高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳特性分析

基于Ansys多物理场仿真软件平台,对高速异步电动机的转轴进行疲劳特性分析,校核高速异步电动机转轴的疲劳强度和高速运行的可靠性,预测电机转轴的寿命;分析电磁力对转轴疲劳寿命的影响,判断疲劳特性的类型。对比分析作用于电机结构的电磁力波频率、幅值和电机转轴各阶模态的固有频率,校核电机转轴的强度。在转轴不会因电磁振动发生断裂的前提下,将电磁力等效为静应力分析转轴的疲劳特性,校核电机轴在电机寿命周期内是否会发生短周疲劳损坏;并采用凹圆角设计进一步提高转轴的结构可靠性,提高电机的转轴寿命。     

交联聚乙烯交联度对材料击穿强度的影响

为了研究XLPE材料交联度对其电气性能的影响,制备不同交联度的XLPE样本并对其进行电气击穿实验,分析在不同的交联度区间范围内样本击穿场强变化。利用温度-时间控制法制备六组不同交联度的XLPE样本;利用差式扫描量热仪测量得到样本结晶度;利用交流变压器测量得到样本的击穿强度。实验结果表明,随着交联度上升,样本击穿场强呈先上升后下降趋势。在交联度为0%～75%区间范围内,样本击穿场强增加2%。在交联度为75%～88%范围内,样本击穿场强增加21.2%。而在交联度为88%～92%范围内,样本击穿场强下降5.3%。分析认为,样本的击穿强度与样本交联度和材料均匀程度有关。当交联度较低时,样本的击穿强度主要由样本交联度决定,随着交联度上升,样本击穿强度增加。但由于此时局部材料结构较为不均匀,因此击穿强度增加幅度不大。而当交联度上升至75%时,材料形成较为密集、均匀的三维网状结构,导致样本击穿场强大幅上升。而当交联度继续增加时,此时样本结晶度下降幅度较大,局部材料结构变得不均匀,导致样本击穿强度下降。     

特高压电晕笼防护段的设计

为了克服特高压电晕笼设计中电晕笼两端部的电场畸变,确保电晕特性测试准确有效,需要增设一定长度的防护段。采用三维有限元方法精细计算了电晕笼内导线表面电场分布,分析了导线弧垂对防护段长度的影响并提出了新颖的电晕笼防护段设计方法。计算说明新型结构的防护段能有效平滑和抑制电晕笼端部附近导线表面电场的畸变,使电晕笼内导线表面电场更趋于一致,提高了电晕特性试验的准确性。     

最小曲率法与峰值检测相结合的纸张计数算法

为解决叠层纸张计数的难题,提出了一种最小曲率法与峰值检测相结合的叠层纸张计数算法。首先,从叠层纸张图像中沿垂直纸张方向依此逐行提取灰度剖面,经高斯滤波后计算其曲率值。接着寻找叠层纸张的中心点,由于纸张的灰度剖面图呈高斯形状,所以局部极小曲率点是纸张的中心位置点,并且曲率连续0的宽度为一张纸张的厚度。然后,利用相邻中心位置点之间的距离以及相应点的灰度信息对纸张中心点位置进行校正。最后,利用峰值检测对脊线结果进行计数。本文算法通过融合纸张灰度特征与相邻纸张距离能准确检测异常纸张。实验证明,对于厚度在0.05~0.2 mm的叠层纸张的计数误差都小于0.01%。     

A Study of the Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides from the Boiler Flue Gases

In the past decade, the number of unsolved ecological problems has been steadily increasing. Among the numerous causes of this situation, the exposure of the environment to industrial waste should be mentioned. For example, enterprises of the fuel and energy industry emit a significant amount of hazardous substances into the atmosphere. Flue gases formed in boiler-houses and at thermal power stations get through flue gas stacks into the upper atmosphere and pollute it. In this work, a method is proposed for adsorption treatment of the flue gases from boilers fired with associated petroleum gas. The chemical composition of the associated petroleum gas of Romashkino oil field, the Republic of Tatarstan, is presented and the practicality of its use is demonstrated. Nitrogen oxides contained in the boiler flue gases result from oxidation of molecular air nitrogen during combustion of the fuel. In order to reduce the adverse effect of hazardous substances on the environment, the flue gases are to be compulsorily cleansed of nitrogen oxides. The use of the sludge resulting from coagulation and liming of natural water during the chemical water treatment at Kazan CHPP-1 as a sorption material is proposed. The chemical composition and technical characteristics of the sludge are presented. The properties of the sludge were studied using a laboratory fixed-sorbent-bed setup. The sorption capacity and water-absorption of the sludge were determined and curves of the kinetic and isothermal dependences of the nitrogen oxide adsorption by the sludge were constructed. The change in the nitrogen- oxide sorption capacity of the sludge depending on the sludge particle size was established. The optimal characteristics of a batch-type fixed-bed absorber were calculated. The results of calculating the economic and ecological effects of introducing the adsorption treatment of flue gases to remove nitrogen oxides for the boiler-house of AO Karpov Chemical Plant are provided.     

Considering the summation of the effect of harmful substances during the calculation of the environmentally safe waste water discharge

This article presents the technique of assessing the maximum allowable (standard) discharge of waste waters with several harmful substances into a water reservoir. The technique makes it possible to take into account the summation of their effect provided that the limiting harmful indices are the same. The expressions for the determination of the discharge limit of waste waters have been derived from the conditions of admissibility of the effect of several harmful substances on the waters of a reservoir. Mathematical conditions of admissibility of the effect of wastewaters on a reservoir are given for the characteristic combinations of limiting harmful indices and hazard classes of several substances. The conditions of admissibility of effects are presented in the form of logical products of the sums of relative concentrations that should not exceed the value of 1. It is shown that the calculation of the process of wastewater dilution in a flowing water reservoir is possible only on the basis of a numerical method to assess the wastewater discharge limit. An example of the numerical calculation of the standard limit of industrial enterprise wastewater discharges that contain polysulfide oil, flocculant VPK-101, and fungicide captan is given to test this method. In addition to these three harmful substances, the water reservoir also contained a fourth substance, namely, Zellek-Super herbicide, above the waste discharge point. The summation of the harmful effect was taken into account for VPK-101, captan, and Zellek-Super. The reliability of the technique was tested by the calculation of concentrations of the four substances in the control point of the flowing reservoir during the estimated maximum allowable wastewater discharge. It is shown that the value of the maximum allowable discharge limit was almost two times higher for the example under consideration, taking into account that the effect of harmful substances was unidirectional, which provides a higher level of environmental safety for them.     

基于复杂网络的产品竞争网的特性研究

专业镇经济是珠三角经济的重要特征之一,本文对以同类和关联产品为纽带的专业镇经济,从复杂网络的角度进行了分析.在专业镇企业集群的产品竞争网构建方面,提出了一个新颖的竞争选择度模型.通过基于竞争选择度模型的专业镇产品竞争网的建模分析,可以发现珠三角专业镇的产品竞争网具有比较典型的无标度和小世界特征.经过对广东顺德地区2个国内比较著名的专业镇产品竞争网的实证分析,可以大致得出与产品竞争网理论推导相符合的结论.     

220kV GIS隔离开关触头烧坏故障分析与对策

探讨220kV振林变电站GIS隔离开关动触头对外壳内壁放电导致绝缘击穿的原因。对20546隔离开关故障相气室进行解体检查,并采用X光透射技术对站内其它同批次的220k V隔离开关动触头分闸位置进行检测。根据检测结果分析,20546隔离开关气室故障原因为隔离开关动触头分闸不到位,造成电场畸变,从而导致动触头绝缘击穿。对20546隔离开关驱动轴进行调整后,故障相动触头分闸不到位问题得到解决。针对该变电站隔离开关动触头分闸不到位问题提出了控制措施。     

Electrostatic Current Generator Having a Disk Electret as an Active Element

An electrostatic current generator having a disk electret as the active element is described. The electret consists of two oppositely polarized half-disks producing an electric field normal to the plane of the electret. The electret constitutes the rotor of the generator and is located between two pairs of conducting half-disks which constitute the stator of the generator. The field of the electret induces charges on each half-disk of the stator. The magnitude and polarity of these charges at any given time are determined by the angle formed at this particular time between the plane separating the two halves of the electret and the plane separating the half-disks of the stator. When the half-disks of the stator are appropriately connected through an external circuit, an ac current is produced. The order of magnitude of the peak value of the current is given by I ? ?e?S where ae is the effective surface charge density of the electret, S is the total area of the flat surfaces of the electret, and w is the angular velocity of rotation of the electret.     

避雷针迎面先导发展物理过程仿真研究

开展避雷针迎面先导起始及发展过程的仿真研究对建立正确的雷电屏蔽分析模型具有重要意义。基于长间隙放电的物理机制,建立了包括正极性电晕起始与流注发展、先导起始、先导–流注体系发展等物理过程的迎面先导发展物理过程仿真模型,并使用实验室和自然雷电条件下的迎面先导发展过程观测结果对其进行了验证,最后采用该模型对避雷针迎面先导特性进行了分析讨论。结果表明:该模型的计算结果与实验室条件下和一次自然雷电条件下获得的正极性迎面先导发展过程观测结果相吻合;迎面先导起始时刻随着雷电流幅值和避雷针高度的增加而提前;避雷针迎面先导的发展过程主要受雷电流幅值、避雷针高度影响,其发展速度随着下行先导的趋近而逐渐增加;由实验室条件下的正极性棒–板间隙放电获得的先导起始特性直接用于自然雷电中正极性迎面先导起始的计算,以及在迎面先导发展过程的计算中假设迎面先导发展速度与下行先导发展速度成一固定比例是不合适的。     

罗氏线圈在电力电容器外壳爆破试验中的应用

为快速有效检测电力电容器外壳爆破能量试验放电电流。分析了爆破能量试验回路和罗氏线圈的工作机理,优选电气参数的计算方法,测量系统的误差;给出了减小误差的有效措施并利用MATLAB/SIMULINK建立了爆破试验回路和罗氏线圈检测回路构成的仿真模型以优化试验回路和罗氏线圈的技术参数。仿真和实验表明,本文的优化方法可行,所得试验和检测回路参数可确保爆破试验成功和传感器的良好动态特性。     

Studying the operation of a VVER steam generator in the condensing mode at different parameters of emergency processes

The article presents the results of the experimental study of heat and mass transfer processes in an NPP steam generator during the operation of passive safety systems of new-generation VVER reactor installations. At the GE2M-PG test rig in the Leypunsky Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, two series of experiments corresponding to different stages of the accident were completed. In these experiments, the performance of VVER steam generator in the condensing mode with and without the removal of gas-vapor mixture from the “cold” header has been studied. As a result of the first series of experiments, it was found that, for any of the parameters of the emergency process, the steam generator’s power does not drop below 80% of the original value. Furthermore, we revealed that the composition and physical properties of gases in the investigated concentration range did not notably affect the processes in the steam generator. In the second series of experiments without removal of noncondensable gases, the influence of parameters of the emergency process on the efficiency of heat transfer in the steam generator operating in the condensing mode was investigated. In order to study the heat transfer processes, we studied the change of the temperature difference between the media of the first and second circuits in our experiments. We found that the value of the temperature difference depends on both the mass of noncondensable gases accumulated in the tube bundle and their accumulation rate. The accumulation rate is determined by the power of the steam generator and the concentration of gases entering the steam generator. As a result of the analysis of experimental data, we obtained the analytical dependence reflecting change in the power of the steam generator operating in the emergency condensing mode.     

地表相对介电常数对雷暴云定位影响分析与研究

地表并非均匀介质的理想导体,传统的一维大气电场分量无法准确的对雷暴云进行定位,而利用大气电场三维场强分 量进行雷暴云定位时,电场的场强、雷暴云的高度角测量往往会受到地表及空气介电常数的影响,产生定位误差。 为解决雷暴 云定位精度低的问题,分析了三维大气电场对于地表相对介电常数的敏感特性,结合镜像法,利用空中电荷电场分布、雷暴云电 荷结构等原理,建立了雷暴云定位模型,分析得到大气电场场强、高度角与环境相对介电常数的关系。 实验结果表明,地表相对 介电常数越大,所测得的电场水平分量与雷暴云高度角越大,地表相对介电常数与大气电场水平分量的相关系数为-9. 5,呈负 相关,相关性强,因此要获得准确的雷暴云高度及方位,还须实时的地表相对介电常数进行修正。     

Topical Problems Associated with Reliability and Safety of Equipment at Thermal Power Stations

The basic problems important for the industrial safety of equipment at thermal power stations (TPS) are formulated. The issues of determination of the residual service life of equipment experiencing high-temperature creep are examined. The correlation between the actual metal properties and the safety factor, as well as the effect of stressed state on accumulation of microdamages in the metal, are considered. The in-service margins of the high-temperature equipment are analyzed from the standpoint of the equipment fitness for service. The damage mechanism of the equipment operating at temperatures below the creep temperature is analyzed, and the in-service margin of this equipment is evaluated. Low efficiency of the examination of the metal conditions using specimens cut out from the equipment operating at moderate temperatures is stated, while strict requirements are imposed on the scope and quality of diagnostics. The current state of affairs in the field of standardization of the diagnostics and fitness for service assessment of thermal mechanical equipment is considered. It is noted that the procedure for setting up the schedule of technical diagnostics and industrial safety expertise of power equipment and the regulations for performance of these procedures have been revised. The principal provisions and requirements included in the newly introduced regulatory documents having the status of Federal Norms and Rules are examined. It is proposed to extend the terms of reference and enhance the capabilities and responsibility of expert organizations. The issues associated with ensuring the reliability of revamping and greenfield projects are analyzed. The advantages of chromium steels with increased heat-resistance in the manufacture of high-temperature equipment are demonstrated. However, the use of chromium steel in equipment with an operating temperature below 560°С is impractical from both the economic and engineering standpoint. The experience with performance of certification tests is briefly described, and the fact that this procedure enjoys current interest is demonstrated. The need is outlined for a thorough revision of the existing regulations on routine inspection and diagnostics of thermal engineering equipment because of its use in assemblies or elements made from new steels.     

高速大功率RSD开关状态电流测量用RC研究

提出了利用罗氏线圈(RogowskiCoil,简称RC)检测高速大功率RSD(ReverselySwitchedDynistor)开关的状态电流。分析了RSD开关电流试验平台的构建原理、试验回路、简化模型、罗氏线圈传感系统工作机理及优化设计电气参数的计算方法。根据高速大功率RSD开关试验平台和罗氏线圈的简化模型,建立了包括RSD开关试验平台和罗氏线圈检测回路整个系统的仿真模型。基于该仿真模型,分析了整个测量系统的误差特性,得出了减小测量误差的有效措施。仿真研究和实验结果均表明,所获仿真模型和电气参数计算方法是可行的,能对RSD开关电流进行快速、准确和可靠的检测。     

Computational Study on the Effect of Shroud Shape on the Efficiency of the Gas Turbine Stage

The last stages of powerful power gas turbines play an important role in the development of power and efficiency of the whole unit as well as in the distribution of the flow parameters behind the last stage, which determines the efficient operation of the exhaust diffusers. Therefore, much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of the last stages of gas turbines as well as the distribution of flow parameters. Since the long blades of the last stages of multistage high-power gas turbines could fall into the resonance frequency range in the course of operation, which results in the destruction of the blades, damping wires or damping bolts are used for turning out of resonance frequencies. However, these damping elements cause additional energy losses leading to a reduction in the efficiency of the stage. To minimize these losses, dampening shrouds are used instead of wires and bolts at the periphery of the working blades. However, because of the strength problems, designers have to use, instead of the most efficient full shrouds, partial shrouds that do not provide for significantly reducing the losses in the tip clearance between the blade and the turbine housing. In this paper, a computational study is performed concerning an effect that the design of the shroud of the turbine-working blade exerted on the flow structure in the vicinity of the shroud and on the efficiency of the stage as a whole. The analysis of the flow structure has shown that a significant part of the losses under using the shrouds is associated with the formation of vortex zones in the cavities on the turbine housing before the shrouds, between the ribs of the shrouds, and in the cavities at the outlet behind the shrouds. All the investigated variants of a partial shrouding are inferior in efficiency to the stages with shrouds that completely cover the tip section of the working blade. The stage with a unshrouded working blade was most efficient at the values of the relative tip clearance less than 0.9%.     

基于振动信号的变压器绕组松动故障诊断方法

提出了基于运行中变压器表面振动信号的绕组松动故障诊断模型和诊断方法。首先,分析了绕组振动幅值与电流、预紧力、铁芯振动、非线性因素的关系,确定振动信号中100 Hz为绕组松动的特征频率,提出分离绕组振动幅值和铁芯振动幅值的方法;提出绕组松动诊断模型和基于该模型的平均安全余量,利用待检测变压器在一组负载电流下的绕组振幅计算平均安全余量,由此定量判断绕组的松动状态。利用有限元仿真和现场实验分别对诊断模型和诊断方法进行检验,实验结果显示平均安全余量在1±0.5之外时存在松动故障,值越远离1,松动程度越大。该方法解决了变压器实际运行中绕组和铁芯振动基频相同、矢量叠加相互影响的问题及实际运行中负载变化,电流不同,仅用某个电流下的振幅判断精度受限的问题,且对松动程度量化表示,易于判断。     

大型汽轮发电机风扇静叶改型分析

采用轴向-径向通风的大型汽轮发电机多级轴流风扇静动叶片皆采用不锈钢材料,为进一步优化发电机结构,将静叶材料改为锻铝。受锻铝材料刚度和叶片生产工艺的影响,按原叶型生产的静叶容易发生变形,需对静叶叶型进行改型。采用NUMECA软件对叶片加厚和宽度减小两种静叶叶型的4级风扇气动性能进行了数值模拟,并与原风扇性能进行了比较。计算表明:叶片加厚方案气动性能更优,与原风扇相比,静压升只降低0.95%,对风扇在设计工作点的气动性能影响很小,改型方案可行。     

Steam injection impact on the performances of nozzle grid in wet-vapor stream

Results of experimental study of the efficiency of intra-channel steam injection on the surface of nozzle grids of steam turbines operating in the wet steam flow are presented. The main objective of this study was to determine the basic mechanisms of the steam injection impact on the kinematic characteristics of the liquid phase outside an isolated nozzle grid. The kinetic energy loss distributions of the liquid phase and sliding coefficients of droplets along the grid spacing depending on the injected steam pressure at different theoretical values of the Mach number and the initial wetness are presented. The efficiency index was determined taking into account the kinetic energy loss distribution for the liquid phase along the grid spacing, depending on the pressure reduction on the slot. The investigation was conducted using the total pressure probe placed behind the object under study. The average diameters of large droplets of erosion-hazardous liquid phase at a certain distance from the grid were determined. In measuring the characteristics of the liquid phase particles, a laser diagnostics system of streams was used, based on the “POLIS” complex. The main advantage of this complex is the fact that it is contactless, which allows one to measure characteristics of the liquid phase particles without any distortion of the results and aerodynamic influence on the main stream. It is established that an intra-channel steam injection promotes the destruction of liquid film that formed as a result of the condensation of liquid droplets on the surfaces of nozzle blades, as well as the alignment of the velocity field and the average size reduction of droplets behind the grid. The experimental results have shown that the efficiency of injection (relative to the reduction of the amount of erosion-hazardous droplets) of hot steam substantially depends on the flowing regime of wet steam.     

基于遗传算法的大容量输油泵模糊控制器的优化设计

由于大容量输油泵系统存在严重的非线性和时变性 ,输油泵入口压力、出口压力及管道流量三个参数之间又存在耦合关系 ,采用传统的PID控制器难以对它们实现协调控制。针对大容量输油泵系统的特点 ,本文提出了一种由两个模糊控制器组成的大容量输油泵控制策略 ,并应用改进的遗传算法对模糊控制器的隶属函数和融合因子进行了优化。仿真和现场运行结果表明 ,该控制器能够对入口压力、出口压力及管道流量进行协调优化控制。