一种GH4169镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变性能

通过对一种等温锻造GH4169镍基合金进行直接时效处理,蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,GH4169合金的组织结构由γ基体,γ′相、γ″相和δ相组成,且各相之间保持共格界面。测定出合金在660℃/700MPa条件下的蠕变寿命为123h。合金在680℃/700MPa的蠕变寿命为39h,在实验温度和应力范围内,计算出直接时效合金的蠕变激活能为588.0kJ/mol。合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错滑移和孪晶变形,其中,沿晶界析出的粒状碳化物,可抑制晶界滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。随蠕变进行,开动的滑移系中位错运动至晶界受阻,并塞积于该区域引起应力集中,当应力集中值大于晶界的结合强度时,可促使其在与应力轴垂直的晶界处发生裂纹的萌生与扩展,直至断裂,是合金在蠕变期间的断裂机制。     

固溶处理的热连轧GH4169合金的组织与蠕变特征

通过对热连轧GH4169合金进行固溶和时效处理、组织形貌观察和蠕变性能测试,研究了固溶和时效处理合金的组织结构和蠕变特征。结果表明,经固溶和时效处理合金由较大尺寸晶粒组成,并具有明显的孪晶特征,且细小γ′、γ″相在晶内弥散析出,可提高合金的蠕变抗力;在实验应力和温度范围内,测得该合金的蠕变激活能为537.8kJ/mol,且对施加应力和温度具有敏感性;在蠕变期间,热连轧GH4169合金的变形特征是位错的单双取向滑移和孪晶变形,随着蠕变进行,裂纹沿晶界萌生和扩展到发生沿晶断裂是该合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

冷却方式对热连轧GH4169合金组织与蠕变行为的影响

通过对不同方式冷却的热连轧GH4169合金进行直接时效处理、蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了冷却方式对热连轧GH4169合金的组织结构与蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:"水冷"HCR-GH4169合金经直接时效后,其组织由细小晶粒组成,大量细小γ′,γ″相在晶内弥散析出,可提高合金蠕变抗力,而"空冷"热连轧合金晶粒尺寸较大,且在基体中析出的γ′,γ″两相的数量明显减少;在实验条件下,"水冷"热连轧合金经直接时效后具有较好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命;热连轧及直接时效合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中发生单、双取向滑移和孪晶变形,在蠕变后期,裂纹在晶界处萌生和扩展,并发生沿晶断裂是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

热连轧GH4169合金的点阵常数与蠕变性能

通过对热连轧GH4169合金进行热处理、组织形貌观察、点阵常数测定及蠕变性能测试,研究热连轧GH4169合金的点阵常数与蠕变行为。结果表明:热连轧GH4169合金主要由γ基体、γ′和γ″相组成,经标准热处理后,合金中部分粒状γ′相重溶,且又在基体中析出扁平状γ″相;经X射线衍射分析表明,与热连轧合金相比,THR-ST-GH4169合金中γ基体、γ′和γ″相的点阵常数较小,但各相之间具有较大的晶格错配度,可有效阻碍位错运动,是合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长蠕变寿命的重要因素之一;在蠕变期间,热连轧合金的主要变形机制为位错的双取向滑移,而在THR-ST-GH4169合金中,可形成形变孪晶和发生位错滑移。     

热处理对喷射成形FGH4095组织的影响

采用喷射成形技术制备镍基高温合金FGH4095,其组织均匀、坯件整体致密度高、氧含量低、晶粒为细小的等轴晶。经测定其致密度在99%以上,氧含量为20×10-6。合金热处理过程中,随固溶处理温度的升高(1120℃、1140℃、1160℃),主要强化相γ′相逐渐溶解,溶解尺寸由小变大,溶解最慢的γ′相位于晶界上。二级时效后再次析出细小的γ′相。     

700℃超超临界机组用617B镍基合金的组织结构和析出相

使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对比分析了617B镍基合金在750℃持久试样和时效态试样的组织结构和析出相。结果表明:在蠕变和时效过程中在晶内和晶界都析出复杂面心立方结构的M23C6,晶内析出有序立方结构γ′相,前者为多边形或条形,后者为粒状;随着试验时间的延长析出物的颗粒尺寸出现长大的趋势;应力对γ′相的生长影响不明显,但是对晶界碳化物有明显的影响;在长时间应力条件下,M23C6碳化物聚集长大。     

一种含Re/Ru镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为及其机理

针对含Re/Ru单晶合金共晶组织中的高熔点元素和高推重比发动机材料的高承温能力等问题,研究了固溶温度和组织演化对其高温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明,在1328℃固溶处理的合金中仍存在粒状残余共晶,在1332℃固溶处理可将其消除,使合金在1100℃/140 MPa的蠕变寿命由321 h延长到476 h。在蠕变初期的合金中γ′相转变为N-型筏状组织,在蠕变后期位错剪切进入γ′相形成的位错锁,可抑制位错运动,使合金的蠕变抗力提高。但是高应变速率下位错的交替滑移使筏状γ′相扭折和形成亚晶,可降低合金的蠕变抗力,特别是筏状γ′相转变成“类块状”形态的逆向组织演化提高了应变速率,是合金高温蠕变较后期间的变形和损伤特征。其中,合金在1140℃寿命的大幅度降低,归因于γ′相的溶解使其尺寸减小和体积分数降低。     

固溶温度对DZ951镍基高温合金组织和持久性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了固溶温度对定向凝固DZ951镍基高温合金组织和持久性能的影响.结果表明:合金经固溶处理后,枝晶偏析降低,合金强度增加.碳化物由铸态时的骨架状变成块状,呈不连续状分布在晶界,对裂纹的萌生和扩展都有抑制作用.γ′相经固溶处理后,尺寸变小,分布更加均匀.合金在1100℃/60MPa的持久性能得到提高.在1300℃固溶处理时,合金元素分布更加均匀,γ′相体积分数增加,使DZ951合金具有较高的持久寿命.     

第二代定向高温合金DZ406的长期时效研究EI北大核心

研究了二代定向合金DZ406在900℃和980℃无载荷时效处理后的组织及性能变化。组织基本稳定,3000h后枝晶干区域有微量针状相出现,根据萃取结果为μ相,但并未使性能大幅下降;而980℃,1000h时效后未发现针状相的析出。900℃时效中,γ′在1500h前没有明显变化,2000h后γ′开始长大,3000h后呈条状分布。时效后,均有次生碳化物析出,包括枝晶间粒状富Hf的MC(2),晶界上条块状MC,不规则的M6C及链状M23C6。760℃/780MPa的持久寿命随时效时间的延长先提高后下降;870℃/517MPa的持久寿命则逐渐下降,并在3000h后下降了50%左右。980℃和1100℃的持久寿命随时效时间延长下降幅度相对较小,尤其是980℃的持久寿命在3000h后只下降了17.8%。     

一次枝晶间距对DD26单晶高温合金持久各向异性的影响

研究了取向对高速冷却法(DD26-HRS)和液态金属冷却法(DD26-LMC)制备的DD26单晶高温合金760℃/670 MPa条件下持久性能的影响。结果表明,DD26-HRS合金一次枝晶间距明显大于DD26-LMC合金,而且DD26-HRS合金持久各向异性更为严重。位错形貌显示靠近[001]-[012]边界试样变形以基体内多滑移为主。由于DD26-HRS合金γ′相尺寸较大,抑制了层错带剪切γ′相的变形机制,从而使得DD26-HRS合金持久寿命高于LMC合金。然而,靠近[001]-[112]边界试样变形以单方向层错剪切γ′相为主,基体内开动的位错较少,DD26-HRS合金枝晶间粗大的碳化物相周围易于位错的堆积,从而萌生裂纹并沿碳化物界面迅速开裂,造成DD26-HRS合金持久寿命低于DD26-LMC合金。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.