熔喷吸油材料的研究进展及现状

综述聚丙烯、聚乳酸吸油材料的优缺点以及近年国内外的研究状况。根据国内学者研究,分析以聚丙烯/聚乳酸共混吸油材料的优缺点和可行性,就其今后的发展提出建议,并指出聚丙烯/聚乳酸熔喷吸油材料应用前景与未来展望。     

100%OCC生产的箱纸板碳足迹评价

依据PAS 2050商品和服务全生命周期的温室气体(GHG)排放评价规范及欧洲造纸工业联合会(CEPI)纸和纸板碳足迹评价框架文件,以"摇篮-到-大门"的方法对100%OCC生产的箱纸板碳足迹进行了评价。结果表明,生产1000 kg箱纸板排放的温室气体为1798.2 kg CO2e,产品碳存储为-41.4 kg CO2e,其中抄纸过程是主要排放过程,占GHG排放量的61.7%,排放源主要来自电力和蒸汽的消耗。因此造纸工业提高能源利用效率、降低单位产品能耗是推行低碳造纸的必由之路。     

涤纶纺织品的碳足迹评估

根据BS EN ISO 14040:2006和PAS 2050:2008-商品和服务在生命周期内的温室气体排放评价规范,以及PAS 2050:2008规范使用指南,以100 kg涤纶长丝织物为功能单位,建立该功能单位从原油开采到完成印染加工这一系统边界的过程图;应用GaBi Education 4 LCA软件计算规定的系统边界内的碳足迹.数据分析表明,生产100 kg涤纶织物的碳排放量为2 570.10 kg CO2e,染整加工过程占总碳排放量的64.5％.     

淀粉基食品包装材料的生命周期评价

为了比较石油基材料和淀粉基材料的环境绩效,采用生命周期评价（LCA）方法分析两种材料对环境指标的影响,以及在原材料获取阶段、产品生产阶段的碳排放当量。通过环境评估软件,建立两种材料的生命周期评估模型。结果表明,淀粉基材料对环境的主要影响指标如气体排放、能耗和水耗均比纯石油基聚丙烯明显减少了27.79%,27.55%,21.29%;碳排放当量在原材料获取阶段影响最大,其次是产品生产阶段。说明选取淀粉基代替材料设计食品包装能有效减轻环境污染,助力双碳目标实现。     

多孔二氧化钛材料在光催化转化CO2中的应用研究进展

近年来,CO2的排放使温室效应加剧,因此减少CO2的排放刻不容缓.多孔TiO2材料在光催化转化CO2中表现了优异的催化性能.首先介绍了多孔TiO2材料在催化转化CO2中的应用研究进展,包括单一孔TiO2材料光催化转化CO2和掺杂改性多孔TiO2材料光催化转化CO2.其次对多孔TiO2材料的制备和优势也进行了简单的介绍....     

源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的4类绿色环保餐具评价

为了比较源于淀粉和纤维素替代材料的环境绩效,以餐饮外卖领域推广使用的生物基餐具(复合淀粉基材料、覆膜纤维基材料)与可降解塑料餐具(全淀粉材料、全纤维材料)为研究对象,分析产品生命周期中的各种资源、能源消耗和环境排放并评价其环境影响。以1000个外卖食品餐盒为基准流,利用环境评估软件建立绿色环保餐具的生命周期评价LCA模型。结果表明,源于淀粉的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗主要集中于原料获取和废弃物处理两个阶段,源于纤维的绿色餐盒碳排放和能量消耗则主要集中在制品生产阶段。全淀粉可降解餐具的各项环境影响指标最低,其中累计释放CO239.91kg,消耗电能332.04 MJ,较全纤维可降解餐盒碳排放降低69.5%,节约电能416.23 MJ。     

微藻生物柴油的生命周期能耗和排放评估

本研究基于可行的微藻柴油生产工艺,建立了一套开放式跑道池微藻柴油生产系统。并采用生命周期评估方法,对这套系统生产的微藻生物柴油进行了生命周期能耗和排放评估。结果显示:在不对副产品加以利用的情况下,该系统生产的微藻生物柴油的生命周期能耗和排放分别高达:101952.9MJ/ton和10226.3kg CO_2eq/ton,其中微藻的培养过程是整个生产过程中能耗和排放最为集中的过程,该过程的能耗和排放占比均超过总能耗和总排放的60%。     

超临界CO2处理对PLA纤维微结构和性能的影响

采用超临界CO2流体处理聚乳酸纤维(PLA),探讨了处理后纤维的熔点、纤维对染料的吸附性和纤维取向度的变化.结果表明,经超临界CO2处理后,聚乳酸纤维的熔点提高,取向度降低,纤维对染料的吸附量减小,且上述变化均随着处理温度、压力和时间的增加而加剧.     

三类典型一次性外卖餐盒的全生命周期评价

基于食品加工安全和生态环境防治,该文采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对以聚丙烯(PP)、聚乳酸(PLA)和热塑性淀粉(TPS)为原料的一次性外卖餐盒进行环境影响指标评估,并比较原料获取阶段(摇篮到门)、制品生产阶段(门到门)、废弃物处理阶段(门到坟墓)的碳排放当量和能源消耗参数。以1000个一次性外卖餐盒为基准流,利用环境评估软件建立了一次性塑料餐盒从摇篮到坟墓全生命周期评估模型。其中,三类典型塑料餐盒的碳排放当量在原材料获取和废弃物处理阶段最大,而资源和能源消耗则主要发生在原材料获取和产品生产阶段。TPS餐盒累计释放98.84 kg CO₂,消耗679.02 MJ能源,与PP和PLA餐盒相比碳排放低46.90%、28.30%,节省能源4270.94 MJ、615.2 MJ。因此在餐饮外卖领域推广使用TPS替代制品可有效治理一次性塑料餐盒环境污染。     

聚乳酸及其共聚物在生物相容性方面的探讨

聚乳酸(Polylactic Acid,化学式C3H6O3,简称PLA)是近年来受到广泛关注的高分子材料,在生物学上被用于载药系统和组织工程支架等.探讨聚乳酸在作为生物材料时,材料与机体间的相互作用和影响,包括材料对生物体造成的影响和机体对材料功能性的影响等.整体评价聚乳酸作为生物材料的可行性和其发展潜力.     

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China by county

Quantitative relationships among social, economic, and climate parameters, and energy consumption for Chinese provinces, provide data for regression models' estimated rates of energy consumption and emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by county. A nonlinear model was used for domestic coal combustion with total population and annual mean temperature as independent variables. Linear regression models were utilized for all other types of fuel consumption. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that emission factors, rather than the regression modeling, constitute the main source of uncertainty in prediction. Models were validated using available energy data of several northern and southern counties of China from the literature. The total PAHs produced by each county is approximately equivalent to the sum of the total emission from energy, coke, and aluminum production.     

Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas analysis of a large-scale vertically integrated organic dairy in the United States

In order to manage strategies to curb climate change, systemic benchmarking at a variety of production scales and methods is needed. This study is the first life cycle assessment (LCA) of a large-scale, vertically integrated organic dairy in the United States. Data collected at Aurora Organic Dairy farms and processing facilities were used to build a LCA model for benchmarking the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption across the entire milk production system, from organic feed production to post-consumer waste disposal. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for the entire system (averaged over two years of analysis) were 18.3 MJ per liter of packaged fluid milk and 2.3 kg CO(2 )equiv per liter of packaged fluid milk, respectively. Methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management account for 27% of total system GHG emissions. Transportation represents 29% of the total system energy use and 15% of the total GHG emissions. Utilization of renewable energy at the farms, processing plant, and major transport legs could lead to a 16% reduction in system energy use and 6.4% less GHG emissions. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis reveal that alternative meat coproduct allocation methods can lead to a 2.2% and 7.5% increase in overall system energy and GHG, respectively. Feed inventory data source can influence system energy use by -1% to +10% and GHG emission by -4.6% to +9.2%, and uncertainties in diffuse emission factors contribute -13% to +25% to GHG emission.     

探究当前能源消费特征下节能降耗的改进方法

节能减排工作已成为国家调控宏观经济的重要指标之一,相关工作人员通过研究当前能源消费现状查找问题,且探究节能降耗对建设生态文明社会、提质增效并从"制造大国"转为"制造强国"尤为重要.因而探究能源消耗中存在的问题及节能减排对策,对实现碳中和承诺具有现实的意义.     

德国米葱热泵干燥设备及工艺研究

利用空气能热泵干燥技术,结合热风干燥香葱失水规律,设计了干燥100 kg德国米葱热泵干燥设备的干燥室系统,并对热泵干燥室进行应用试验。结果表明:热泵干燥系统供热充足,控制系统工作准确,可以满足德国米葱的干燥工艺;比较了干燥室内5处德国米葱的干燥品质,并与燃煤干燥室产品进行比较,热泵干燥德国米葱在色泽、复水性、感官评价及能耗方面均有一定的优势;本次干燥总耗电35 k W·h,单位能耗除湿量为2.64 kg/(k W·h),总费用为17.5元,核算干燥成本为2.3元/kg,能源成本降低了23.3%,对于生产实践具有很好的指导意义。     

Combustion emissions from refining lower quality oil: what is the global warming potential?

The greenhouse gas emission intensity of refining lower quality petroleum was estimated from fuel combustion for energy used by operating plants to process crude oils of varying quality. Refinery crude feed, processing, yield, and fuel data from four regions accounting for 97% of U.S. refining capacity from 1999 to 2008 were compared among regions and years for effects on processing and energy consumption predicted by the processing characteristics of heavier, higher sulfur oils. Crude feed density and sulfur content could predict 94% of processing intensity, 90% of energy intensity, and 85% of carbon dioxide emission intensity differences among regions and years and drove a 39% increase in emissions across regions and years. Fuel combustion energy for processing increased by approximately 61 MJ/m(3) crude feed for each 1 kg/m(3) sulfur and 44 MJ/m(3) for each 1 kg/m(3) density of crude refined. Differences in products, capacity utilized, and fuels burned were not confounding factors. Fuel combustion increments observed predict that a switch to heavy oil and tar sands could double or triple refinery emissions and add 1.6-3.7 gigatons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere annually from fuel combustion to process the oil.     

高效助燃除硫剂在密集烤房中的应用研究

为改善煤炭燃烧性能,降低烟叶烘烤过程中煤炭燃烧产生的有害气体排放量,进行了高效助燃除硫剂的开发与应用研究。结果表明,燃煤中添加3%的高效助燃除硫剂能改善燃煤的燃烧性能,显著提升炉膛内温度。其中,中部叶每千克干烟平均煤耗降低0.13 kg,烘烤成本降低10.71%,上部叶每千克干烟平均煤耗降低0.06 kg,烘烤成本降低4.39%。燃烧时产生的碳氧化物、氮化物及硫化物排放量有不同程度的降低,其中除SO₂效果达77%以上,且烟气排放量少,节能减排效果好。同时,对烟叶外观、感官质量、等级结构、化学成分等均无不良影响。     

碳足迹核算在纯棉坯布加工过程中的应用

文章研究了碳足迹的计算方法及其在织布厂的应用情况,分析了织布厂碳足迹计算的整体思路及产品生产过程中各设备的电能消耗,指出织布厂的碳排放量可通过计算电能消耗的间接方法求得,此方法是可行的。通过计算碳足迹,可以得到棉坯布在加工过程中各工序的碳排放量,为企业提供节能减排的有效路径与方法,对纺织企业节能减排具有现实的指导意义。     

Energy consumption, rate of cooling and weight loss in beef chilling in UK slaughter houses

The energy consumption, cooling rate and weight loss were measured in 14 beef chillers in commercial use. Beef sides were removed from the chillers between 24 and 48 h after loading but a deep leg temperature of 7°C or less on unloading was achieved in only 4 of the chillers. The weight loss was between 1·1 and 2% after 24 h and between 1·5 and 2·3% after 48 h and its value was 20 times the cost of the energy used.

Energy consumption was related to ambient temperature and evaporator fan energy. Mean annual UK specific energy consumption was 116 kJ/kg and the estimated total UK consumption is 113 TJ. A target consumption of 70 kJ/kg is possible with existing technology and if achieved by all UK plants would save 42 TJ per year and increase profits in the industry by 26%.