Adaptive Hypermedia

Adaptive hypermedia is a relatively new direction of research on the crossroads of hypermedia and user modeling. Adaptive hypermedia systems build a model of the goals, preferences and knowledge of each individual user, and use this model throughout the interaction with the user, in order to adapt to the needs of that user. The goal of this paper is to present the state of the art in adaptive hypermedia at the eve of the year 2000, and to highlight some prospects for the future. This paper attempts to serve both the newcomers and the experts in the area of adaptive hypermedia by building on an earlier comprehensive review (Brusilovsky, 1996; Brusilovsky, 1998).     

Hypermedia Models

This survey deals with questions of the organization and structuring of information. Hypermedia models of three basic categories are considered: (1) models of data structures, in which information is laid; (2) models of processes, which describe the semantics of the linking and browsing; and (3) combinational models that include structural and behavioral aspects of hypermedia.     

Modelling Synchronized Hypermedia Presentations

This paper presents a synchronization model for hypermedia presentations. Several media, continuous, like video and audio files, and non-continuous, like text pages and images, are delivered separately in a distributed environment like the World Wide Web, and presented to the user in a coordinated way.The model is based on a set of synchronization relationships which define media behavior during presentation playback, channels in which to play them, and the effects of user interaction. The model is suited for a wide range of applications, among which self and distance education, professional training, Web advertising, cultural heritage promotion and news-on-demand are good representatives. The model is formally described in terms of changes in the presentation state due to media-related events. A virtual exhibition is analyzed as a test bed to validate the model.     

Hypermedia and engineering design

Abstract

Building Services Engineering (bse) is an applied discipline within the construction industry. It is concerned with the design, installation, operation and maintenance of all mechanical and electrical systems in buildings. Design software developed for the bse industry is typically structured on sets of well-established rules and building codes. Anecdotal evidence indicates that junior designers, who may lack experience and confidence, frequently adopt a ‘black box’ approach when applying design software. This may be contrasted with the more experienced designer who typically questions the assumptions and algorithms adopted before applying the programs. However, this is not always possible even for the experienced designer, particularly where ‘conventional’ computer-languages have been used to develop die software. It is therefore argued within the paper that for some applications design software based on hypermedia may be more appropriate. This is demonstrated through the development of a prototype ‘fire sprinkler layout design’ model using HyperCard. The paper also indicates that by constructing strategic relations between objects the effectiveness of the design model can be enhanced. In this way the designer is better able to control the process of navigation within die model.     

Hypermedia systems without links

Although there is no universally accepted definition of what a hypermedia system really is, most hypermedia specialists seem to agree on one basic issue. A hypermedia system contains some pieces of information (often called nodes or chunks) that are tied together by links. Links in fact have almost become a defining characteristic of hypermedia.In this paper we contend that the importance of links has been grossly exaggerated. Hypermedia systems in which links play only a limited role are quite conceivable. Indeed, many burning issues in current day hypermedia systems can be better resolved if other navigational techniques are used. We believe that the emphasis on links has caused a rather myopic view of hypermedia systems. A serious re-evaluation of the extent to which links are beneficial is important. This fact has been previously observed by others, the earliest being Van Dam's keynote address at 'Hypertext'87'. In this paper we propose a first significant step in using structure to replace links.     

一个事件驱动的超媒体模型

本文提出一个事件驱动的超媒体模型,较好地解决了超媒体链、对象同步和用户交互3个关键问题.该模型在结构上分为数据层、容器层和表现层3层,采用直观的时间轴定义各种对象同步关系,通过交互对象和内置的描述语言定义复杂动作,兼顾了直观性、灵活性和交互性;采用完善高效的超媒体链定位方法,支持多人同时工作.以EDHM(event-driven hypermedia model)为基础研制的多媒体著作工具Ark已在国家大型应用系统的开发中得到很好的应用.     

超媒体系统中的人工智能方法

一、什么是超媒体近年来迅速崛起的多媒体(multimedia)技术,是一种使计算机具有交互式地综合处理和管理文字、图形、图象、声音、视频等多种媒体能力的技术,必将使计算机技术发生一     

个性化超媒体课件研究

探讨应用能反映领域知识本质结构的语义网,应用课程排序方法、有向无环图的拓扑排序方法动态生成课件等关键技术,为开发者提供一个动态生成个性化超媒体课件的框架和过程.     

Hypermedia presentation generation in Hera

Hera is a model-driven methodology for designing Semantic Web Information Systems (SWIS). Based on the principle of separation-of-concerns, Hera defines models to describe the different aspects of an SWIS. These models are represented using RDF, the foundation language of the Semantic Web. Hera is composed of two phases: the data collection phase, which integrates data from different sources, and the presentation generation phase, which builds a hypermedia presentation for the integrated data. The focus of this paper is on the hypermedia presentation generation phase and the associated model specifications. The Hera presentation generation phase has two variants: a static one that computes at once a full Web presentation, and a dynamic one that computes one-page-at-a-time by letting the user influence the next Web page to be presented. The dynamic variant proposes, in addition to the models from the static variant, new models to capture the data resulted from the user's interaction with the system. The implementation is based on a sequence of data transformations applied to the Hera models that eventually produces a hypermedia presentation.     

Hypermedia in the ambient wood

The Ambient Wood project, carried out as part of the Equator project, set out to provide an augmented learning experience for children in an outdoor environment. Using a variety of devices, the children gathered information about the woodland habitats performing basic scientific enquiry and hypothesis testing. In this paper, we describe the supporting information infrastructure used in the project, focusing on how hypermedia tools and techniques were used to structure and deliver the information to the children, helping to orchestrate the learning activities.     

Hypermedia environments and adaptive instruction

The relevant professional literature is reviewed and discussed regarding the following salient issues: (1) hypermedia environments enable learner control; (2) this is reflected in individuals' navigational paths through network-based subject matter; (3) these student tracks can be captured in log files; and (4) this information can be used by artificially intelligent tutors to implement adaptive instruction. Assuming (1) most schools, colleges, universities, and corporations will eventually offer distributed students network-based instruction for particular refresher preparation and certain core courses, and (2) adaptive intelligent tutors are crucial components of course management systems, recommendations for research, development, and evaluation, extracted from the discussion, are made to appropriate sponsors, academic administrators, faculty members, training managers, and instructional developers, interested in realizing on-line learning.     

Hypermedia as an Interpretive Act

This essay will explore the epistemological foundations of hypertext and hypermedia, focusing on the need for an especially acute awareness of cognitive issues in the design and execution of academic data bases. Since hypertext as a technology has the potential to organize massive bodies of primarily academic information, we will address a number of basic interpretive and pedagogical concerns about the interpretive ‘freighting’ which such electronic intellectual archives might unintentionally produce.

At this stage of development, there is a great deal of interest and enthusiasm from the computer community in hypertext and hypermedia, but we must not ignore the ideological and hermeneutical implications of what may appear to be simple technical decisions. This essay will explore some of the implications of such ‘technical decisions’, suggesting that academicians as ‘gatekeepers’ of knowledge, must be aware of this cognitive overhead and consciously incorporate strategies in future hypertext databases which attempt to clarify their creators' critical assumptions. While hermeneutical neutrality is not possible in this cognitive universe, future hypertext and hypermedia systems must be self-consciously aware of cognitive issues.     

Bottom-Up Generation of Hypermedia Documents

Creating hypermedia documents for educational or informational purposes is a time and money consuming task. However, automation, especially for maintaining or adapting large hypermedia documents (e.g. a web site), is a must. This paper presents an approach for the bottom-up generation of hypermedia documents. The main idea is to start with a set of mediaobjects (text, images, video, etc.), select the most appropriate ones, sequence them to build a tree-like structure, integrate them into a set of screen pages, and finally convert each screen page into a single HTML file. Maintaining the resulting document is very easy because it only requires extending or modifying the pool of mediaobjects available and regenerating the document.     

一个动态超媒体映射引擎

文章首先介绍了传统应用软件和超媒体应用软件的差异,指出了超媒体应用系统的特征和对最终用户的吸引力.在此基础上,建立了一个动态超媒体映射引擎的模型,它可以透明地为大多数传统应用系统增加超媒体的界面.文章最后给出了在WWW上实现的一个DHyME(dynamic hypermedia mapping engine)实例.     

Automating Hypermedia for Decision Support

Many ‘first generation’ hypermedia systems were designed to support applications, which do not require the dynamic and general characteristics necessary for our domain --- decision support systems (DSS). The heart of our research is a dynamic model of hypermedia incorporating virtual structures and computation, which we call generalized hypermedia. Generalized hypermedia broadens and automates the ‘static’ or non-virtual notion of first generation hypermedia for a knowledge-based DSS shell. The shell provides a hypermedia-style interface for navigating among DSS application models, data and reports. Such a shell should support applications in a variety of fields, e.g., engineering, manufacturing, finance, and therefore must provide hypermedia support as general, system-level functionality Generalized hypermedia superimposes a hypermedia network on a DSS application, generating all hypermedia nodes, links and link markers dynamically from the application's standard, non-hypermedia knowledge base. In this paper we demonstrate how automating hypermedia can enhance decision making with a DSS. We describe generalized hypermedia and discuss the challenges presented to it by a dynamic, real-time environment.     

Hypermedia presentation and authoring system

This paper describes the Hypermedia Presentation and Authoring System (HPAS), a Web browser with built-in authoring capabilities. In contrast to traditional browsers, it manages time-based hypermedia presentations and the associated dynamic spatial layout with respect to time. The system manipulates various media types by embedding object presenters, editors, and converters, which combine to provide transparent operations on hypermedia objects, such as MPEG videos, GIF images, rich text files, etc.     

一种面向对象的开放式超媒体引擎

从讨论超媒体引擎的设计原则和设计方法入手,提出了一种基于面向对象数据库管理系统的开放式超媒体引擎.由于引入了元对象建模,该引擎不仅可以表达复杂的超媒体语义,而且可以直接支持开放性链接协议,从而实现了对第三方应用的开放性.     

Engineering the Design of Usable Hypermedia

This paper presents a systematic method for designing hypermedia that are easy to use for various types of users, along with its application to a specific case study. The design phase is supported by the use of task models. We have identified criteria that indicate how information in task models can be used to identify links, design presentations, and structure the data of the hypermedia considered. Different types of users imply different task models and thus different hypermedia designs. We then show how the design obtained was evaluated using both empirical testing and metrics for hypermedia navigation. We discuss the results obtained by these two evaluation methods and how they affected the original design.     

Broadening the Scope of Hypermedia Principles

Hypermedia systems have been implemented for such a wide range of applications that one must wonder whether their principles should not be included among the building blocks of computer environments themselves. In this paper, we argue that this would indeed be desirable and present a model on which such extension could be based.

After a brief review of hypermedia principles and the terminology used in this paper, we give examples of several computer applications in which hypermedia already are or could advantageously be used. We then suggest that most computer applications would greatly benefit if hypermedia were extended from isolated applications to a system-wide facility and that this could substantially simplify implementation of new hypermedia applications. This claim is then generalized and it is shown that extending hypermedia concepts to the organization of the computer environment itself --- the file system --- and to the user interface would make computer environments more flexible and easier to use.

We then list the main characteristics of such a ‘hyperenvironment’ and conclude the paper with an outline of its implementation model and an example.