二(4-氯苄基)丙二腈,收率51.2%;有水的条件下,二氯亚砜催化,乙醇醇解2,2-二(4-氯苄基)丙二腈合成2-氰基-2,2-二(4-氯苄基)乙酸乙酯,收率62.9%。产物结构经IR、1H NMR及X单晶结构衍射确证。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.