硫酸铵在饮用水消毒工艺中的应用研究

针对水厂采用氨瓶投加氨气存在的风险,开展了液体硫酸铵替代液氨的试验。通过硫酸铵投加量、氯化消毒稳定性、硫酸铵溶液稳定性和结晶试验,证明采用液体硫酸铵作为氯胺消毒助剂的氨源是适用与可行的;根据生产情况和产品特点,制定了液体硫酸铵投加工艺和质量标准;徐泾水厂进行了3%液体硫酸铵(以氮计)投加生产性试验,运行1年取得了良好的效果。     

采用青草沙水库水后水厂的运行优化

2011年4月临江水厂原水切换为青草沙水库水,切换后原水水质得到明显改善,水厂出水水质相应提高.水厂根据新原水水质特点调整了工艺运行参数,降低藻类暴发时对生产运行的影响,有效控制了出厂水中溴酸盐、三卤甲烷、二甲基异莰醇等水质指标,采用氯接触池内游离氯消毒的方式降低活性炭池微生物泄漏的风险.     

空气射流器用于加氨工艺的探索

加氨过程中产生的结垢问题一直困扰给水厂的管理人员.尝试采用压缩空气代替压力水作为射流器的动力,取得了很好的效果,解决了结垢堵塞的问题,并成功运用于生产实践.     

千岛湖引水工程实施前后杭州主城区厂水水质变化研究

为探究千岛湖引水工程对杭州主城区供水水质的影响,2019至2020年期间,持续定期采样检测,研究分析了工程实施前后主城区各水厂原水及出厂水水质变化趋势.结果 显示,引水后5家水厂原水水质呈更优更安全趋势;出厂水安全指数提升,口感更佳.单样本t检验及两独立样本t检验结果显示,5家水厂原水及出厂水引水前后均具极显著差异;引水前原水与千岛湖水源水呈极显著性差异,引水后无显著性差异或差异较引水前更小.常规处理工艺水厂出厂水较深度处理工艺出厂水水质提升更为显著.但也存在"低浊"等问题,水厂运营过程中需特别关注.     

神州市东南水厂水源水污染特征分析

利用水质监测数据,以福州市西区水厂原水及地表水分类标准为背景与参照,确定了东南水厂水源水污染特征灵敏指标为氨氮含量.分析了上游来水和潮汐变化对原水水质进而对东南水厂出厂水水质的影响,找到了水质变化的大致规律.针对原水水质变化特点提出了生产处理意见.     

混凝土生产预冷系统建设及安全管理

氨具有良好的热力学性能,被广泛应用于水电工程混凝土生产预冷系统。如果氨泄漏会使人中毒窒息,氨气与空气混合后遇明火会造成火灾或爆炸,后果非常严重。如何规范进行混凝土预冷系统建设、安全可靠使用液氨制冷剂、有效遏制事故发生是水电工程建设必须解决的问题。从乌东德水电站左岸混凝土预冷系统建设"三同时"安全管理,压力容器及管道、消防设计施工安全管理,预冷系统运行及检修日常安全管理等方面提出预防措施和应对办法,为相关工作人员提供参考。     

常规水处理工艺中亚硝酸盐的抑制与去除

夏季高温时,原水氨氮及有机物含量高,滤池砂层中极易滋生亚硝化细菌,导致生成亚硝酸盐,提高了制水氯耗,而出厂水中含有亚硝酸盐会影响人们的身体健康,针对不同的原水水质情况,在九溪水厂中通过采用改变加氯消毒方式等措施,去除、抑制亚硝酸盐,取得显著成效.     

广西某火电厂SCR脱硝液氨泄漏事故风险评价

火电厂SCR烟气脱硝系统存在液氨泄漏的风险,文章以广西某火电厂为例,通过液氨泄漏的风险计算及液氨泄漏的风险影响分析,提出必要的防范与应急措施建议。     

福州市东南水厂水源水污染特征分析

利用水质监测数据,以福州市西区水厂原水及地表水分类标准为背景与参照,确定了东南水厂水源水污染特征灵敏指标为氨氮含量。分析了上游来水和潮汐变化对原水水质进而对东南水厂出厂水水质的影响,找到了水质变化的大致规律。针对原水水质变化特点提出了生产处理意见。     

某市给水厂常规工艺对氨氮和CODMn的去除效果分析

对某市以淮河水为水源、采用常规工艺的3座给水厂2007～2009年每日的原水和出厂水的氨氮和CODMn的实测数据进行统计分析,得出:该市给水厂枯水期、平水期和丰水期氨氮平均去除率分别为81%、70%、71%;CODMn的平均去除率分别为38%、41%、51%;各给水厂对氨氮去除率存在一定差异,但对CODMn的去除率差异不大;该市给水厂氨氮和CODMn的去除率高于一般已有的参考经验值。氨氮和CODMn的去除率与制水量的增减基本无关;进水水质对氨氮的去除率影响较大;水温对CODMn的去除率影响较大。     

固定化生物流化床处理尿素厂废水的中试研究

采用O/A/O/A(好氧/缺氧/好氧/缺氧)工艺的固定化生物流化床处理技术,对尿素厂的氨氮废水(NH3-N50~500mg/L)进行了现场中试试验研究。试验结果表明该技术处理尿素厂废水效率高,效果好,费用低;当水力停留时间平均为21h时,出水TN平均浓度为26.63mg/L,去除率为90%,出水NH3-N平均浓度为6.51mg/L,去除率可达96%。     

基于水位-面积-湖容关系的东洞庭湖动态纳污能力分析

为测算不同水文水质条件下东洞庭湖动态纳污能力,利用2003—2016年MODIS遥感数据和实测水文数据建立水位-面积-湖容关系模型,提取不同水位、入湖流量、入湖水质条件下的纳污能力计算参数,参照《水域纳污能力计算规程》测算出不同水文水质条件下的东洞庭湖动态纳污能力系数以及COD、氨氮的动态纳污能力。研究结果表明:东洞庭湖纳污能力随着水位、流量、水质而动态变化,COD最小纳污能力为14 200 g/s,大于2016年年均排放强度1 837 g/s,不存在水质超标风险;氨氮最小纳污能力43 g/s,小于2016年年均排放强度275 g/s,水质超标风险大;明确了导致氨氮超标的水文、水质条件,认为氨氮入湖浓度<0.95 mg/L时,湖泊氨氮不超标。主要结论为:①水位-面积-湖容关系模型可为测算湖泊动态纳污能力提供支撑;②建议根据动态水域纳污能力确定污染物排放量,科学利用水环境容量;③东洞庭湖入湖氨氮浓度应控制在0.95 mg/L以下,以保证水质达标。研究成果对维护和改善洞庭湖水环境质量具有重要的现实意义。     

深圳河及其主要支流自净状态评估

以深圳河干流及其主要支流布吉河与新洲河为研究对象,采用现场调查的方法对其自净状态进行了评估。研究发现,深圳河主要污染物为有机物和氨氮,CODMn浓度平均范围为12~30 mg/L,氨氮平均浓度为6 mg/L左右。在河流好氧河段,有机物逐渐得到降解,氨氮通过硝化过程转化为硝氮,硝态氮是氮元素的主要形态(占60%)。在缺氧甚至厌氧河段,包括深圳河中下游、布吉河、新洲河下游等,有机物发生厌氧转化过程,出现黑臭现象,而氨氮产生积累,部分硝态氮通过反硝化作用得到去除,氨氮成为氮元素主要形态(占70%)。这表明,深圳河及其支流自净状态非常不稳定。本研究结果对于进一步改善深圳水环境质量和恢复生态提供重要的科学依据。     

Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste with UF-membrane separation and recycling of permeate after free ammonia stripping.

Anaerobic digestion can adapt to free ammonia to a certain extent. During the anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste, however, an ammonia concentration of up to 15 g Nl(-1) can be reached in the sludge liquid and this will even inhibit adapted sludge. To lower this concentration, a fraction of the digester liquid must therefore be continuously separated from the digested sludge and the free ammonia stripped before the liquid is recycled to the digester. A mesophilic laboratory digester was successfully operated with an ammonium concentration of 4-5g l(-1) and a pH of 8.0-8.4. After free ammonia stripping, the excess liquid was treated in a laboratory SBR for nitrogen and phosphorus removal before being added to the receiving water. The effluent had no toxic effect on daphnia and algae.     

RO brine treatment and recovery by biological activated carbon and capacitive deionization process

The generation of brine solutions from dense membrane (reverse osmosis, RO or nanofiltration, NF) water reclamation systems has been increasing worldwide, and the lack of cost effective disposal options is becoming a critical water resources management issue. In Singapore, NEWater is the product of a multiple barrier water reclamation process from secondary treated domestic effluent using MF/UF-RO and UV technologies. The RO brine (concentrates) accounts for more than 20% of the total flow treated. To increase the water recovery and treat the RO brine, a CDI based process with BAC as pretreatment was tested. The results show that ion concentrations in CDI product were low except SiO2 when compared with RO feed water. CDI product was passed through a RO and the RO permeate was of better quality including low SiO2 as compared to NEWater quality. It could be beneficial to use a dedicated RO operated at optimum conditions with better performance to recover the water. BAC was able to achieve 15-27% TOC removal of RO brine. CDI had been tested at a water recovery ranging from 71.6 to 92.3%. CDI based RO brine treatment could improve overall water recovery of NEWater production over 90%. It was found that calcium phosphate scaling and organic fouling was the major cause of CDI pressure increase. Ozone disinfection and sodium bisulfite dosing were able to reduce CDI fouling rate. For sustainable operation of CDI organic fouling control and effective organic fouling cleaning should be further studied.     

Electro-thermal treatment optimization of high concentration ammonia nitrogen by gaseous oxidation in liquid phase (GOLP)

This study is focused on optimizing the treatment parameters for high concentration ammonia using gaseous oxidation in liquid phase (GOLP). The conversion of ammonia was achieved electrothermally over mono-crystalline silicon supported CoOx catalyst. The experimental results demonstrated that factors including the co-anions, pH of the solutions, air flowrate and the current showed apparent influences on the ammonia removal. The higher the Cl(-) concentration and/or current, the better the efficiency of ammonia degradation. The increase of the air flowrate would increase the ammonia removal accordingly. And it was also observed that the pH declined during the ammonia conversion, and the neutral and alkaline pH were beneficial to the ammonia removal. The preliminary cost analysis based on lab data was also provided for future reference.     

田东电厂脱硫工程液氨储罐泄漏事故后果模拟分析

田东电厂烟气脱硫工程采用氨法烟气脱硫技术,设置180 m3液氨储罐3台,采用帕斯奎尔-吉福德（P-G）模型对其中1台液氨储罐发生爆裂,液氨泄漏气化扩散,引发中毒伤害后果进行模拟计算,估算影响范围,为工程设计采取相应的对策措施和为企业应急预案的建立提供参考依据。     

建立在水动力关系基础上桃河阳泉段河道渗漏补给量的计算

阳泉市桃河上游河谷冲洪积层孔隙地下水，以其涌水量大、开采成本低成为当地的重要供水水源。其资源量除受河流径流量的大小影响外，更与河水与地下水的动力关系密切相关，本文根据两者间的水动力关系分为顶托渗漏和自由渗漏两个过程，并根据实测渗漏量计算出含水层参数，进而结合当地的水井工程布置情况，对河流渗漏量进行了计算。     

Nitrite accumulation followed by denitrification using sequencing batch reactor.

Biological ammonia-nitrogen removal utilizes two distinct processes, nitrification and denitrification. In nitrification, ammonia oxidizes to nitrite then to nitrate. In this study, elimination of nitrite oxidation to nitrate step was attempted in order to directly remove nitrite to nitrogen gas by denitrification. For this study the supernatant from an anaerobic digester was used as an ammonia source and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was employed. Emphasis was given to the evaluation of the operational factors affecting nitrite accumulation and the elucidation of kinetics for biological nitrification and denitrification. Accumulation of nitrite in the nitrification process was achieved by suppressing the growth of Nitrobacter, a nitrite oxidizer, by loading high concentration ammonia supernatant immediately after all ammonia in the previous loading was oxidized to nitrite. Nitrite oxidation was taking place as the solid retention time (SRT) was increased from 2.5 days to 3.0 days in a continuously aerated SBR mode with daily feeding. However, nitrite accumulation was achieved even at longer SRT of 5 days when the aeration and non-aeration periods were appropriately combined and the non-aeration period can be used for denitrification of the accumulated nitrite with a carbon source supplied.     

“7.21”涪江突发水污染事件应急监测分析

2011年7月21日,四川省松潘县境内涪江发生锰污染事件,重庆市水文局开展了以锰和氨氮为对象的水质应急监测。通过与上游环境监测机构加强联系,了解污染物动态情况及上游水库蓄放水情况,同时收集涪江的洪水预报模型和实时水情信息,预测了污染物的传播时间。监测结果表明,由于受洪水及沿程吸附作用影响,锰浓度在重庆段恢复至正常值;氨氮浓度的波动可能是由于沿程其他污染物进入河道中所引起的。由于缺乏水质污染模型,未能对污染物衰减情况作出预报。