Cyclorotation Models for Eyes and Cameras

The human visual system obeys Listing's law, which means that the cyclorotation of the eye (around the line of sight) can be predicted from the direction of the fixation point. It is shown here that Listing's law can conveniently be formulated in terms of rotation matrices. The function that defines the observed cyclorotation is derived in this representation. Two polynomial approximations of the function are developed, and the accuracy of each model is evaluated by numerical integration over a range of gaze directions. The error of the simplest approximation for typical eye movements is less than half a degree. It is shown that, given a set of calibrated images, the effect of Listing's law can be simulated in a way that is physically consistent with the original camera. This condition is important for robotic models of human vision, which typically do not reproduce the mechanics of the oculomotor system.      

In the Eye of the Beholder: A Survey of Models for Eyes and Gaze

Despite active research and significant progress in the last 30 years, eye detection and tracking remains challenging due to the individuality of eyes, occlusion, variability in scale, location, and light conditions. Data on eye location and details of eye movements have numerous applications and are essential in face detection, biometric identification, and particular human-computer interaction tasks. This paper reviews current progress and state of the art in video-based eye detection and tracking in order to identify promising techniques as well as issues to be further addressed. We present a detailed review of recent eye models and techniques for eye detection and tracking. We also survey methods for gaze estimation and compare them based on their geometric properties and reported accuracies. This review shows that, despite their apparent simplicity, the development of a general eye detection technique involves addressing many challenges, requires further theoretical developments, and is consequently of interest to many other domains problems in computer vision and beyond.     

机器人手臂混合控制器的设计

多数视觉伺服研究中,不考虑机器人的动力学特性,把机器人当作一个理想定位设备。本文考虑其动力学特性,采用基于FNN和CMAC控制器方法,实现了机器人对目标运动的跟踪。并对一个二连杆视觉伺服系统进行了仿真,仿真结果说明了算法的有效性。较好的解决视觉伺服控制中的定位精度难点,改进机器人的视觉控制算法,达到精确、非线性的鲁棒控制。     

机器人结构的智能化设计方法

机器人结构的设计中,需要对设计方案多次修改。除了计算工作以外,结构的修改工作通常是由手工完成,在整个设计工作量中所占比重比较大。文章给出一种利用ANSYS软件提供的APDL语言对设计方案进行优化的方法。利用这种方法,结构的修改不再需要人工干预,整个优化设计过程在使用APDL语言编写的用户优化程序的控制下自动进行,能够有效地提高优化工作的效率和可靠性。该方法对于拓扑结构不变的优化过程都是适用的。     

A Bioinspired Neural Network for Real-Time Concurrent Map Building and Complete Coverage Robot Navigation in Unknown Environments

Complete coverage navigation (CCN) requires a special type of robot path planning, where the robots should pass every part of the workspace. CCN is an essential issue for cleaning robots and many other robotic applications. When robots work in unknown environments, map building is required for the robots to effectively cover the complete workspace. Real-time concurrent map building and complete coverage robot navigation are desirable for efficient performance in many applications. In this paper, a novel neural-dynamics-based approach is proposed for real-time map building and CCN of autoxnomous mobile robots in a completely unknown environment. The proposed model is compared with a triangular-cell-map-based complete coverage path planning method (Oh , 2004) that combines distance transform path planning, wall-following algorithm, and template-based technique. The proposed method does not need any templates, even in unknown environments. A local map composed of square or rectangular cells is created through the neural dynamics during the CCN with limited sensory information. From the measured sensory information, a map of the robot's immediate limited surroundings is dynamically built for the robot navigation. In addition, square and rectangular cell map representations are proposed for real-time map building and CCN. Comparison studies of the proposed approach with the triangular-cell-map-based complete coverage path planning approach show that the proposed method is capable of planning more reasonable and shorter collision-free complete coverage paths in unknown environments.      

相扑机器人设计

本文以相扑机器人小车为研究对象,在BASICStampEditorV2．4．2软件开发平台上对BASICStamp2控制嚣进行PBASIC语言编程,通过改变脉冲信号对伺服电机进行控制,从而改变机器人运行速度、时间和方向,使机器人小车能够完成向前、向后和旋转等动作。利用声音传感器接收哨音频率完成小车的启动动作,并通过红外线传感器完成机器人追逐物体,以及黑色边界检测功能。最后实现了机器人能自动追逐对手并将其推出界外,同时保持自己留在界内的功能。     

Revising the Robust-Control Design for Rigid Robot Manipulators

Robust controllers for robot manipulators ensure stability of the closed-loop system, even if only partial knowledge of the dynamic model of the manipulator is available. Existing derivations of robust-control laws, while guaranteeing the stability result, present an undesired dependence of the robust-control term on the gains of the controller for the nominal system. This dependence forces larger robust-control terms when the nominal control gains are large. Based on a structured representation of the model uncertainty, this paper proposes a derivation of the robust-control law, where these limitations are removed. Experimental results on the COMAU SMART 3S industrial robot in a 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) configuration confirm the advantages of the proposed controller.      

Gaussian Process Models for Indoor and Outdoor Sensor-Centric Robot Localization

This paper presents an approach to building a map from a sparse set of noisy observations, taken from known locations by a sensor with no obvious geometric model. The basic approach is to fit an interpolant to the training data, representing the expected observation, and to assume additive sensor noise. This paper takes a Bayesian view of the problem, maintaining a posterior over interpolants rather than simply the maximum-likelihood interpolant, giving a measure of uncertainty in the map at any point. This is done using a Gaussian process (GP) framework. The approach is validated experimentally both in an indoor office environment and an outdoor urban environment, using observations from an omnidirectional camera mounted on a mobile robot. A set of training data is collected from each environment and processed offline to produce a GP model. The robot then uses that model to localize while traversing each environment.      

复杂路线下机器人的三点三轮寻迹系统

针对寻迹时的复杂路线,设计一种简单的机器人。该机器人以AT89C52单片机为控制芯片,使用3个自制的红外光电传感器来辨别路线,具有设计简单、成本较低等特点。测试表明,该机器人能顺利地完成复杂路线下的寻迹,其双级转弯的设计使得寻迹更为准确。     

移动机器人虚拟仿真平台设计与实现

机器人的三维仿真在机器人的研究中起着重要作用,论文以实验室中的移动机器人为背景,利用3D Studio Max建立了该移动机器人的三维实体模型(3DS模型),然后以VC++6.0为开发工具,利用C++编程功能,并调用OpenGL函数,实现机器人模型在编译环境下的重绘;而且根据移动机器人在指定路径下的运动学坐标变化,给出控制移动机器人的运动的方法;文中创建的虚拟实验环境为研究机器人提供了一个生动形象的仿真平台,为进一步研究移动机器人控制算法和路径规划创造了条件。     

微装配机器人的控制软件设计

针对亚毫米级微型零件的装配精度和效率偏低的问题,构建了21自由度微装配机器人控制系统。首先简要介绍了其控制系统的硬件组成。接着将系统控制软件分解成相应的功能模块,并由这些软件模块组成二个控制阶段,以完成整个微装配过程。提出了一种通用的基于.NET框架的＂四层架构＂设计模式,简化了各软件模块的编写工作,重点讨论了各层的功能及实现细节。最后,成功地应用了所提出的设计方案构建了微装配系统,结果表明该控制系统极大的改善了装配精度和装配效率,能够满足微装配作业的要求。     

竞赛机器人小车的设计

本文结合机器人竞赛，介绍了竞赛机器人小车的设计和具体实现。机器人小车以SST公司的SST89E564RD单片机为控制器，辅以传感器模块和驱动器模块。其中传感器模块采用的是反射式可见光传感器，利用达林顿管对反射光强进行放大。控制模块采样传感器信号，并以此来确定小车状态和辨认路线，然后依据预置于控制模块中的导航地图来控制驱动模块并采用PWM方式调节电机转速，并改变小车的前进方向和速度，从而达到自主寻迹的目的。     

移动机器人可拓控制器的设计

路径规划技术是移动机器人研究领域的关键技术之一,是移动机器人完成任务的安全保障.针对在环境障碍物信息未知的情况下移动机器人的路径规划问题,将可拓学理论与机器人路径规划结合,建立了机器人物元模型,分析了其可拓性在不同的环境下的应用,并结合机器人全局与局部路径规划方法的特点,设计了基于可拓控制的路径规划控制器,仿真结果证明了该方法的可靠性和有效性.     

自主机器人自定位模块的设计

介绍了基于AT89C2051微处理器的机器人自定位模块的设计方法.为了解决用到的测程法存在无界累计误差的问题,将光电开关测得的信息与电子罗盘测得的角度信息进行融合,提高了定位的精度.通过硬件和软件的设计及具体实现证明了该方法的可行性和很好的鲁棒性.     

网络控制机器人无线通信系统的设计

文章给出了网络控制机器人系统的一种无线通信设计方案,首先规划了完整的硬件架构和电路图,然后完成了详细的软件设计,包括协议算法、帧格式以及具体的程序流程图,最后对系统的性能进行了分析和测试。     

Pioneer移动机器人遥操作系统设计

本文以ActivMedia公司的Pioneer 3-DX型移动机器人为控制对象,实现了一个可以通过Web浏览器远程访问和控制的移动机器人遥操作系统,该系统为研究人员和机器人爱好者提供了一个远程实验平台.     

一组跟随式移动机器人系统的设计方法

设计了 一组跟随式移动机器人系统,通过图像的识别与处理构建局部通信网络,完成机器人自动跟随、协同控制的功能.建立机器人运动模型,根据采集的图像信息通过PID控制算法控制机器人,通过广播网络的构建,使用广播通信方式完成机器人协同控制.单机器人在直行与转向运动测试中均具有良好的跟随表现,多机器人跟随系统具有较好的跟随鲁棒性...     

自主飞行机器人导航系统设计

自主飞行机器人系统是以微型直升机模型为载体的复杂系统。在该系统中导航系统采集各传感器数据得到机器人当前飞行姿态、空间位置以及相应的监控信息,控制模块依此监控信息按照给定策略计算并发出控制信号,实现飞行机器人的自主控制。本文对自主飞行机器人导航系统设计及功能实现做出了详细阐述。首先,给出了本自主飞行机器人的系统构造;其次,给出了导航系统的硬件组成部分以及各部分所完成的功能任务;最后阐述了导航系统的功能实现,包括飞行姿态和空间位置的获取。