Pulsed field,ribotype and integron analysis of multidrug resistant isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport

Twenty-one isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport were evaluated for their antimicrobial resistance, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, ribotype profiles, and their integron profiles. Antimicrobial resistance profiles indicated that 20 of the 21 isolates were resistant to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMOX/CA), ampicillin (AMPC), cefoxitin (CFOX), ceftiofur (TIO), cephalothin (CRIN), chloramphenicol (CHL), streptomycin (STR), tetracycline (TET), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Five isolates showed resistance to gentamycin (GEN) and kanamycin (KAN). Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (SMX/TMP) resistance was observed in six isolates. Eight of the twenty one isolates showed intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone (CTRX), with one isolate exhibiting complete resistance. PFGE clearly resolved the Salmonella Newport isolates into nine distinct clusters, and a good congruence was observed between PFGE and antibiotic resistance patterns. Automated riboprinting clearly distinguished between antibiotic resistant and sensitive strains of Salmonella Newport, and resolved the isolates into two ribogroups. One group consisted of the multidrug resistant isolates, and the other grouping contained the sensitive isolate. Three different integrons (1.0, 1.2, and 1.8 kb) were observed in many of the isolates, and several isolates contained more than one integron. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) indicated that integrons of the same size were indistinguishable.When integron analysis and ribotype analysis were used in conjunction, four subtypes of multidrug resistant Salmonella Newport isolates were clearly defined. These results demonstrate the possibility of utilizing automated ribotyping and integron analysis to rapidly subtype multidrug resistant Salmonella Newport isolates.     

北京市食源性非伤寒沙门菌的分子分型和耐药性研究

目的了解北京市食源性非伤寒沙门菌的分子特征及耐药情况。方法对2004—2010年北京市食源性致病菌监测网收集的100株沙门菌进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型和抗生素敏感性检测。结果 100株非伤寒沙门菌通过PFGE分型分为62个不同的带型,每个带型包含1~11株菌。抗生素敏感性结果显示,100株菌中有55株菌表现为对至少1种抗生素耐药,其中多重耐药菌株15株。菌株对各抗生素的耐药率为萘啶酸40%、四环素30%、氯霉素15%、庆大霉素10%、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑10%、环丙沙星9%、头孢西丁1%、头孢噻肟0%。结论沙门菌PFGE带型和耐药谱均与血清型存在很高的一致性。提示北京市食源性非伤寒沙门菌的耐药情况比较严重,开展对该菌分子分型与耐药特征分析的联合监测意义重大。     

Genetic diversity and virulence gene determinants of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolated from preharvest turkey production sources

This study evaluated the molecular diversity of 29 Salmonella serotypes isolated from turkey ceca and the production environment. Isolates were resistant to bacitracin (100%), erythromycin (100%), novobiocin (100%), rifampin (100%), streptomycin (62%), gentamicin (52%), spectinomycin (48%), tetracycline (31%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) (3%) and tobramycin (3%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 32 to >/=1024 microg/ml. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping patterns were identical within each of the serotypes Heidelberg, Worthington and Muenster. The plasmid profiles were identical within each of the Salmonella serotypes. Two different clones of Salmonella anatum were differentiated by PFGE typing but not by ribotyping. Heidelberg isolates from nine turkey ceca and three drinker samples had identical antibiotic resistance, PFGE, ribotype and plasmid patterns, suggesting that transmission of this particular clone may have occurred between the birds and the drinkers. Identical PFGE, ribotype and plasmid patterns were observed in one Salmonella worthington isolate from turkey ceca in one flock and two S. worthington isolates from feeder contents and drinkers from a subsequent flock, suggesting transmission of this pathogen between flocks. Individual and multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed the presence of the virulence genes invA, aceK and sopB and the absence of the h-1i gene in all isolates. A combination of genotypic and phenotypic markers can be useful in studying genetic variation among natural salmonellae populations in turkey production and delineating possible transmission pathways.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in Korea by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

A total of 81 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis were analyzed by antibiotic susceptibility, phage typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty-two isolates came from broiler carcasses and pig feces, and 49 isolates were from humans in Seoul and suburbs of Seoul, Korea. Antibiotic resistance was most prevalent among human isolates. Of human isolates, 89.8% were resistant to more than two antibiotics, while 64.7% of poultry isolates and 13.3% of pig isolates showed multiple resistance to more than two antibiotics. The most common phage type (PT) was PT1, followed by PT30 or 33, PT21 and PT20a. The isolates showed six PFGE patterns with XbaI or SpeI digestion, and five PFGE patterns with NotI digestion. But a single pattern, PFGE X1, S1, or N1, was predominant and the rest of the PFGE patterns differed by only one or two bands. Results indicated the spread of a genetically related clone of Salmonella Enteritidis in foods and humans in Korea and that phage typing as well as PFGE may offer an improved level of discrimination for the epidemiological investigation of Salmonella Enteritidis.     

一起纽波特沙门菌引起的食物中毒检测及菌株同源性分析

目的运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对一起食物中毒事件中分离的菌株进行同源性分析,为查明事件原因提供依据。方法采集患者、食品加工人员和剩余食物样本进行病原分离及鉴定,对分离到的菌株进行PFGE及耐药性分析。结果从采集的13份样本中检出4株纽波特沙门菌,其中1株来自病人样本,1株来自食品加工人员(厨师)样本,剩余牛肉、鸭肉各1株。4株菌株经PFGE分析,同源性为100%。4株分离菌株耐药谱相同。结论此次食物中毒由纽波特沙门菌引起,PFGE分型揭示菌株之间的流行病学联系,为事件的分析和溯源提供分子流行病学证据。     

Surveillance and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered pigs in Spain

The prevalence of and the antibiotic resistance shown by Salmonella isolated from pigs in Andalusia (southern Spain) is reported. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 40 (33%) of 121 sampled herds, and a total of 65 isolates were serotyped. The most common Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurium and Rissen (30.7% each); others included Derby (9.2%), Brandenburg (9.2%), Newport (7.7%), Bredeney (4.6%), Anatum (3.0%), Hadar (1.5%), and Goldcoast (1.5%). One strain (1.5%) belonging to the monophasic variant of the Typhimurium serotype (Salmonella 4,5,12:i: -) was also detected. Definitive phage type (DT) 104b was the most common Typhimurium phage type isolated. These Salmonella strains were resistant to various antimicrobial agents, including tetracycline (84.6%), streptomycin (69.2%), neomycin (63.0%), sulfonamides (61.5%), ampicillin (53.8%), and amoxicillin (53.8%). All isolates were fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and colistin. Thirty-nine strains (64%) resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents were defined as multidrug resistant. Multidrug resistance profiles were observed in Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Rissen, Brandenburg, Bredeney, a monophasic variant, Gold-coast, Hadar, and Anatum, with serotypes Typhimurium and Brandenburg showing the most complicated resistance patterns (resistant to > or = 11 drugs).     

温州市食品中沙门菌污染状况及特征分析

目的了解温州市食品中沙门菌的污染状况,分析分离的沙门菌血清型分布、耐药性及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型特征。方法依据GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》进行菌株分离鉴定及血清学分型,采用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验,PFGE法进行分子分型。结果 6类食品2 039份样品中,37份样品检出沙门菌,检出率为1.8%,其中生禽肉和生畜肉检出率较高,分别为6.9%(20/290)和3.4%(10/290)。37株沙门菌分属16种血清型,居前三位分别为鼠伤寒沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌。81.1%(30/37)的菌株对17种抗生素产生不同程度的耐药,呈现24种耐药谱,多重耐药率为56.8%(21/37)。PFGE图谱分为31种PFGE带型,呈多态性。结论沙门菌在温州市食品中存在一定的污染率,耐药情况形式严峻,PFGE图谱的聚集性与沙门菌的血清型有一定的联系,与耐药谱之间的关联性并不明确。     

2011—2016年石家庄市40株食物中毒沙门菌的耐药特征及分子分型结果分析

目的 研究食物中毒沙门菌分离株的分子生物学特征,结合耐药表型,分析菌株间的同源性及耐药关系,为预防控制食源性疾病发生和临床治疗提供科学依据。方法 对分离自2011—2016年石家庄市食物中毒食品或标本的40株沙门菌进行药敏检测,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型,运用BioNumeries软件分析菌株之间的流行病学关系。结果 40株食源性沙门菌经Xba I酶切可分为11种带型,药敏结果呈现多重耐药趋势。结论 石家庄市食源性沙门菌呈高度散发、多重耐药的特点,特别是优势血清型肠炎沙门菌耐药性较明显,提示应加强沙门菌耐药性监测。     

Phenotypic Characterization and Genotypic Subtyping of Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Gallinarum Isolated from Human and Poultry-Related Samples

This study aimed to assess the serotypes, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica isolated from food products and human patients with gastroenteritis. A total of 59 isolates were investigated, and the results revealed a predominance of S. Enteritidis with 57.63% (34/59) S. Gallinarum held second with 15.62% (5/32) of total food borne. While, isolates from humans showed 18.51% (5/27) of S. Typhimurium. High level of resistance to nalidixic acid was noted among food strains and 35.29% of human isolates were found to be multidrug resistant. Eight representative isolates were subtyping using three molecular approaches, ribotyping, Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLST showed three sequence types corresponding to two clonal complexes, (ST-78, CC-4) for S. Gallinarum, (ST-11, CC-4) for S. Enteritidis and (S-367, CC-37) for S. Cerro. While, MLVA generated six different profiles targeting nine loci for S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum.     

Iceberg lettuce as suggested source of a nationwide outbreak caused by two Salmonella serotypes, Newport and Reading, in Finland in 2008

A nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotypes Newport and Reading occurred between 17 October and 28 November 2008 in Finland. A total of 77 culture-confirmed Salmonella Newport and 30 Salmonella Reading cases, including one case with a double infection, were reported. All strains isolated from the patients were subtyped using serotyping, microbial resistance profiling, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Here, the PFGE patterns of the studied Salmonella Newport strains were identical, whereas four different PFGE profiles were found among the Salmonella Reading strains. Two elderly patients died within 2 weeks of the onset of symptoms. Three geographical clusters of cases with an epidemiological link were identified. The traceback investigation suggested that the factor connecting the cases was ready-chopped iceberg lettuce available for mass catering use. However, none of the tested food, environmental samples, or the samples taken from the staff of the processing plant contained Salmonella bacteria. Tracing back to outbreak sources with a short shelf life can be complex.     

Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Seafood Isolates of Nontyphoidal Salmonella by PFGE

Emergence of multidrug resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major health concern worldwide due to the predominant occurrence of Salmonella enterica sub-species enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type 104 (DT104) conferring resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline. Apart from antibiotic resistance, the identification and genotypic characterization of pathogens is essential for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations. In this study 39 isolates of Salmonella obtained from seafood samples were examined for their susceptibility to various antibiotics and subjected to PFGE analysis using the restriction enzyme Xba1. The highest percentage resistance was for erythromycin (100%) followed by nalidixic acid (15.38%), co-trimoxazole (15.38%), chloramphenicol (12.82%), ampicillin (12.82%) and tetracycline (10.25%). Six (15.38%) of the 39 isolates were multidrug resistant. The XbaI digested chromosomal DNA generated 7 clusters suggesting the presence of diverse Salmonella strains in seafood. The Discriminatory Index for PFGE obtained by XbaI restriction enzyme was 0.91. The PFGE has been found highly discriminatory for subtyping S. Weltevreden and S. Newport. The XbaI PFGE was not only discriminatory but could also distinguish multidrug-resistant strains from the sensitive ones as the two groups they belonged to different pulsotypes. The study also demonstrated multiple clones of S. Weltevreden, S. Newport and S. Oslo present in seafood from the south west coast of India. Genetic diversity among the similar seafood sources suggests the presence of different clones of Salmonella which further increases the risk of seafood being a potential source of highly pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella.     

The antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in South East Asia

Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. It is most prevalent in developing countries where infectious diseases remain common, the use of antibiotics in humans and animals is widespread, and the replacement of older antibiotics with new generation antibiotics is not easy due to the high cost. Information on antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Salmonella spp. in food animals and humans in different countries and geographic regions is necessary to combat the spread of resistance. This will improve the understanding of antibiotic resistance epidemiology, tracing of new emerging pathogens, assisting in disease treatment, and enhancing prudent use of antibiotics. However, the extent of antibiotic resistance in food-borne pathogens and humans in many developing countries remains unknown. The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of antibiotic resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella spp. in food-producing animals, retail meat and humans from South East Asia. It is focused on resistance characteristics of traditional and "critically important" antibiotics in this region, and the emergence of multidrug resistant strains and genetic elements that contribute to the development of multidrug resistance, including integrons and the Salmonella Genomic Island (SGI).     

Transmission of Salmonella between swine farms by the housefly (Musca domestica)

The domestic pig is an important source of human salmonellosis, and houseflies are potential mechanical vectors of foodborne Salmonella pathogens. In 2005, we recovered 144 Salmonella isolates from flies and swine stool samples from 11 farms in Taoyuan County and Hsin Chu County (northwestern Taiwan). A total of 71.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. There were a total of 14 serotypes, and 8 of these serotypes were present in both flies and swine stool samples. Some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains coming from different swine farms were found to have identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among four common serotypes, we identified 18 PFGE patterns, 8 of which were present in flies and swine stools. The similarity in PFGE profiles between isolates from swine and flies in different farms indicate the potential of flies to serve as a vector for transmission.     

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from foods in Korea from 1993 to 2001

This study determined the prevalence of Salmonella in foods widely consumed in Korea from 1993 to 2001, along with antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolates from these foods for 11 antibiotics. Overall, 41 Salmonella isolates, representing 15 serotypes, were obtained from 2.2% (29 of 1,334) of the samples examined, and most of the Salmonella isolates were recovered from broiler carcasses. The most common serotypes were Salmonella Enteritidis (29.3%), Salmonella Virginia (14.6%), and Salmonella Haart (12.2%). All isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance; 14.6% of the isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics, 4.9% were resistant to one antimicrobial agent, 14.6% were resistant to two antimicrobial agents, 22.0% were resistant to three antimicrobial agents, 39.0% were resistant to four antimicrobial agents, and 4.9% were resistant to five antimicrobial agents. Most of the isolates showed resistance or intermediate resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and/or tetracycline.     

北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌耐药及分子分型研究

分析北京市食源性金黄色葡萄球菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况及其分子分型特征,预防和控制由该菌引起的食源性疾病,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 收集2010—2012年北京地区食源性致病菌监测网分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌187株,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测金黄色葡萄球菌对8种常用抗生素的敏感性。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子分型。结果 116株金黄色葡萄球菌表现出对抗生素耐药,耐药率为62.03%,对抗生素的耐药率为红霉素(ERY)45.45%、苯唑西林(OXA)27.81%、克林霉素(CLI)20.86%、四环素(TET)13.90%、氯霉素(CHL)11.76%、环丙沙星(CIP)6.42%、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑(TPM/SMZ)5.88%。其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)52株、对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)135株。分离到的MRSA中34株菌表现出多重耐药。全部菌株共分为129种PFGE带型,优势带型不明显。结论 食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药和多重耐药普遍存在,PFGE带型分布分散与耐药谱的关联性较差。     

杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌污染状况及耐药和分型特征研究

目的研究陕西杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌的污染状况及其药敏性、血清型和基于脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)的基因型,为预警食源性沙门菌疾病暴发提供数据基础。方法采用GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对陕西杨凌及周边地区采集的188份零售分割鸡肉中沙门菌进行分离和鉴定,并进行血清学分型。采用PFGE方法确定沙门菌DNA酶切电泳图谱,使用BioNumerics软件聚类分析电泳结果,确定沙门菌基因型。结果 188份零售分割鸡肉中共有34份(18.1%)样品检出沙门菌,农贸市场样品沙门菌检出率(24.6%,29/118)高于超市(7.1%,5/70)。鸡腿、鸡爪、鸡脖和鸡肝样品中沙门菌检出率高于鸡肠和鸡胗。34株沙门菌中共检出10种血清型,其中科瓦利斯沙门菌最为流行,高于德尔卑沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌等,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分离株均对磺胺异噁唑、氯霉素、头孢噻呋和环丙沙星耐药,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑、萘啶酮酸、四环素、链霉素、氨苄西林和阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率均在50%以上。34株沙门菌PFGE分型后可被分为11个簇,同一血清型菌株基本聚于同一大簇,同一时间、从相同市场采集的不同样品,其分离株PFGE型相似度均较高,表明分割鸡肉在加工或销售过程可能存在交叉污染。农贸市场分离菌株基因型多样性比较丰富。结论杨凌及周边地区零售分割鸡肉存在沙门菌污染,沙门菌血清型和基因型多样化,耐药菌株比例较高。     

2016年河南省市售生禽肉中沙门菌血清分型和分子分型研究

目的 了解河南省市售生禽肉中沙门菌污染状况,并对分离株进行血清型和分子分型研究,为河南省食源性疾病溯源数据库提供基础数据。方法 沙门菌检测及血清分型、脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型分析参照国家食品及食源性疾病监测网工作手册。结果 165份生禽肉样品中检出41株沙门菌,分属13个血清型,优势血清型是科瓦利斯沙门菌、肯塔基沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌及达布沙门菌。经Xba I酶切,获得30种带型,每种带型包括1～5株菌株,相似度为47.5%～100%。部分不同血清型沙门菌PFGE型相似。结论 河南省市售生禽肉沙门菌污染严重,沙门菌血清型和基因型呈现多样化,基因型有一定的地区聚集性。     

Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam

The spread of antibiotic resistance via meat poses a serious public health concerns. During 2007-2009, a total of 586 retail meat samples (318 pork and 268 chicken meats) were collected from three provinces (Bac Ninh, Ha Noi and Ha Tay) of North Vietnam to determine the prevalence of Salmonella. Isolates were characterized by serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Approximately 39.6% (n=126) of pork and 42.9% (n=115) of chicken samples were Salmonella-positive, and 14 Salmonella serovars were identified. Anatum (15.8%) was the most common serovar, followed by Infantis (13.3%), Emek (10.4%), Derby and Rissen (9.5%), Typhimurium (9.1%), Reading (7.5%) and London (6.2%). The isolation frequency of serovars Enteritidis, Albany, Hadar, Weltevreden, Newport and Blockey ranged from 1.2%-5.8%. Resistance to at least one antibiotic agent was detected in 78.4% of isolates (n=189) and the most frequent resistance were to tetracycline (58.5%), sulphonamides (58.1%), streptomycin (47.3%), ampicillin (39.8%), chloramphenicol (37.3%), trimethoprim (34.0%) and nalidixic acid (27.8%). No Salmonella isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. Chicken isolates had higher resistance to antibiotic agents than pork isolates (P<0.05). It showed that 159 Salmonella isolates belong to the 14 serovars were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 50 MDR patterns were found. This study indicated that Salmonella serovars isolated from retail meat samples were resistant to multiple antibiotics and this resistance was widespread among different serovars. The widespread resistance may have arisen from misuse or overuse of antibiotics during animal husbandry in North Vietnam.     

2014—2018年北京市人源性肠致病性大肠埃希菌耐药特征及分子特征研究

目的 了解北京市门诊腹泻病例肠致病性大肠埃希菌(enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,EPEC)分离株抗生素敏感性情况及分子分型特征。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法对2014—2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例EPEC分离株进行8类14种抗生素敏感性检测。参照PulseNet中非O157大肠埃希菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型方法,对不同区县不同采样时间分离的菌株采用随机抽样原则,对140株菌基因组经限制性内切酶Xba Ⅰ酶切后进行分子分型和聚类分析。结果 2014—2018年北京市门诊腹泻病例EPEC分离株总耐药率为84.8%(391/461),氨苄西林、四环素、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑耐药率较高,分别为66.4%(294/443)、54.0%(249/461)、45.6%(210/461)。461株菌分为200种耐药谱,耐3类及3类以上抗生素的菌株数达249株(54.0%),有1株菌对7类12种抗生素耐药。常见耐药谱为萘啶酸耐药,占4.3%(20/461)。环丙沙星、萘啶酸、四环素、亚胺培南耐药率和耐药谱种类呈逐年缓慢上升趋势。其中140株菌共产生136种PFGE带型,带型分布较为分散,无优势带型,菌株之间的相似系数为53.3%～100.0%。结论 2014—2018年北京市腹泻病例EPEC 耐药情况严重,耐药谱复杂广泛,多重耐药菌株及耐药谱种类呈逐年增多趋势。菌株的基因型呈多态性分布。     

Occurrence of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104A in retail ground beef

Surveillance data of cattle and human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 indicate that this pathogen emerged worldwide in the 1980s, particularly in cattle. Studies were conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in ground beef. Samples were also tested for the presence of generic Escherichia coli. A total of 404 fresh ground beef samples obtained at retail stores from New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Denver, Atlanta, Houston, and Chicago were shipped overnight to Georgia for processing. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 14 (3.5%) samples. Eight different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Lille (3), Salmonella Montevideo (1), Salmonella Hadar (1), Salmonella Meleagridis (1), Salmonella Cerro (1), Salmonella Kentucky (1), and Salmonella Muenster (1). Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin, and tetracycline but that they were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Phage typing revealed that all five Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104A, a subtype of DT104. All five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates were obtained from ground beef sampled from retail outlets in San Francisco. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genomic DNA profiles of the five Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A isolates from ground beef were indistinguishable from those of four control Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 penta-resistant isolates from cattle that were used for comparison. A total of 102 generic E. coli isolates were obtained, only three of which were multiresistant to antibiotics. In addition, three E. coli isolates were recovered from samples that were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A. No correlation of antibiotic resistance profiles was observed between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and generic E. coli, as two of the three E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the antibiotics tested, and the third isolate was resistant only to cephalothin. These data indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A can be isolated from retail ground beef, and because there was little overlap in antibiotic resistance patterns between Salmonella Typhimurium DT104A and E. coli isolates from the same ground beef samples, these limited data suggest that the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among enteric bacteria in ground beef may not be common. This latter observation is further supported by the limited isolation of multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli from retail ground beef.