直接还原铁的快速冶炼工艺

美国 Midrex直接还原公司和日本神户制钢联合开发出直接还原铁的快速冶炼工艺 ,它是把精铁矿和废钢铁炼制成高金属含量的直接还原铁。该方法的成本低、速度快 ,环保性好 ,是 2 1世纪的炼铁新方法。其具体工艺是 :首先在旋转炉膛式竖炉中将炉料熔炼成 10 0 0℃的半成品直接还原铁(DRI) ,然后通过无反应管道 ,将液态金属输送至特殊设计的熔炼炉中 ,该炉子依靠电弧加热 ,炼成的 DRI液体再热送至炼钢电弧炉中或炼钢转炉中。图 1直接还原铁的快速冶炼工艺@花皑     

积极发展直接还原铁(DRI)生产技术,应对21世纪电炉废钢紧缺的挑战

简述了直接还原铁（DRI）生产技术的发展历史，我国DRI生产技术现状以及一些DRI新技术进展。分析了DRI技术得以迅速发展的原因，对主要的直接还原工艺进行了简介。指出了发展DRI生产技术的紧迫性和我国发展DRI的方向，展望了DRI生产技术的发展前景。     

WZ003528印度JSW钢铁集团公司订购直接还原铁生产设备一《MPTIntemationab》，2011，No．4，p12（英）

西门子奥钢联金属技术公司最近收到了印度JSW钢铁集团公司的订单，要求提供全套的基于Corex燃气的Midrex式直接还原铁（DRI）生产设备。该年产120万t的直接还原铁生产设备包括：带有Corex燃气循环和处理设备的直径为7．15m的Midrex式竖炉。Corex燃气经过加热到需要的温度后，     

焦炉煤气资源的利用

叙述了焦炉煤气的组分及焦炉煤气作为工业和民用燃料、化工原料在发电以及制备甲醇等领域的应用工艺,指出,焦炉煤气是制H2和还原Fe的优质原料,利用焦炉煤气一蒸汽联合循环发电是焦炉煤气是未来的利用方向,尽管焦炉煤气制备甲醇已经工业化,但规模不大,效率不高,急需创新焦炉煤气局部氧化的新工艺。     

利用焦炉煤气发展山西省的海绵铁

论述了利用山西的铁矿资源与焦炉煤气资源发展海绵铁的可行性。大型机焦焦化厂的发展为海绵铁生产提供了理想和廉价的还原性气体 ,为开发气基竖炉法生产海绵铁创造了极为有利的条件 ,同时为消除焦化厂的污染找到了新的途径     

直接还原铁的制造工艺及设备

介绍了生产高纯度直接还原铁(DRI)的米德雷克斯怪炉的生产工艺流程、及向电弧炉中输送热态直接还原铁的不同方案,最后给出该种工艺的节能指标.     

利用内装碳材工艺脱取活锌废渣中锌的熔炼

所谓内装碳材还原工艺是将细粒状的金属氧化物与碳粉、焦炭粉等还原性材料相混合制成颗粒后与金属氧化物一起进行加热，对金属氧化物进行还原的一种冶金工艺。该工艺不仅可用于直接还原铁的生产、冶金粉尘以及铁系氧化物的还原处理，而且可用于有色金属（包括锌氧化渣系废弃物的还原回收处理。简述了内装碳材还原工艺在冶锌废渣脱锌处理中的应用。重点介绍了其实验方法、装置、加热还原工艺，以及碳含量、     

采用双膛式竖炉生产石灰

介绍了一种新的生产石灰的竖炉——双膛式竖炉，叙述了该炉的工艺流程和结构。在该炉中，由于可利用焙烧带石灰石的余热来预热燃烧用的空气，从而可提高该炉的热效率。在保证生产高质量石灰的条件下，该炉的单位热耗为3550～3980kJ／kg，这在石灰生产炉领域中是最低的。还对生产中出现的问题提出了改进措施。图1     

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫法在南钢竖炉球团烟气中的应用

采用石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫工艺对南钢2×8 m2、1×10 m2三座竖炉球团烟气进行脱硫处理,文中介绍了脱硫系统构成、原理、主要工艺参数及实际脱硫效果,得出在竖炉球团生产稳定情况下,使用该脱硫装置,可实现烟气脱硫率≥95%,净烟气含湿量≤75 mg/Nm3的效果,从而满足烟气排放指标要求。     

COREX炼铁工艺

COREX炼铁工艺是一种先进的直接还原冶炼工艺,它以含碳原料或煤气作还原剂,将铁矿石或烧结矿还原成海绵铁,并熔融成铁水。这项技术由奥地利的奥钢联和德国的Korf公司经10年的研究试验,耗资15亿德国马克,已达到了工业化生产的成熟程度。在南非的普勒陀利亚,已建造了一座年产30万吨(每小时40吨)铁水的COREX装置,其实际生产能力已超过设计能力15％。本文介绍COREX工艺的主要特点和参数。 1.工艺流程 COREX工艺的冶炼操作是由两个装置来实现的:还原竖炉和熔融气化炉(见图1)。     

Study on optimization of reduction temperature of hydrogen-based Shaft Furnace—Numerical simulation and multi-criteria evaluation

Under the background of carbon neutralization at present, the green and low-carbon development of the iron and steel industry has become an inevitable trend, and the hydrogen-based shaft furnace involving hydrogen metallurgy has attracted wide attention. As an important method to study shaft furnace, numerical simulation can quantitatively analyze the law of energy and mass transfer in shaft furnace. In this study, a three-dimensional CFD mathematical model of reduction zone of hydrogen-based shaft furnace is established, and the influence of reduction gas temperature on various physical quantities in shaft furnace is studied in order to better understand and optimize the operating conditions of hydrogen-based shaft furnace. The results show that the gas and solid temperature are close to each other and can be divided into six regions along the height, in which the range of IV and V determines the mass fraction of Fe; increasing the reducing gas temperature can reduce the proportion of low velocity zone in the furnace, improve the thermochemical state in the furnace, increase the gas utilization degree and DRI metallization degree, and reduce the CO₂ emissions; calculated by the Multi-criteria VIKOR evaluation model, the ideal temperature of reducing gas is about 1173 K.     

铁矿石品位与焦比、铁水产量关系的研究

为进一步了解铁矿石品位与焦比、铁水产量的关系,用拉姆计算法对铁矿石品位变化1％对焦比的影响进行计算,对国内某炼铁厂2 500 m3高炉实际生产数据进行统计及理论计算.研究结果表明随着矿石品位的增加,矿石品位对焦比的影响越来越小,铁水产量随铁矿石品位呈线性增长关系.计算得出入炉铁矿石品位为56.4％时,矿石品位增加∶焦比减少∶铁水产量增加=1∶1.6∶1.77,与实际统计得到的1∶1.74∶2.39较为相近,计算结果有效,但与经验关系1∶2∶3有所不同.提供了一种能用于生产高炉分析矿石品位与焦比、铁水产量关系的计算方法,为细化高炉操提供指导.     

Hydrogen on softening-melting and slag forming behavior under the operation of blast furnace with iron coke charging

The effect on the slag formation behavior in the softening melting zone of a hydrogen-rich blast furnace is investigated by charging iron coke to the iron ore and controlling different volume fractions of hydrogen. The reduction mechanism of iron coke to iron ore under hydrogen-rich conditions is expounded that iron coke and hydrogen increase the concentration of CO around iron ore and promote its further reduction. The participation of iron coke and hydrogen promotes that FeO is reduced to Fe in iron ore, which prompts the production of high melting point substances in slag. The melting point of slag iron increases the melting start temperature. Hydrogen and iron coke promote the carburization of dripping iron so that molten iron drips quickly, which narrows the melting drop interval. From the perspective of the maximum pressure difference and the comprehensive permeability S value, the blast furnace permeability will be improved.     

The production and application of hydrogen in steel industry

Due to the increasingly serious environmental issues and continuous depletion of fossil resources, the steel industry is facing unprecedented pressure to reduce CO₂ emissions and achieve the sustainable energy development. Hydrogen is considered as the most promising clean energy in the 21st century due to the diverse sources, high calorific value, good thermal conductivity and high reaction rate, making hydrogen have great potential to apply in the steel industry. In this review, different hydrogen production technologies which have potential to provide hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas for the great demand of steel plants are described. The applications of hydrogen in the blast furnace (BF) production process, direct reduction iron (DRI) process and smelting reduction iron process are summarized. Furthermore, the functions of hydrogen or hydrogen-rich gas as fuels are also discussed. In addition, some suggestions and outlooks are provided for future development of steel industry in China.     

钢铁厂焦化及烧结工序热量利用效率及余热资源评价

针对钢铁生产流程中焦化及烧结工序的能量平衡、热效率及火用效率等展开研究,并对各种余热资源的能级等进行了计算和评价。在焦炉产生的余热资源中,红焦的焓值和火用值均高于其他两项,说明红焦余热量大,并且余热品质好。焦炉煤气的比焓值和比火用值均大于焦炉烟气,说明焦炉煤气的能量品质要好于焦炉烟气,而焦炉烟气的焓值大于焦炉煤气。烧结矿的比焓值和比火用值均比烧结烟气和环冷废气的比焓值和比火用值高,说明烧结矿的余热资源量和余热品质均高于烧结烟气和环冷废气。这项研究为焦化工序及烧结工序余热利用等奠定了基础。     

Current situation and development prospects of metallurgical by-product gas utilization in China's steel industry

China's annual metallurgical by-product gas production exceeds 1400 billion Nm³, the calorific equivalent of ∼266 million tonnes of coal. The widely-studied blast furnace gas used in hydrogen-enriched carbonic oxide recycling oxygenate furnaces ensures carbon-reduction. Converter gas contains abundant heat resources, equivalent to ∼6.5 million tonnes of coal. Using high-temperature by-product gas online reforming methods to convert thermal energy into chemical energy and combining it with power generation and other industries imparts physical heat recovery exceeding 60%. China's annual coke oven gas (COG) production could support more than 100 million tonnes of direct reduced iron production, thus reducing CO₂ emissions by more than 150 million tonnes (nearly 10% of China's steel industry CO₂ emissions). We summarise the characteristics, availability, and steel-chemical co-production utilisation of three by-product gases, and discuss the application of COG in direct reduced iron production and development of metallurgical by-product gas utilisation for carbon reduction in China.     

电炉熔融还原炼铁的试验研究

电炉冶炼作为钢铁行业的一种工艺,具有工艺流程短,能够及时控制炉况的特点.由于其冶炼的所消耗的能源大部分是电能,能减少焦炭的使用和减少了CO2等温室气体的排放.以电炉熔融还原炼铁试验研究为基础,得出试验能够生产出符合一定标准的炼钢用铁,试验中得到最大煤取代焦炭的比例为50％.经分析,电炉熔融还原铁的最佳单位能耗折合标准煤能够达到504.51 kg/t.为电炉生产其他铁合金的煤代焦的研究提供依据.     

Technico-economic potentialities of hydrogen utilization for steel production

A brief summary of the various methods of producing iron and steel, especially blast furnace + oxygen steel-making and reduction in solid state + electric steel-making is given in the Introduction. The first part of the paper describes the possible routes to produce steel with hydrogen, i.e. using hydrogen to reduce iron ores either in the blast furnaces or in direct reduction furnaces. The choice of the direct reduction process is discussed. The second part gives an analysis of the various processes which have been using, or could use, hydrogen to reduce iron ores, i.e. FIOR and other fluid bed processes. Possibilities offered by shaft furnaces, especially MIDREX and by retorts of the HyL process, are discussed. Finally, the economical aspects of hydrogen utilization to produce steel along the proposed route are discussed. A comparison with the classical flow sheet based on coal or natural gas, including investment cost, total energy requirement and raw material needs, is presented.     

Integration of water electrolysis for fossil-free steel production

This study investigates the integration of water electrolysis technologies in fossil-free steelmaking via the direct reduction of iron ore followed by processing in an electric arc furnace (EAF). Hydrogen (H₂) production via low or high temperature electrolysis (LTE and HTE) is considered for the production of carbon-free direct reduced iron (DRI). The introduction of carbon into the DRI reduces the electricity demand of the EAF. Such carburization can be achieved by introducing carbon monoxide (CO) into the direct reduction process. Therefore, the production of mixtures of H₂ and CO using either a combination of LTE coupled with a reverse water-gas shift reactor (rWGS-LTE) or high-temperature co-electrolysis (HTCE) was also investigated. The results show that HTE has the potential to reduce the specific electricity consumption (SEC) of liquid steel (LS) production by 21% compared to the LTE case. Nevertheless, due to the high investment cost of HTE units, both routes reach similar LS production costs of approximately 400 €/tonne LS. However, if future investment cost targets for HTE units are reached, a production cost of 301 €/tonne LS is attainable under the conditions given in this study. For the production of DRI containing carbon, a higher SEC is calculated for the LTE-rWGS system compared to HTCE (4.80 vs. 3.07 MWh/tonne LS). Although the use of HTCE or LTE-rWGS leads to similar LS production costs, future cost reduction of HTCE could result in a 10% reduction in LS production cost (418 vs. 375 €/tonne LS). We show that the use of HTE, either for the production of pure H₂ or H₂ and CO mixtures, may be advantageous compared to the use of LTE in H₂-based steelmaking, although results are sensitive to electrolyzer investment costs, efficiencies, and electricity prices.     

富氧顶吹熔融还原炼铁工艺与实践

熔融还原炼铁技术能解决焦煤匮乏和环境污染两大难题,已成为炼铁发展的主要研究方向.通过富氧顶吹熔融还原高磷铁矿的试验,证明了利用氧气顶吹熔融还原技术冶炼高磷矿是可行的,并且在适宜的冶炼条件下,铁的收得率最高可以达到95％.在富氧顶吹熔融还原冶炼过程中随着还原温度的升高,铁的收得率和金属化率相应的提高,当熔炼温度在1 60...