鼠李糖乳杆菌及枯草芽孢杆菌发酵对饲料品质的影响

该研究通过测定发酵饲料pH值、活菌数、乳酸含量及中性蛋白酶活性,筛选出适宜基础饲料发酵的鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）BLCC2-0038和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）BLCC1-0281,并对筛选出的鼠李糖乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌进行单菌及混菌发酵方式进行了研究。结果表明,BLCC2-0038单独发酵72 h时pH值降至3.73,活菌数达到7.05×109 CFU/g,乳酸含量为48.67 mg/g;BLCC1-0281单独发酵72 h时,活菌数达到2.28×1010 CFU/g,中性蛋白酶活性达到3 207 U/g;BLCC2-0038和BLCC1-0281混菌发酵时,以鼠李糖乳杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌配比为3∶1,2%接种量,有氧发酵方式最优,发酵72 h时鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数为5.35×109 CFU/g,枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数为7.80×109 CFU/g,中性蛋白酶活性为1 407.83 U/g。     

乳脂乳球菌复配发酵乳贮藏期品质变化研究

探讨了分离自新疆酸奶疙瘩的一株乳脂乳球菌,在乳制品应用中具有的潜在益生价值。通过测定多肽、滴定酸度、丁二酮、乙醛、黏度、活菌数等指标,研究了乳脂乳球菌复配菌株发酵乳在贮藏期间的发酵特性。结果表明,在贮藏期发酵乳各指标均显著高于对照组,酸度升高了29.59 °T,后酸化能力较强。丁二酮含量在整个贮藏过程中较稳定,乙醛、多肽、黏度、胞外多糖的含量在贮藏7 d后达到最大值。多肽含量最高达3.34 mg/mL,胞外多糖含量与测定的黏度值呈现正相关。活菌数呈下降趋势,贮藏21 d后,为7.8×107 CFU/mL,仍高于发酵乳标准中活菌数1×106 CFU/mL的要求。     

初始乳糖浓度对酸奶菌株分批发酵的影响

探究了初始乳糖浓度对酸奶菌株发酵过程的影响。在2.5L发酵罐中分别培养德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.9201和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种KLDS 3.021,培养基中初始乳糖浓度范围为30～90g/L,并详细分析了发酵全过程的动力学参数包括乳糖消耗,细菌数增长和乳酸生成。结果表明,较高乳糖浓度并不利于菌体生长,确定较为适宜的初始乳糖浓度分别为50 g/L和70 g/L,前者条件下KLDS 3.0201的乳糖转化率达到85.3%,最高乳酸浓度达到36 g/L,增殖6h后的活菌数为4.4×109 CFU/ml,后者条件下KLDS 1.9201的乳糖转化率达到85.7%,产生的最高乳酸浓度达到52g/L,发酵培养8h后的活菌数约为2.15×109CFU/ml。     

食窦魏斯氏菌协同植物乳杆菌改善四川泡菜风味

探索食窦魏斯氏菌协同植物乳杆菌(协同发酵)对四川泡菜风味的影响,研究发酵过程中乳酸菌菌落总数、pH值及乳酸、乙酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸的变化;采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法,分析四川泡菜产品中挥发性物质成分及含量,并对产品感官品质进行评价。结果表明:协同发酵能够快速提升发酵前期(0～4 d)泡菜体系中乳酸菌、乳酸和乙酸的含量,改善泡菜产品发酵风味,提升产品品质。发酵第1天,协同发酵组中乳酸菌菌落总数达到8.52(lg(CFU/mL)),比植物乳杆菌组增加了0.85(lg(CFU/mL));发酵第3天,协同发酵组中乳酸质量浓度达10.9 g/L,比植物乳杆菌组增加了5.5 g/L;发酵结束后,协同发酵泡菜产品的感官优于植物乳杆菌发酵泡菜产品。挥发性物质分析表明,协同发酵组中挥发性物质达27种,比植物乳杆菌组新增7种挥发性物质;挥发性物质总量为6.096 mg/L,显著高于植物乳杆菌组(3.188 mg/L)。因此,食窦魏斯氏菌能够较好协同植物乳杆菌发酵四川泡菜,改善产品风味,表现了较好的潜在应用价值。     

不同乳酸菌及其组合发酵乳的产香特性分析

研究了12株乳酸菌及其不同组合菌株发酵乳在冷藏0、12、24、48h时的乙醛、丙酮、丁二酮、乙酸乙酯和异戊醇五种风味物质含量成分变化,并探讨了挥发性组分含量与感官评定的相关性.结果表明:L.lactis La-5-4、MY-9008,L.delbrueckii XC-2,L.brevis11-gan,L.plantarum BB-46和混合发酵剂H3,H7,H15发酵乳挥发性风味物质含量较高;单菌株组合后发酵乳挥发性风味物质含量显著高于原菌株平均水平.发酵乳凝乳后在冷藏过程中丁二酮含量在12h时最高,而乙醛、丙酮、乙酸乙酯的产量在24h达到最高,但是,不同菌株之间有所差异,其中.L.plantarumBB-46的产香特征为凝乳时香气成分含量最高,随贮藏时间的延长,24h时降至凝乳时的20%左右,在48h后又回升到凝乳时的50%左右.感官评定与风味物质含量的相关性分析表明,感官评定结果受四种风味物质含量影响,关系依次为丁二酮＞乙醛＞丙酮＞乙酸乙酯,且乙醛与丁二酮的比例为0.30～0.35之间,乙醛含量不大于25mg/kg时,酸乳的感官风味和乙醛、丁二酮含量正相关.     

食盐浓度对乳酸菌接种发酵酸笋的影响

为研究食盐浓度对酸笋接种发酵过程的影响,采用柠檬明串珠菌和植物乳杆菌作为混合发酵剂,在不同食盐浓度（0%、1%、3%、5%）条件下发酵制备酸笋。对发酵过程中的乳酸菌、pH、总酸、乳酸、乙酸和亚硝酸盐含量变化进行研究。结果表明,在发酵过程中,1%食盐浓度时乳酸菌数峰值最高（9.65 lg CFU/mL）;发酵120 h时,各食盐浓度组的乳酸菌数量稳定在7.00～7.79 lg CFU/mL之间,pH稳定在3.15～3.39之间,总酸稳定在5.3～6.6 g/L之间;发酵结束时,1%食盐浓度的酸笋中乳酸浓度最高（5.23 g/L）,乙酸含量呈先升高后降低趋势;发酵过程中,亚硝酸盐含量峰值的食盐浓度由大到小依次为0%>1%>3%>5%,发酵120 h时,最终亚硝酸盐含量为3.45～3.90 mg/L,均低于国家标准规定的最大限度。因此,添加1%的食盐有利于酸笋发酵。     

乳酸菌发酵红树莓山楂复合果汁品质分析

采用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）、鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）、副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）三种乳酸菌按照1∶1∶1的比例复合发酵红树莓山楂复合果汁（1∶1）,分析其发酵前后部分理化指标的变化。结果显示,发酵后红树莓山楂复合发酵饮料中含有16种氨基酸;共检出40种挥发性风味物质,主要为酯类、酮类、酸类以及酚类化合物等;总酚含量为0.061 g/100 g、维生素C含量为89.56 mg/100 g;发酵后有机酸含量增至4.19 g/L,特别是乳酸含量由0.12 g/L增至3.22 g/L;活菌数达到2.2×107CFU/m L。感官分析结果显示,乳酸菌发酵能提升发酵原液的风味,保护色泽,红树莓山楂复合发酵饮料感官评分为86分,是一款营养、健康的乳酸发酵饮料。     

变温发酵酸奶的研究

以牛奶为主要原料,用乳酸茵进行变温发酵制成营养丰富、酸甜适中的酸奶.用紫外分光光度法和化学滴定法测定酸奶中的芳香物质--丁二酮与乙醛的含量,并从感官上及丁二酮与乙醛含量上确定变温发酵对酸奶风味的影响.结果表明,变温发酵的最佳温度为41℃(1h)、50℃(1h)、45℃(1h)效果最佳.     

固态发酵食醋生产过程中主要微生物及风味生成的探讨

实验研究了不同时间、不同醋醅层次的微生物分布和数量变化规律,探索影响风味形成的因素。结果表明,发酵前5 d,酵母菌和乳酸菌迅速增殖,第5天酵母菌数达到最高3.4×107 CFU/g,乳酸菌最高为3.2×107 CFU/g,以乳酸为主的不挥发酸同时也生成较快;醋酸菌前3 d增长迅速,之后缓慢增长并以生成挥发性的醋酸为主,第11天醋酸菌数量达到峰值为4.0×107 CFU/g,13 d以后逐渐消亡。醋酸发酵初期,pH值迅速下降,不挥发酸迅速增加,不挥发酸占总酸的比值最大在第7天,为87.22%;总酸在发酵中期的7～13 d增幅最大。乳酸菌的消长影响着不挥发酸的生成,醋酸菌的消长影响着总酸的生成,醋酸发酵过程中控制合适的发酵条件,使两者的相互协调生长,有利于产品口感风味的调和。     

酸奶菌株分批发酵放大研究-从2.5L 到15L 发酵罐

2.5L发酵罐实验数据基础上,利用经验放大法将德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种KLDS 1.9201和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种KLDS 3.021 分批发酵结果从小试放大中试。结果表明,如果确定若干优化发酵参数,包括搅拌转速50～100r/min和溶氧浓度不高于5% 等,可将酸奶菌株发酵结果较成功地从2.5L 罐放大到15L 罐规模。KLDS 1.9201 在15L 罐中对数生长期间的初糖转化率达到了80.3%,乳酸浓度为49g/L,确定其发酵终点为12h,此时活菌数为2.2 × 109CFU/ml;KLDS 3.0201 在15L 罐中的初糖转化率达到了80.2%,乳酸浓度为39g/L,确定其最佳收获期为发酵8h,活菌数达到4.9 × 109CFU/ml。     

不同直投式酸奶发酵剂发酵性能的比较研究

为了比较六种不同国内外直投式酸奶发酵剂的发酵性能,对六种发酵剂进行酸奶发酵实验。根据不同酸奶的pH、滴定酸度、乳酸菌活菌数、乙醛和双乙酰含量、持水力、质构及感官评定等指标进行对比。结果表明：6号国外进口发酵剂产酸速度最快,3 h基本凝乳,酸奶中乳酸菌的活菌数最多（1.29×109 CFU/g）、风味物质乙醛的含量最高（22.17 μg/mL）以及感官评分最高（88分）。综合而言,6号进口发酵剂的发酵性能要优于其他五种国产发酵剂。     

不同醋酸菌及发酵方式对柑橘果醋品质的影响

为了探讨不同醋酸菌对柑橘果醋品质的影响,该研究以柑橘为原料,采用沪酿1.01醋酸菌、AS1.41醋酸菌和许氏醋酸菌三种醋酸菌,通过一次发酵法和二次发酵法酿造六种柑橘果醋,并对这6种果醋的理化指标进行分析。结果表明,采用AS1.41醋酸菌、一次发酵法加工的果醋总多酚、总黄酮、蛋白质、单体酚、总氨基酸（TAA）、必需氨基酸（EAA）、非必需氨基酸（NAA）、呈味氨基酸含量分别为0.49 mg/mL、0.36 mg/mL、4.51 mg/mL、23.49 mg/L、1 830.10 mg/kg、420.80 mg/kg、1 409.30 mg/kg和1 822.10 mg/kg,均高于其他五种果醋,沪酿1.01和AS1.41醋酸菌、一次发酵法有机酸总含量较高,分别为11 786.03 mg/L和10 505.51 mg/L。综上所述,6种柑橘果醋中AS1.41醋酸菌、一次发酵法加工的柑橘果醋品质最好。     

小球藻Chlorella sp.的小分子有机酸/醇培养研究

该研究选择一株对水解酸化液耐受性强、高产油脂的优良藻株Chlorella sp.作为出发藻株,向BG11培养基中分别添加不同质量浓度小分子有机酸/醇（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸和乙醇）进行小球藻纯培养试验。在单因素试验的基础上,混合乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和乙醇4种小分子有机物质进行响应面的试验,考察混合小分子有机酸对小球藻Chlorella sp.生长影响,研究表明,当乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和乙醇的质量浓度分别为1.02 g/L、0.42 g/L、0.40 g/L和0.18 g/L时,小球藻的单位体积细胞数含量最高,生长状态最好,能获得较高的生物量（1.18×108 CFU/mL）。     

Synbiotic Microencapsulation from Slow Digestible Colored Rice and Its Effect on Yoghurt Quality

Lactobacillus plantarum was encapsulated by slowly digestible hydrolyzed heat-moisture-treated (hydrolyzed-HMT) black waxy rice and applied in yoghurt. Incorporating these microcapsules in yoghurt resulted in higher viability of Lactobacillus bulgaricus C49 and Streptococcus thermophilus C44, especially in prolonged storage. The viability of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus (7.98 and 8.28 Log CFU/g) in synbiotic yoghurt was higher than in the control (7.81 and 7.96 Log CFU/g). Thirty-two aromatic compounds were detected and classified into 4 groups: alcohols, carbonyls, organic acids, and sulfur. Synbiotic yoghurt produced higher carbonyl compounds, particularly acetaldehyde and diacetyl. On the other hand, higher organic acid especially hexanoic, dodecanoic, acetic, butanoic, and pentanoic acids was observed at the end of fermentation but did not differ from control after storage. Ethanol was also higher in the synbiotic yoghurt due to the breakdown of glucose from starch and acetaldehyde by lactic acid bacteria. Weak correlation was found concerning sulfur compounds. Rice starch granules were aggregated and still retained its hexagonal shape, indicating high resistance to acid fermentation during 28 days of storage. The resistant starch coating from rice could provide a good prebiotic ingredient and allow the design of synbiotic yoghurt with enhanced aroma.     

Growth and metabolism of selected strains of probiotic bacteria in milk

Growth and metabolism of five probiotic strains with well-documented health effects were studied in ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk, supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) tryptone or 0.75% (w/v) fructose. The probiotic strains were Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Lb. acidophilus 1748, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri SD 2112 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB12. Fermentation was followed for 72 h at 37 degrees C and the samples were analysed for pH, log cfu ml(-1), volatile compounds, organic acids and carbon dioxide. The strains reduced pH from 6.7 to between 3.9 and 4.4 after 24 h of incubation. All strains attained viable cell counts above 8.7-9.18 log cfu ml(-1) after 6-16 h of incubation. The two Lb. acidophilus strains showed a stable level of viable cells during 12-72 h of incubation but the three other strains showed a reduction of 0.4-1.1 log cfu ml(-1) from 24 to 72 h of incubation. However, all strains showed cell levels between 7.8 and 8.7 log cfu ml(-1) after 72 h of incubation. After 48 h of incubation, the amount of lactic acid produced varied according to strain from 6949 to 14,000 mg kg(-1) and acetic acid produced varied from 0 to 6901 mg kg(-1). Three of the strains metabolised citrate but only low amounts of diacetyl and acetoin were detected within strains, 0.2-0.8 and 6.5-10 mg kg(-1), respectively. Carbon dioxide produced varied from 221 to 3942 mg kg(-1) and was connected to the citrate-fermenting ability of the strain used and their carbohydrate fermentation pathway. Three of the strains produced detectable levels of acetaldehyde and the concentration varied from 9.4 to 12.6 mg kg(-1) after 24 h of incubation. All five probiotic strains showed very different profiles of metabolites during fermentation; however, the two Lb. acidophilus strains were the most alike. Our findings show the importance of controlling the fermentation time since the probiotic strains produced different amounts of metabolic products according to fermentation time.     

Influence of acetaldehyde on growth and acetoin production by Leuconostoc citrovorum

Addition of acetaldehyde (100 μg/ml) to glucose-citrate broth stimulated growth and approximately doubled the production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Leuconostoc citrovorum. Radioactive acetaldehyde was converted to ethanol; the acetoin, diacetyl and acetic acid produced were not radioactive. A discussion of the mechanisms by which species of Leuconostoc utilize citrate and carbohydrate suggests that the added acetaldehyde enhanced production of acetoin and diacetyl by increasing the availability of hydroxyethylthiamine pyrophosphate and acetyl-coenzyme A, and that it stimulated growth by permitting greater conversion of acetyl-coenzyme A and acetyl-phosphate to acetate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate.