液膜法处理废镉镍电池浸出液的研究

研究了乳状液膜从废镉镍电池的浸出液中有选择性地分离镉的问题，确定了以二异丙基水杨酸(DIPSA)和三辛烷基硫化磷(TBPS)为液膜载体和协同载体的乳状液膜体系．实验考察了载体用量、浸出液的pH值、内水相中硫酸的浓度、油内体积比(Roi)以及乳水比(Rew)对该乳状液膜迁移Cd^2 、Ni^2 和Co^2 的影响，以及油相回用和资源利用．结果表明，在最佳液膜操作体系下，Cd^2 的回收率在98％以上，Ni^2 和Co^2 的损失率(即迁移人内水相)均在1％以下，油相可回用．     

Effect of Overcharge on Electrochemical Performance of Sealed-Type Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries

The effects of overcharge on electrochemical performance of AA size sealed-type nickel/metal hydride（Ni/MH） batteries and its degradation mechanism were investigated. The results indicated that the relationship between the effects of different overcharge currents on the increasing velocity of inner pressure and the degradation velocity of cycle life and discharge voltage remains in almost direct proportion. After overcharge cycles, the positive electrode materials remain the original structure, but there occur some breaks because of the irreversible expand of crystal lattice. And the negative electrode alloy particles have inconspicuous pulverization, but are covered with lots of corrosive products and its main component is rare earth hydroxide or oxide. These are all the main reasons leading to the degradation behavior of the discharge capacity and cycle life of Ni/MH batteries.     

混合嗜酸硫杆菌浸出低品位磷矿的正交实验研究

以某矿酸性矿土中分离的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌形成的混合菌为浸磷菌种、黄铁矿为能源物质、无磷无铁9K培养基为浸矿培养基,对混合菌浸出低品位磷矿石（w（P2O5）为22.8%）的浸磷条件进行了单因素优化和正交实验研究。结果表明,最优浸磷的适宜条件是,矿浆浓度为15 g/L,菌种体积浓度为15%,初始pH值为1.5,磷的浸出率为51.07%。     

Improved Electrochemical Performance of Surface-Modified Metal Hydride Electrodes

A novel plating process was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the MH/Ni batteries. The electrode was plated with a thin nickel film about 0.1 μm thick by using multi-arc ion plating technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the electrodes. Influence of the surface modification on the performance of the MH/Ni batteries was studied. It is shown that the surface modification could enhance the electrode conductivity and decrease the batteries ohimic resistance by 28.2%. After surface modification, the discharge capacity of the batteries at 5C (8.5 A) is increased by 212 mA·h and discharge voltage is increased by 0.09 V. The surface modification also improves the cyclic durability of the batteries. The inner pressure of the batteries with modified electrode during overcharging is much lower than that with unmodified electrode. The experimental results demonstrate that this process is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of MH/Ni batteries.     

Synthesis of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 in Air Atmosphere and its Characterization

The commercialized lithium secondary cells need the electrode materials with high speeific capacity, lower pollution and lower price. Certain industrial materials ( NiSO_4, CoSO_4 , LiOH·H_2O)were used to synthesize Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.2)(OH)_2 of a stratified structure, when various synthesis conditions such as pH, reaction temperature et al. were controlled strictly. After LiOH·H_2O and Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.2) (OH)_2were calcinated in air atmosphere, LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_2 positive electrode materials with good layered crystal structure was obtained. Tests showed that the optimal calcination temperature in air atmosphere was about at 720℃ and LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_2 synthesized in the above conditions had good electrochemical properties and a low cost. The first specific: discharge capacity of the material was 186 mAh/g, and the specific discharge capacity was 175 mAh/g after 50 cycles at a 0.2C rate, between 3.0～4.2 V with a discharge deterioration ratio of 0.22% each cycle. Tests showed that LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O     

Nickel extraction from low grade laterite by agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure

This research work deals with the extraction of nickel from a low grade nickel laterite ore, taken from a deposit located in southwestern of Iran, through agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. The assaying and mineralogical studies carried out on the nickel laterite sample, showed the 0.88% Ni, and principally consisted of oxide and silicate crystalline phases i.e. dolomite, quartz, magnetite, and goethite. Among numerous factors affecting such process, four major parameters i.e. temperature, agitator speed (r/min), leaching agents and their concentration were considered in a two-level full factorial experimental design. The agitation leach tests showed that the ore could be leached at atmospheric pressure with sulfuric acid while citric acid was almost unpromising. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using DX7 software was employed to identify effective parameters. Sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were the most effective parameters on Ni extraction. Furthermore, the factorial models for experiment responses were developed. The results showed 83% Ni extraction after 4 h leaching, under optimized conditions i.e. temperature at 95 °C, acid concentration at 5 N and agitator speed at 1000 r/min. This study revealed that factorial experimental design can be implemented to identify effective parameters on the agitation leaching process of nickel laterite.     

Surface Modification for Metal Hydride Electrode of Ni／MH Battery

A novel method was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the Ni/MH battery. The electrode was plated with a thin silver film by using plasma technology and its effect on the performance of the Ni/MH battery was examined. Charge-discharge test proved that the battery with modified electrode exhibits a better high-rate dischargeability and chargeability than the battery with untreated electrode. The battery with modified electrode exhibits satisfactory durability. After 500 cycles, the capacities of the batteries with modified and unmodified electrode are 90.1% and 82.3 % of their original capacities. The inner pressure test shows that the battery with modified electrode displays a much lower inner gas pressure on charging. The experimental results demonstrate that this method is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of the Ni/MH battery.     

镍氢电池充放电终止指标的实验研究

进行了镍氢电池的充放电实验,检测了电池工作时的电压、容量、温度和内阻,绘制了相应的曲线.上述4个参数的变化显著程度不同.借助曲线,讨论了镍氢电池充放电终止指标的确定原则.充电时,电池电压、容量和电池的温度可作为终止指标.放电时,电池的电压、容量和内阻可作为终止指标.总体而言,用容量作为充放电的终止指标比较准确,由此提出了以电池容量作为充放电终止指标的建议,所得到的结论对不同容量的镍氢电池具有参考意义.     

Recycling of Spent Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

A technique for recycling spent nickel-cadmium batteries, which makes separaion of cadmium and nickel possible, is developed by laboratory-scale experiments. NH3-H2CO3 aqueous solution was used in this leaching technique. Since neutralization and/or solvent extraction were not required in the separation procedure of nickel and cadmium, the closed systemizaion of the process becomespossible. Experimental results show that, (1) if the NH3 concentraion of leaching solution is sufficiently high and the ratio of H2CO3 toNH3 is properly adjusted, both Ni(OH)2 and Cd(OH)2 react with NH, and quickly dissolve into leaching solution, and (2) Ni(OH)2 can beconverted into insoluble NiO by calcination at 500℃, and CdO from Cd(OH)2 by calcination maintains good solubility in NH3-H2CO3aqueous solution. As a conclusion, the recycling technique characterized by two step leaching can be developed based on such changesin dissolution behavior by calcination. Meanwhile, the yields of 99.8% for nickel and 97.6% for cadmium are obtained, and the puritiesof Recycling of Spent Nickel-Cadmium BatterieRecycling of Spent Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Recycling of Spent Nickel-Cadmium Batteriesrecovered nickel and cadmium are 99.9% and 98.6%, respectively.     

废镍催化剂回收镍并生产高纯硫酸镍的研究

研究了从废镍催化剂中生产硫酸镍,废镍催化剂通过碱洗酸溶,除去杂质钡和硅之后,通过调节溶液的pH值进行精制和浓缩,以除去铁锌等杂质,在液固比(mL/g)为5、硫酸质量浓度为40%,浸泡时间为100 min,浸泡温度是95℃时镍的浸出率最高,可达到97.5%.最终得到的晶体通过X射线衍射和热重分析表明,其结构为N iSO4.6H2O,化学分析表明镍含量为22.6%.     

食用菌菌糠对重金属离子的吸附性

利用廉价生物吸附剂去除污水中Pb2＋和Zn2＋的技术,研究了食用菌菌糠的吸附特性,调查污水pH、重金属初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间和温度对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在食用菌菌糠吸附剂用量分别为16g/L和12g/L,pH值分别为5和6,初始重金属质量浓度为20mg/L,吸附时间为3h,25℃条件下,达到了最大吸附量,对Pb2＋和Zn2＋的去除率分别达到92.79%和88.96%,处理后的Pb2＋和Zn2＋质量浓度分别为1.442mg/L和2.208mg/L,接近污水综合排放标准（GB8978—1996）中的排放质量浓度1mg/L和2mg/L.食用菌菌糠对Pb2＋和Zn2＋的吸附等温线符合Fleundlich模式.     

Electrogenerative leaching of nickel sulfide concentrate with ferric chloride

In order to utilize the chemical energy in hydrometallurgical process of sulfide minerals reasonably and to simplify the purifying process, the electrogenerative process was applied and a dual cell system was introduced to investigate FeCl3 leaching of nickel sulfide concentrate. Some factors influencing the electrogenerative leaching, such as electrode structure, temperature and solution concentration were studied. The results show that a certain quantity of electrical energy accompanied with the leached products can be acquired in the electrogenerative leaching process.The output current and power increase with the addition of acetylene black to the electrode. Varying the components of electrode just affects the polarization degree of anode. Increasing FeCl3 concentration results in a sharp increase in the output of the leaching cell when c(FeCl3) is less than 0.1mol/L. The optimum value of NaCl concentration for electrogenerative leaching nickel sulfide concentrate with FeCl3 is 3.0 mol/L. Temperature influences electrogeneratire leaching by affecting anodic and cathodic polarization simultaneously. The apparent activation energy is determined to be 34.63 kJ/mol in the range of 298 K to 322 K. The leaching rate of Ni^2 is 29.3% after FeCl3 electrogenerative leaching of nickel sulfide concentrate for 620 min with a filter bag electrode.     

硫酸和氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出低品位磷矿

研究了硫酸和氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Af．f．）浸出低品位磷矿过程中初始pH值和底物成分对磷的浸出率的影响．实验结果表明：在初始pH值为1．50～3．50时，硫酸和Af．f．都能有效提高细菌培养液中磷的浸出率，且当pH值为2．00、培养底物为混合矿时，Af．f．浸出磷矿中磷的浸出率最大，达到9．50％．     

热水解处理制革污泥过程中总Cr的转移与稳定性研究

采用热水解法研究了不同热水解温度和酸性条件下,制革污泥中重金属总铬的转移特性及浸出毒性变化.结果表明：pH对制革污泥中Cr的溶出起主要作用,H2SO4调节pH为2.5和1.5时,常温水解预处理对污泥中Cr的转移率分别达到了56%和91%.热水解温度的提高不利于Cr向液相转移,当pH=2.5时,180 ℃热水解后的水解液中Cr的质量分数比常温条件下降低了70%以上.热水解处理促进污泥中Cr的稳定,且随着热水解温度的升高,Cr的浸出毒性显著降低, 180 ℃热水解Cr的稳定化率达93.2%,而常温下只有50.8%,因此,可采用常温H2SO4浸取+热水解联合处理的方法,实验结果表明：Cr的转移和稳定化效果均较好,污泥中Cr向液相的转移率高于90%,固相中Cr的浸出毒性显著降低,稳定化率超过95%.     

TOMAC为载体的大块液膜法处理含镍废水

研究了三辛基甲基氯化铵（TOMAC）为载体的大块液膜体系处理含镍（Ⅱ）废水.应用正交实验考察了料液相中金属离子浓度、载体浓度、反萃剂浓度、料液相pH对镍（Ⅱ）迁移的影响.结果表明,镍（Ⅱ）迁移的最优方案为料液相中金属离子浓度为0.03mol/L,载体浓度为6%,反萃剂浓度为0.05mol/L,料液相pH为10.在最优条件下,迁移时间180min,迁移率可达53.92%.因素的影响主次为镍（Ⅱ）浓度〉料液相pH〉载体浓度〉反萃剂浓度.     

Activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by alkali-roasting using NaOH

Activation pretreatment of Cr-containing limonitic laterite ores by NaOH roasting to remove Cr,Al,and Si,as well as its effect on Ni and Co extraction in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process w...     

二氧化硫液相浸取低品位软锰矿的动力学

研究了液相中二氧化硫对低品位软锰矿的浸出行为。考察了液相搅拌转速、温度、二氧化硫浓度及pH对锰浸出率的影响,研究了软锰矿粒径及表面元素相对含量随锰浸出率的变化,并对其浸出的动力学模型进行了分析。实验结果表明,搅拌转速为400r/min时可消除外扩散对锰浸出率的影响。锰浸出率随温度、二氧化硫浓度的升高而增大,随pH的增大而减小。当锰浸出率为80%时,软锰矿粒径减小约20%,表面锰含量减小73%,硅元素含量增大18%。动力学研究结果表明,软锰矿的浸出过程为扩散-化学反应混合控制过程,反应的活化能为36.85KJ/mol,二氧化硫浓度、氢离子反应级数分别为1.5595和0.5884。     

新型锂储藏合金负极材料研究进展

合金型锂离子电池负极材料由于容量高、安全性好而受到了极大的关注，最有希望取代碳材料在下一代高性能锂离子电池中得到应用．笔者着重介绍了以锡合金为代表的锂储藏合金的研究进展，以及最新的纳米技术和薄膜技术在研究过程中的应用．由于新技术的应用，解决了合金材料在充放电过程中由于体积膨胀而粉化的缺点，锂储藏合金材料的研究取得了突破性的进展，循环寿命已经达到了300周以上，离实际应用仅一步之遥．锡基合金负极材料是最有竞争力的下一代锂离子电池负极材料之一。     

基于人工神经网络的电池容量预测

为有效地对电动车蓄电池的剩余容量SOC进行预测,引入了人工神经网络BP改进算法的Levenberg-M arquardt(LM)算法;建立了基于镍氢电池的神经网络模型;实现了对镍氢电池充放电过程中任一状态下的剩余容量的预测。结果表明,通过该网络模型可以方便快速的得到电池的SOC值,所得结果满足要求,为电池管理系统提供了一种新的电池SOC的预测方法。     

硫杆菌的驯化育种及对低品位磷矿的浸出

利用从广西某温泉采集的水样分离嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Atf菌)和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Att)并进行纯化,然后将分离纯化后的Atf、Att菌菌株用于低品位磷矿中磷的浸出,并与经过磷矿驯化后的菌株进行浸磷效果对比和分析。研究结果表明:1)Att、Atf菌经过驯化后其生长活性有所提高,Att菌菌液平均pH比原菌有所降低,Atf菌经5~10 g/L磷矿粉驯化后菌液pH降低较明显;2)进行浸矿试验时,驯化菌株对磷矿粉有较强的适应能力,其pH下降较快,且30 d浸出率比原菌均有提高。其中Att菌在有磷培养基和无磷培养基中经过驯化后浸出率均有明显提高,最大提高了近11%;Atf菌在有磷培养基中经2~8 g/L磷矿粉驯化后浸出率提高显著,最大达28%,而在无磷培养基中经过10~15g/L磷矿粉驯化后浸磷效果最优,浸出率比原菌提高了1倍。