葡萄施用沼液试验总结

近年来,沼气技术得到大力推广,取得了良好效果,但畜禽养殖排泄物通过厌氧发酵处理会产生大量的沼液,如果沼液不加以利用也会造成一定污染。沼液是一种优质的有机肥料,可明显改良土壤,提高农产品的产量和品质,促进高效生态农业发展。为了探索沼液在葡萄上的应用效果,充分发挥沼气池的综合使用效益,我们于2006年冬季开始在梧桐街道东方红葡萄基地实施了沼液应用效果试验。     

玉米沼液浸种效果试验

沼液中含有丰富的营养元素和微量元素，用沼液浸种玉米比清水浸种具有明显的优势，这项技术简便易行，值得推广。     

沼液在大田甘蓝上的应用试验概述

为全面摸清沼液这一无公害有机肥的肥效，掌握其施用时期，施用方法，为大面积推广应用提供科学依据，特安排实施了本试验。     

覆膜灌溉技术在葡萄生产中的应用

以玫瑰香和赤霞珠为试材,利用覆膜灌溉技术,控制灌水次数,测定田间土壤含水量,调查葡萄产量及生长情况。结果表明,此项技术在达到节水效果的同时,能使果实提早成熟,未影响果实品质和产量。     

设施早熟葡萄钾肥试验初报

对上海地区设施栽培的早熟葡萄品种“失富萝莎”和“奥古斯特”开展了果实软化期增施不同钾肥量的试验。结果表明,果实软化期钾肥用量的多少,对设施早熟品种的果实性状和内在品质有影响。“矢富萝莎”品种适宜的追施钾肥量为K2SO4 50kg/667m2,“奥古斯特”为K2SO440kg/667m2,能达到增大果粒和改善品质的栽培效果。     

Environmental consequences of future biogas technologies based on separated slurry

This consequential life cycle assessment study highlights the key environmental aspects of producing biogas from separated pig and cow slurry, a relatively new but probable scenario for future biogas production, as it avoids the reliance on constrained carbon cosubstrates. Three scenarios involving different slurry separation technologies have been assessed and compared to a business-as-usual reference slurry management scenario. The results show that the environmental benefits of such biogas production are highly dependent upon the efficiency of the separation technology used to concentrate the volatile solids in the solid fraction. The biogas scenario involving the most efficient separation technology resulted in a dry matter separation efficiency of 87% and allowed a net reduction of the global warming potential of 40%, compared to the reference slurry management. This figure comprises the whole slurry life cycle, including the flows bypassing the biogas plant. This study includes soil carbon balances and a method for quantifying the changes in yield resulting from increased nitrogen availability as well as for quantifying mineral fertilizers displacement. Soil carbon balances showed that between 13 and 50% less carbon ends up in the soil pool with the different biogas alternatives, as opposed to the reference slurry management.     

袋控缓释肥在巨峰葡萄上的应用效果研究

以巨峰葡萄为试材,研究袋控缓释肥对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:使用缓释肥较常规施肥穗重增加54g,增产5246.1kg/hm2,增幅达25.70%;新梢粗度和叶面积分别比对照增加10.2%和51.32%;可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比分别比对照增加0.9%和3.52,且裂果率降低21%;从花期到成熟期,叶柄中N、P、K含量相近,或有不同程度的提高,且生产成本差异不显著。     

甲壳素在葡萄上的应用试验

以贵妃玫瑰葡萄品种为试材,在转色期后喷施2遍甲壳素,测定叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量、成熟后的果实可溶性固形物、含糖量、含酸量。结果表明,喷施甲壳素可提高果实的可溶性固形物和糖含量,对含酸量影响不明显,提高叶片光合速率,叶绿素含量没有变化。     

Application of genomics to grapevine improvement

Imagine a breeder browsing a grape chromosome nucleotide-by-nucleotide around a trait locus, scrolling down the list of catalogued genes along a genetic interval, resequencing for a few thousand dollars a potential parent or a selected breeding line. In the past couple of years, this vision has become a reality. The availability of the reference genome sequence has provided significant assistance in the saturation of loci with targeted genetic markers. Grape breeders are now offered unprecedented possibilities for selecting plants using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences within or near the gene that controls a desirable trait rather than handling their phenotypes. Genomics-assisted selection offers unique advantages in the correct choice of elite genotypes, in order to improve traits for which limitations of phenotyping technologies or low hereditability adversely affect the efficiency of phenotypic selection. DNA technologies enable the application of marker-assisted selection to thousands of grape seedlings every year, which was previously feasible only for cereals and annuals, enhancing the possibilities of finding an ideal recombinant in populations bred from highly heterozygous parents. The expected outcome is a renewal of the varietal choices available to viticulturists, with novel genotypes that meet the demand for disease-free vines and flavourful grapes. The depth of exploration and characterisation of the existing germplasm is crucial for translating natural diversity into new varieties that could perform beyond the fence of the experimental vineyards and gain substantial market share. We review here how current achievements in genomics and genome sequencing are expected to increase the efficiency of grapevine breeding programs.     

Reduction of viable Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion in biogas plants

Cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) shed the bacterium in their feces. This may lead to considerable concentrations of MAP in slurry, which has been postulated to contribute to MAP transmission when this slurry is used as fertilizer. For other bacterial species, anaerobic digestion has been shown to reduce bacterial load and to increase the safety of organic waste. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anaerobic digestion in biogas plants on MAP survival in slurry from 16 dairy farms with a history of MAP infection. Presence of MAP was determined using MAP culture and a commercial MAP IS900 quantitative PCR (qPCR) applied on untreated slurry samples, slurry samples after primary fermentation, and digestate. Unfermented slurry samples from most enrolled farms tested positive for MAP, via both culture and qPCR. After the fermentation process, MAP could no longer be cultured in most samples, with the exception of 2 samples from farms where high numbers of MAP-shedding cows were kept at the time of sampling. A Bayesian binomial model predicted a probability of 93% for a MAP-negative culture result after fermentation. In most samples, MAP DNA was still detectable when using the IS900 qPCR. The probability of a negative result in qPCR was estimated to be 27%. Results of this study indicate that subjecting MAP-positive slurry to anaerobic digestion in biogas plants leads to a reduction of viable MAP below the detection limit; however, MAP DNA remained detectable. It remains undetermined whether MAP DNA detected in fermentation products is a residue of MAP degradation or belongs to viable MAP below the detection limit or in a dormant state. In conclusion, subjecting MAP-positive slurry to anaerobic mesophilic digestion reduces viable MAP concentration below the detection limit. The use of digestion products as fertilizer on pasture and agricultural soils instead of untreated slurry may therefore reduce the risk of MAP transmission.     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄肥料配比效应研究

运用正交试验设计研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地不同氮、磷、钾肥料配比对酿酒葡萄新梢长度、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,酿酒葡萄在不同生育期对N、P、K营养元素的需求有较大差别:6月份N1P3K2为最佳肥料配比组合,即施N 0.1 kg/株,施P2O5 0.3 kg/株,施K2O 0.2 kg/株;7月份N1P2K3为最佳组合;8月份N3P2K3为最佳组合。N2P3K1配比为高产施肥组合,而N3P3K3的肥料配比是获取高糖含量的最佳组合。三要素中钾的产量和品质效应最高,且对产量与品质的影响一致。     

"Li-6400光合作用测定仪"在葡萄上的应用

光合作用在植物生理特性的研究中一直占有重要地位。目前光合速率的测定方法有氧电极法、半叶法和CO2变量法,其中CO2变量法广泛使用Li-6400光合作用测定仪(Li-6400 portable photosynthesis sys-tem),所测数据稳定,使用方便,测量准确。为了给实际应用提供科学依据,对测量过程中各个细节及注意的问题进行了初步研究,增补了一些该仪器测量参数中没有的指标。     

黄浆水在白酒生产中的应用

根据黄浆水所含成分特点,结合清香型白酒生产工艺,将经预处理的黄浆水添加到原料中进行白酒发酵生产研究。通过计算出酒率、品评、及气相色谱分析,结果表明添加黄浆水不仅可提高出酒率,还改进了酒的风味;黄浆水最适添加量为5%。     

长期沼液灌溉对槟榔芋根区土壤理化性质及重金属含量的影响

目的 探究施用沼液对槟榔芋根区土壤理化性质及重金属含量的影响。方法 采集连续施用沼液6年和未施用沼液的槟榔芋种植地块土壤, 测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As共7种重金属的含量并进行污染风险评价, 同时测定土壤的基本理化指标, 分析土壤中重金属含量与土壤理化性质间的相关性。结果 长期沼液灌溉会显著增加槟榔芋根区土壤中有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量, 但也会导致土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr显著累积, 尤其Cu和Zn含量均超出了GB 15618—2018中规定的风险筛选值。连续施用沼液增加了土壤重金属的综合污染水平和潜在生态风险, 总体呈现轻度污染等级, 具有中等水平的潜在生态风险, 其中Cu对综合污染水平的贡献率最大, Cd和Hg对综合潜在生态风险的贡献率最大。土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr之间可能存在污染同源性, 其含量基本与土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾呈极显著正相关, 与速效磷呈显著负相关。结论 沼液还田虽然会提高槟榔芋根区土壤整体养分状况, 但长期沼液灌溉也增加了土壤重金属的污染风险, 尤其是Cu、Cd、Hg可能引起的污染问题要引起重视。