三角形螺旋流道充分发展层流流体的流动性能

基于角钢螺旋夹套,展开了对三角形螺旋流道层流流动性能的实验和数值研究。经对比,同一模型下的实验结果和模拟结果吻合良好。采用数值方法得到了充分发展状态下流体的主流速度、二次流速度、流函数及涡量的分布特点,分析了三角形边界上局部阻力系数的分布规律,并与半圆管螺旋流道进行了比较。结果表明：在所研究的Dean数及量纲1曲率（k）内,流道横截面上的二次流为稳定的两涡结构,内、外壁面局部阻力系数的分布明显不同,外壁面局部阻力系数的平均值约为内壁面阻力系数平均值的1.54～2.72倍;随着Dean数及k 的增大,二次流动增强,内、外壁面阻力系数均增大;对于量纲1挠率及Dean数均较小的三角形螺旋流道,挠率对流体流动的影响很小;通过对比,两种流道具有相同内壁面面积、曲率半径、螺距及Reynolds数时,三角形螺旋流道的流动阻力小于半圆管螺旋流道。     

Heat transfer in laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids

The main objective of this work is the consideration of local heat transfer coefficients for non-Newtonian power-law pseudoplastic liquid in laminar flow in circular conduits. The wall boundary conditions chosen are cases involving uniformly constant heat flux and step change in heat flux.Analytical solutions are developed for the wall temperature profile and compared with experimental data. Additionally, the experimental data have been correlated for comparison with existing relationships, hitherto not verified adequately. The limits of experimental data are:

     

螺旋半圆管夹套内充分发展层流流动与换热特性

根据螺旋半圆管夹套的结构特点,提出了简化的物理模型;采用数值方法求解了恒定热负荷条件下夹套内流体充分发展的层流流场和温度场,并与激光多普勒测速仪测得的速度场和已有的传热实验结果进行了对比。研究了夹套的结构和换热流体Prandtl数Pr对夹套内流体流动及换热特性的影响。结果表明:层流状态下,夹套管的横截面上存在两涡结构的二次流;随着曲率k的增大,二次流函数值增大,二次涡的强度增强,流动阻力增加。二次流对夹套内的换热起强化作用,k值越大,换热流体的Pr越小,二次流的相对强化换热作用越明显。增大k或Pr可以强化夹套内的换热,但强化效果不同;夹套内换热面的中心部位是需要强化换热的重点部位。     

层流中脉动气流横掠平板强化传热

为研究脉动气流下等热流密度平面的换热特性,搭建了脉动气流强化传热实验台架,进行了不同雷诺数（Re=433～1733）的脉动气流下高温共烧陶瓷发热片组的换热实验研究,脉动气流的脉动频率f固定为30 Hz,脉动振幅prms固定为165 Pa。结果表明,在合适的脉动参数下（f=30 Hz, prms=165 Pa）,脉动气流有效地强化了等热流密度平面的换热性能,本文获得的强化换热效率介于9.7%和10.8%之间,随着雷诺数的增加轻微地线性增加。另外,结果揭示了在层流流动中,不管在稳定气流下还是在脉动气流下,等热流密度平面的换热性能都随着雷诺数的增加而线性地增加,但脉动气流下线性拟合的结果的斜率较大,为稳定气流下的斜率的1.26倍。最后,结果显示了在稳定气流中加入脉动分量能迅速增大换热面下游的温度水平,预示着脉动气流在强化传热的同时,也增强了气流内部的热传递。     

Coupled transport of heat and mass in laminar tube flow

An analysis is performed of the mutually dependent heat and mass transfer for gas flow in a circular tube. Sublimation occurs at the inner surface of the wall, while the outer surface is thermally insulated from the external environment. The flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically fully developed. Mathematical expressions are derived and numerical results are given for bulk temperature and bulk mass fraction, wall temperature and wall mass fraction, wall heat and mass fluxes, local Nusselt number, temperature and mass fraction profiles, and length of the development region. Comparisons are made of the results based on a parabolic velocity profile with those based on a slug flow profile.     

Heat transfer behavior of melting polymers in laminar flow field

Heat transfer coefficients were investigated by insertion of a probe into melting polymers under laminar flow at 200–240°C and a flow velocity of 0.5–2.7 mm/sec. The average heat transfer coefficients of melting polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were found to be 160–220 W/m·°C and 180–270 W/m·°C, respectively. These coefficients show remarkable dependence on flow velocity, and the average heat transfer coefficient of PS is about 13%–23% higher than that of PP. When the flow velocity of flowing melting PP and PS exceeds about 0.078mm/sec, heat transfer by convection becomes dominant, whereas under lower flow velocities, since the equivalent conduction layer thickness δ′ in which the quiescent state without flow approaches infinity, heat transfer by conduction becomes dominant. The Prandtl number (Pr) and Nusselt number (Nu) of melting PP are 125–133 × 10⁶ and 38.6–51.4, respectively, and those of melting PS are 63–64 × 10⁶ and 42.3–61.3. In the case of constant flow velocity, the Peclet number (Pe) and Stanton number (St) are dependent on the specific heat of melting polymer. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:423–432, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Liquid mass transfer in laminar flow in a column containing a string of spheres and cylinders

The absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous glycerine solutions in a column containing a string of spheres and cylinders has been studied. The Reynolds number was varied between 5 and 560. Using a model based on Higbie's penetration theory, modified to fit the characteristics of this absorber, the number of surface renewals that takes place in the column has been evaluated and correlated with the operating variables that can influence it. The liquid viscosity has no influence on the surface renewal which depends mainly on the liquid rate.     

Kinetics of mass transfer in a liquid phase under laminar film flow conditions

Comparative analysis of exact and approximate solutions to the problem of mass transfer in a liquid phase under conditions of laminar film flow on vertical surfaces under homogeneous and inhomogeneous boundary conditions is given. It is shown that the rate of mass transfer in the liquid phase derived from an exact solution is considerably lower than the rate determined from the known approximate solutions. Equations for calculating the Sherwood number derived from exact and approximate solutions are given and compared.     

Absorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow

Absorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow was analysed for the cases of zero and finite resistance in the gas phase. The result was obtained in terms of a sum of a hyperbolic function and an infinite series of hypergeometric functions. The one or two parameters entering the solution contain the rate constant and the mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, respectively. Ten eigenvalues and integration constants were calculated for several values of the reaction rate parameter for the simpler case of no resistance in the gas phase. The analysis of the results showed that the length of the entrance region can vary substantially depending on the reaction rate constant.     

Absorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow

Absorption with first order chemical reaction into a liquid film in laminar flow was analysed for the cases of zero and finite resistance in the gas phase. The result was obtained in terms of a sum of a hyperbolic function and an infinite series of hypergeometric functions. The one or two parameters entering the solution contain the rate constant and the mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, respectively. Ten eigenvalues and integration constants were calculated for several values of the reaction rate parameter for the simpler case of no resistance in the gas phase. The analysis of the results showed that the length of the entrance region can vary substantially depending on the reaction rate constant.     

Analyses of mass transfer in hemodialyzers for laminar blood flow and homogeneous dialysate

Theoretical analyses of mass transfer in hemodialyzers which contain flowing blood and dialysate streams separated by a semi-permeable membrane are presented. Semi-infinite parallel-plate and cylindrical tube geometries are considered. Solutions are obtained in terms of well-known functions, a method which avoids difficulties associated with computing the higher eigenvalues encountered in previous analyses. Applications of the mathematical model to systems used in clinical practice are discussed.     

Heat and mass transfer in granular potash fertilizer with a surface dissolution reaction

Potash is a widely used granular fertilizer and when exposed to high humidities it readily adsorbs water vapour forming a liquid electrolyte solution on each particle. Heat and mass transfer due to air flow through granular potash beds is studied experimentally and numerically. A one dimensional experimental setup is used to measure the temperature and air humidity response and mass gain of a potash bed subjected to a change in air flow. A porous media mathematical model is developed to predict the transient temperature and moisture content distributions. The processes are modelled as nonequilibrium heat and mass transfers between the porous solid and air flow gaseous phases. The state of the surface electrolyte solution is modelled by the thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions. Experimental and numerical results show non‐equilibrium internal moisture and heat transfer processes exist with significant differences in the pore air and particle temperature and surface relative humidity.     

ZrO_2-水纳米流体管内层流的传热特性

制备了粒径为50 nm的ZrO2-水纳米流体,并通过添加分散剂NH4PAA改善纳米流体的稳定性。测量了4种不同质量分数(0.2%,0.4%,0.8%,1.2%)的ZrO2-水纳米流体在层流状态下的对流换热系数。实验结果表明:在相同雷诺数下,纳米流体的换热系数要比纯水的有所提高,并随着ZrO2纳米颗粒质量分数的增加而增大。当纳米流体的质量分数为0.2%,0.4%,0.8%,1.2%时,其平均换热系数比纯水分别提高了1.9%,2.4%,5.2%和8.8%。实验管道内的不同位置也影响纳米流体换热系数的提高,入口段的换热系数要比充分发展段提高得更明显,其主要原因是纳米颗粒对流体边界层的干扰。     

Numerical simulation of mass transfer in a liquid–liquid membrane contactor for laminar flow conditions

Liquid–liquid phase membrane contactors are increasingly being used for mixing and reaction. The principle is the following: component A flows through the membrane device inlet to mix/react with component B which comes from the membrane pores. This study presents a numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of momentum and mass transfer in a tubular membrane contactor for laminar flow conditions. The velocity and concentration profiles of components A–C are obtained by resolution of the Navier-Stokes and convection-diffusion equations. The numerical simulations show that mixing between A and B is obtained by diffusion along the streamlines separating both components. The mixing/reaction zone width is within the region of a few hundred of microns, and depends on the diffusion coefficients of A and B. Hollow fiber membrane devices are found to be of particular interest because their inner diameter is close to the mixing zone width.