对流层内激光垂直精密测距研究

本文从理论上分析了大气压强和折射率的垂直分布,导出了对流层范围内的大气压强和折射率的理论公式,给出了两者的简化公式,根据气象条件就可以确定对流层任一高度处的折射率和测程上的平均折射率,从而可以提高激光垂直测距的精度,并分析了利用脉冲式激光测距仪在垂直测距时,因采用地面折射率而引起的测距误差。     

光脉冲测距误差的修正

对光脉冲测距例如人造卫星测距所产生的误差的修正作了一般的分析。分析表明:关于测距误差的修正问题可用大气修正、空间修正、电子线路中的误差修正的代数和来描述。提出了用一个标准目标对所测距离进行标定和修正的方法。实际上在短距离测距中,修正距离很容易地用两个标准目标决定,即便是大气折射率和计数器时基的精度是未知的。在地面上100米到10公里的范围内用激光系统做了测距实验。在激光脉冲宽度为50毫微秒(7.5米)以及时间间隔计数器的分辨率为10毫微秒(1.5米)的情况下,用两个标准目标所修正的距离与用光电测距仪精确测定的距离很好的一致。     

折射率公式对电波折射修正精度的限制

电波折射误差修正精度主要取决于大气折射率剖面精度，而大气折射率是由温度、气压和湿度通过计算得到的。计算大气折射率的公式有两种，一种为常用公式，另一种为改进型公式。由于两种公式是由统计得到的，因此存在一定的误差。假设大气参数的测量是准确的，则经过对两种公式误差引起电波折射误差的计算可知，如果要求距离折射误差精度小于0．1m，则常用大气折射率计算公式不实用，最好采用改进型折射率计算公式，如果要求距离折射误差精度为0．3m，则常用大气折射率计算公式可以使用。如果采用精度较差的59型探空仪测量大气参数，则只用常用公式计算大气折射率剖面即可。     

大气中激光测距的几个问题

本文讨论激光测距的大气的修正问题。在测距精度要求达10~(-4)～10~(-5)以上时必须进行折射率修正,目标距离大于10～20公里时还须作曲率修正。在温度梯度较小,湍流不强的时间里和离地面尽量高的地方进行测量可以大大减少大气状态变化和湍流的影响。     

利用境内气象站观测数据的激光测高仪大气延迟改进算法

由大气层折射率分布不均匀引起的大气折射延迟是星载激光测高仪测距误差的主要来源之一,其主要受地表气压的影响。目前计算地表气压方法仅有美国GLAS系统使用的基于NCEP气象数据和时间空间的内插方法,GLAS系统观测相对平坦的南北极冰盖区域的精度足够,但观测地表起伏复杂的陆地目标的精度较低。文中利用国内气象站的观测数据,基于改进的反距离加权内插算法对大气折射延迟修正方法进行改进,并与传统GLAS方法的修正结果进行精度对比。在高原地区以及高纬度地区,采用国内气象数据和新的内插算法可以将修正残差由超过2 cm降低至小于0.5 cm,相对GLAS系统整体15 cm的测量精度,相当于整体精度提高10%,对于未来国产卫星激光测高仪测量精度的提高将有一定参考价值。     

大气介质对电磁波测距精度的影响

大气介质的不均匀将影响电磁波测距精度.从电磁波相位法测距的基本原理出发,推导了大气介质引起的电磁波测距误差公式,并与高精度的微波测距机在10km基线上测距精度进行了比较,结果证实,即使采用高精度的电磁波测距机,大气介质引起的测距误差也在0.75m～-0.25m之间.因此,在用电磁波进行高精度测距时,必须要测量出基线上精确的大气折射率的分布,才能提高测距精度.     

一种二次雷达大气折射距离误差修正方法

大气折射误差是二次雷达测距误差中最主要的因素之一.针对目前还没有二次雷达在大气中的折射距离误差修正模型,根据工程中的检飞数据,提出了一种二次雷达大气折射距离误差修正方法.该方法根据二次雷达获得的C模式气压高度实时计算折射率,得到修正的雷达波速度,减小了大气折射误差,进一步减小了距离测量的误差,从而提高了测距精度.     

积分法减弱温度代表性误差的精度分析

对于野外精密测距而言,现阶段始终无法在测距精度上有更近一步的突破,主要是受限于气象代表性误差这一主要误差来源.而气象代表性误差是很难消除的,理论上应该是测距光波信号在测线沿线上无数个气象元素的积分值,而一般是用测站点和镜站点的两点的温度的平均值来代替整条测线的平均温度,有的甚至是用测站点的温度代替整条测线上的温度,这样求出的大气折射率改正必然与真值存在偏差,文章在这此基础上,根据折射率气象改正公式导出了"积分法"减小气象代表性误差的修正公式,采用该公式可有效提高测量精度.     

激光脉冲测距的测距精度及误差分析

以激光脉冲测距的原理为基础,对激光脉冲探测理论进行了分析,在分析影响激光脉冲测距的各种误差源的基础上,给出了误差修正公式,并指出该误差是影响激光脉冲测距精度的主要因素．同时对激光脉冲测距的精度和误差进行了定性的分析,提出了试验中提高测距精度的主要途径,为正确分析靶场光学测量设备的整体效能提供依据．     

激光测距数据水平折射率梯度校正

文中导出了激光测距数据水平折射率梯度效应的修正公式。该公式需要激光位置上的水平压力和温度梯度值。为评价该方法的精度,将公式与用射线跟踪法计算的距离修正作了比较。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks