Rôle des fluides dans le comportement hydromécanique des roches fracturées hétérogènes: Caractérisation in situ et modélisation numérique

Hydromechanical coupled processes in a shallow fractured rock mass were investigated in situ through field experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental approach consists of performing simultaneous and multi-frequency measurements of fluid pressures and displacements at different points and on different fracture types within a carbonate reservoir. Two kinds of experiments were conducted at the Coaraze Laboratory Site (France):

1. At the fracture network scale, a global hydraulic loading by groundwater level change shows that the coupling between fluid flow and deformation is simultaneously governed by a dual-permeability hydraulic behaviour and a dual-stiffness mechanical behaviour. The following fluid flow and hydromechanical conceptual scheme was established: first, a transient flow only occurs in faults with high permeability; second, when a steady-state flow is reached in faults, water flows from faults into lower permeability bedding planes. The intact rock matrix is practically impervious but the connectivity between the discontinuities is high. When fluid pressure changes occur within the fracture network, the hydromechanical coupling is direct in the highly permeable faults where a pressure change induces a deformation change. No direct hydromechanical coupling occurs within the lower permeability zones where deformation is not directly correlated with pressure changes. This means that the mechanical deformation of the bedding planes and rock matrix is induced by the fault deformation.
2. At the single fracture scale, the hydromechanical behaviour was evaluated by performing hydraulic pulse injection testing. This test was monitored using high-frequency (f = 120 Hz) hydromechanical measurements conducted with innovative fiber-optic borehole equipment. The hydromechanical response is simultaneously monitored at two measuring points spaced about 1 m apart within the plane of the sub-vertical fracture. Observed fluid pressure versus normal displacement curves shows a characteristic loop-shaped evolution in which the paths for loading (pressure increase) and unloading (pressure decrease) are different. The test was evaluated by coupled hydromechanical modelling using a distinct element technique. By matching the loop behaviour, modelling indicates that the pulse pressure increase portion allows the fracture hydromechanical properties to be determined while the pulse pressure decrease portion is strongly influenced by the hydromechanical effects within the surrounding fractured rock mass. A sensitivity study shows that the key parameters to coupled hydromechanical processes in such fracture systems are the initial hydraulic aperture and normal stiffness of the fracture, the stiffness of the rock matrix and the geometry of the surrounding fracture network.

     

Hydro-mechanical fault reactivation modeling based on elasto-plasticity with embedded weakness planes

In this paper,an elasto-plastic constitutive model is employed to capture the shear failure that may occur in a rock mass presenting mechanical discontinuities,such as faults,fractures,bedding planes or other planar weak structures.The failure may occur in two modes:a sliding failure on the weak plane or an intrinsic failure of the rock mass.The rock matrix is expected to behave elastically or fail in a brittle manner,being represented by a non-associated Mohr-Coulomb behavior.while the sliding failure is represented by the evaluation of the Coulomb criterion on an explicitly defined plane.Failure may furthermore affect the hydraulic properties of the rock mass:the shearing of the weakness plane may create a transmissive fluid pathway.Verification of the mechanical submodel is co nducted by comparison with an analytical solution,while the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior is validated with field data and will be applied within a model and code validation initiative.The work presented here aims at documenting the progress in code development,while accurate match of the field data with the numerical results is current work in progress.     

Mesoscale characterization of coupled hydromechanical behavior of a fractured-porous slope in response to free water-surface movement

To better understand the role of groundwater-level changes on rock-slope deformation and damage, a carbonate rock slope (30 m×30 m×15 m) was extensively instrumented for mesoscale hydraulic and mechanical measurements during water-level changes. The slope is naturally drained by a spring that can be artificially closed or opened by a water gate. In this study, a 2-h slope-dewatering experiment was analyzed. Changes in fluid pressure and deformation were simultaneously monitored, both at discontinuities and in the intact rock, using short-base extensometers and pressure gauges as well as tiltmeters fixed at the slope surface. Field data were analyzed with different coupled hydromechanical (HM) codes (ROCMAS, FLAC^3D, and UDEC).

Field data indicate that, in the faults, a 40 kPa pressure fall occurs in 2 min and induces a 0.5–31×10⁻⁶ m normal closure. Pressure fall is slower in the bedding-planes, lasting 120 min, with no normal deformation. No pressure change or deformation is observed in the intact rock. The slope surface displays a complex tilt towards the interior of the slope, with magnitudes ranging from 0.6 to 15×10⁻⁶ rad.

Close agreement with model for both slope surface and internal measurements is obtained when a high variability in slope-element properties is introduced into the models, with normal stiffnesses of k_{n_faults}=10⁻³×k_{n_bedding-planes} and permeabilities of k_{h_faults}=10³×k_{h_bedding-planes}. A nonlinear correlation between hydraulic and mechanical discontinuity properties is proposed and related to discontinuity damage. A parametric study shows that 90% of slope deformation depends on HM effects in a few highly permeable and highly deformable discontinuities located in the basal, saturated part of the slope while the remaining 10% is related to elasto-plastic deformations in the low-permeability discontinuities induced by complex stress/strain transfers from the high-permeability zones. The periodicity and magnitude of free water-surface movements cause 10–20% variations in those local stress/strain accumulations related to the contrasting HM behavior for high- and low-permeability elements of the slope. Finally, surface-tilt monitoring coupled with internal localized pressure/deformation measurements appears to be a promising method for characterizing the HM properties and behavior of a slope, and for detecting its progressive destabilization.     

层理对页岩水力裂缝扩展的影响研究

 层理、裂隙等结构面的存在是实现页岩气藏储层体积改造的前提。为分析层理对页岩水力裂缝扩展的影响,在各向异性材料裂纹尖端应力场分布特征的基础上,开展切口与层理呈不同方位的圆柱形试样三点弯曲试验,研究页岩断裂韧性的各向异性特征,并揭示其断裂机制的各向异性,进而根据真三轴条件下页岩水力裂缝的延伸规律,探讨了层理在页岩网状压裂缝形成过程中的重要作用,结果表明：(1) 各向异性材料裂纹尖端的应力场和位移场不仅由应力强度因子决定,还与材料的弹性常数有关;(2) 切口与层理呈crack-arrester,crack-divider和crack-splitter三种方位时,页岩断裂韧性在crack-arrester时最大,crack-splitter时最小,各向异性显著,而层理面开裂和断裂路径偏移是引起断裂韧性各向异性的主要原因;(3) 页岩层理的弱胶结作用使其断裂韧性较小,阻止裂纹失稳扩展的能力较弱,而在垂直层理方向,断裂韧性较大,阻止裂纹扩展的能力较强,当水力裂缝垂直层理扩展时,在弱层理面处会发生分叉、转向,且在继续延伸的过程中会进一步沟通天然裂缝或弱层理面而形成复杂的裂缝网络,达到体积压裂。研究结果可为深入认识页岩气藏储层体积压裂形成条件及机制提供一定参考。     

注液方式对深层页岩裂缝形态影响实验研究

开发深层页岩需要通过对储层进行水力压裂,而注液方式会对压裂效果产生很大的影响。采用真三轴水力压裂实验系统,研究不同的注液方式对深层页岩的裂缝形态的影响规律。实验结果表明:高地应力差下水力裂缝会沿着垂直于最小地应力方向起裂并扩展成横切缝,遇层理或天然裂缝会沟通并形成分支缝;采用先小排量后提升至大排量的注液方式可以开启更多的裂缝;先注入高粘度的压裂液制造主缝,然后替换为低粘度压裂液开启分支缝,形成主缝+分支缝的裂缝形态,有利于提升储层SRV。本实验研究结果可以为深层页岩压裂设计提供参考。     

含不同胶结充填物的碳酸盐岩层面剪切力学特性试验研究

 层面是层状岩体稳定性的主控结构面,层面的剪切力学行为及抗剪强度对建造于层状岩体中的地下工程具有重要影响。由于成岩时期物化作用的差异,同一工程场址常发育不同地质特征(胶结充填物、粗糙度等)的层面。为了深入了解不同类型层面的剪切力学特性,利用乌东德水电站地下厂房区域取得的胶结层面试样开展常法向应力及峰后降法向应力直剪试验。试验结果表明,不同地质特征的层面表现出不同的剪切力学行为,按有无明显峰值可将剪切变形–剪应力曲线分为2类,无明显峰值层面的粗糙度和表面附着物均有别于有明显峰值层面。法向变形与法向应力直接相关,但与层面类别之间的关系不明显。不同类型层面还表现出不同的剪胀行为及相应的剪胀角差异。胶结层面抗剪强度低于完整岩石但高于已分离层面,对层状岩体起弱化作用。按层面地质特征对其进行分类有助于进一步理解层状岩体的复杂力学行为,而选择不同层面力学模型可使计算更贴近实际工程岩体特征。     

层状岩体渗透特性多尺度演化模型研究

考虑层状岩体内部微裂纹、层面等不同尺度结构特征,采用两步均匀化方法,建立了层状岩体细观损伤模型与渗透特性多尺度演化模型。两步均匀化过程分别考虑了层状岩体内部细观结构与宏观结构对渗透特性的影响。层状岩体渗透特性演化模型可同时考虑微裂纹损伤扩展、滑移剪胀,层理面滑移磨损、剪胀演化特性以及微裂纹与层理面相互作用等特征,较好地反映了内部不同尺度微结构变化对其渗透特性演化的影响以及渗透特性的各向异性特征。基于该模型,通过数值模拟层状岩体中地下洞室开挖扰动过程,研究了层面倾角以及岩体强度各向异性特征对洞周围岩损伤与渗透特性演化规律的影响。研究成果对于深部层状岩体水–力耦合特性研究具有一定参考意义。     

三维空间中非连续面对水力压裂影响的试验研究

油气储层常发育断层、天然裂缝、节理等非连续面,其产状、地应力状态对水力裂缝扩展路径会产生重要影响。尤其是在致密油气藏、页岩油气藏等储层中,其天然裂缝影响着水力压裂后的裂缝网络。利用真三轴水力压裂试验设备,模拟了水力裂缝在具有不同产状非连续面的人造岩体中的扩展行为,并分析了泵压曲线的特征。试验结果表明:水平主应力差存在临界值(5~7 MPa),小于该临界值,水力裂缝不可能穿透非连续面;非连续面走向角和地应力差异系数越大,水力裂缝越容易穿透非连续面;非连续面倾角跟水力裂缝的扩展行为没有明显的关系;穿透试验中的泵压曲线跟没穿透试验中的泵压曲线差别明显;压裂曲线峰值泵压均随水力裂缝中点到储层中非连续面的最短距离(简记为DNF)增大而递减。与非连续面的倾角相比,走向角是影响水力裂缝穿透行为的关键因素;准确预测油藏中水力裂缝扩展路径,有必要准确获取非连续面产状和三向地应力场;根据泵压曲线的特征,可判断水力裂缝是否穿透非连续面和定性的判断DNF,为油田现场评价水力压裂效果提供参考。     

Hydromechanical modelling of pulse tests that measure fluid pressure and fracture normal displacement at the Coaraze Laboratory site, France

In situ fracture mechanical deformation and fluid flow interactions are investigated through a series of hydraulic pulse injection tests, using specialized borehole equipment that can simultaneously measure fluid pressure and fracture displacements. The tests were conducted in two horizontal boreholes spaced 1 m apart vertically and intersecting a near-vertical highly permeable fault located within a shallow fractured carbonate rock. The entire test cycle, both the initial pressure increase and subsequent pressure fall-off, was carefully monitored and used for the evaluation of the in situ hydromechanical behaviour. The field data were modelled using both distinct-element and finite-element modelling techniques, in two and three dimensions. Field test data were evaluated by plotting fracture normal displacement as a function of fluid pressure, measured at the same borehole. The curves for the normal displacement of the fracture as a function of fluid pressure showed hysteresis loops, in which the paths for loading (pressure increase) and unloading (pressure decrease) are different. By matching this behaviour, the fracture normal stiffness and an equivalent stiffness (Young's modulus) of the surrounding rock mass were back-calculated. Evaluation of the field tests by coupled numerical hydromechanical modelling showed that the pressure-increase path of the normal displacement-versus-pressure curve is highly dependent on the hydromechanical parameters of the tested fracture and the stiffness of the matrix near the injection point, whereas the pressure-decrease path is influenced by mechanical processes within a larger portion of the surrounding fractured rock.     

Single fractures under normal stress: The relation between fracture specific stiffness and fluid flow

Fracture specific stiffness and fluid flow through a single fracture under normal stress are implicitly related through the geometry of the void space and contact area that comprise the fracture. Data from thirteen different rock samples, each containing a single fracture, show that relationships between fracture specific stiffness and fluid flow through a fracture fall into two general classes of behavior. Fractures either fall on a loosely-defined universal curve relating fluid flow to fracture specific stiffness, or else the flow is weakly dependent on fracture specific stiffness. The second relationship shows that flow decreases slowly with increasing fracture specific stiffness. The first relationship shows that flow decreases rapidly for increases in fracture specific stiffness. To understand this behavior, computer simulations on simulated single fractures were performed to calculate fluid flow, fracture displacement, and fracture specific stiffness as a function of normal stress. Simulated fractures with spatially correlated and uncorrelated aperture distributions were studied. Fractures with spatially uncorrelated aperture distributions tend to exhibit a weak dependence of fluid flow on fracture specific stiffness because these fractures tend to have multiple connected paths across the sample which can support flow with uniformly distributed contact area. Thus an increment in stress will increase the stiffness of the fracture without greatly reducing the amount of fluid flow. On the other hand, fractures with spatially correlated aperture distributions tend to belong to the universal relationship because correlated fractures tend to have only one or two dominant flow paths and the contact area is limited to a few regions resulting in a compliant fracture. Thus an increment in stress on a spatially correlated fracture will result in an increase in stiffness and rapid decrease in fluid flow. These spatial correlations in fracture void geometry can be differentiated in the laboratory based on the observed fracture specific stiffness–fluid flow relationship for a single fracture under normal loading.     

页岩水力压裂水力裂缝与层理面扩展规律研究

在对含天然层理弱面页岩进行水力压裂过程中,水力主裂缝的起裂、扩展及层理面的扩展对缝网的形成有重要影响。为研究水力主裂缝的起裂、扩展规律和层理面对水力裂缝扩展的影响,开展真三轴试验条件下的水力压裂试验,采用声发射系统监测水力压裂过程,并在试验后对试样进行剖切与CT扫描;同时进行定量的理论分析,并通过试验结果验证。研究表明:(1)起裂方向由初始角度转至最大水平主应力方向;垂向应力与水平最大主应力相差极小时,各个方向起裂压力相差极小,裂缝很快转向最大水平主应力方向。(2)水力主裂缝整个扩展过程中所需水压区间与裂缝长度、断裂韧性值相关。(3)形成由层理面与主裂缝构成的网状的裂缝系,层理面在主裂缝的靠近过程中张开区的长度极小,主要在主裂缝接触到层理面后产生较大的张开区与剪切区,层理面的剪切区域长度远大于张开区域长度,剪切区域提供主要的导流通道;剪切区的长度对层理面黏聚力c和水力裂缝与层理面交角?参数敏感性很高。研究结果可以为压裂模型的建立提供几何参数,并对施工参数的设计有指导意义。     

大连地下石油储备库洞室群围岩稳定性及渗流场分析

为分析水封式大连地下石油储备库洞室群围岩稳定性及渗流场特征,首先基于现场地应力实测结果的回归分析,利用Fish语言编写函数,反演初始地应力场。其次,采用三维离散元程序3DEC生成三维节理网络模型,反演库区初始渗流场的各向异性特征。最后,利用应力与渗流耦合模块实施开挖仿真计算,获取围岩应力场、位移场变化特征。考虑平行、垂直层理面不同材料特性,基于带有抗拉的Mohr-Coulomb强度储备型点安全系数,定量评价洞室群的稳定性。借鉴国外水封效果评价标准,分别从地下水位线和垂直水力坡降2个方面,分析渗流场变化特征。研究表明:在洞室周边平行层理面点安全系数为1.02～1.25,垂直层理面点安全系数为1.95～2.00。在补水隧道及注水孔组成的人工水幕系统作用下,建设期内地下水位下降3～5 m,地下水位距洞室顶55 m。开挖洞室附近平均垂直水力坡降大于1.0,满足设计规范及密封性要求。     

Formulation of strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity for a fractured rock mass

By characterizing rock masses as anisotropic continua with one or multiple sets of critically oriented fractures, a methodology is developed in this paper to address the change in hydraulic conductivity resulted from engineering disturbance, material nonlinearity and anisotropy. An equivalent elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model with non-associated flow rule and mobilized dilatancy is developed to describe the global nonlinear response of the rockmass under complex loading conditions. By separating the deformation of fractures from that of the equivalent medium, a strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity tensor is formulated. This not only considers the normal compressive deformation of the fractures, but also and more importantly, integrates the effect of material nonlinearity and post-peak shear dilatancy. Using this methodology, a closed-form solution is derived to describe the hydraulic behavior of a single fracture during combined normal and shear loading processes. The closed-form solution is validated by an existing coupled shear-flow test under wide ranges of normal and shear loads. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the changes in hydraulic conductivities of a cubic block of fractured rock mass under triaxial compression and shear loading, as well as a circular underground excavation in a biaxial stress field at the Stripa mine, Sweden. The simulation results agree well with the in-situ experimental observations and an existing elastic strain-dependent analytical solution, respectively. The evaluation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of predicting the changes in hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses under loading or excavation.     

基于直剪试验的页岩强度各向异性研究

 层理面的存在是页岩地层力学性质、强度特征和破裂模式表现出明显各向异性特征的根本原因,也是引起水平井井壁易失稳的重要原因之一。为分析层理面的力学性质及其影响下页岩的抗剪强度各向异性特征,开展不同角度页岩的直接剪切试验,并根据剪切破坏机制的各向异性和剪应力集中系数,从不同角度分析抗剪强度各向异性的原因,试验和理论分析结果表明：(1) 层理面是页岩地层的薄弱面,其黏聚力和内摩擦角明显小于页岩基质体,抗剪强度也最低,其剪应力–剪切位移曲线并没有表现出岩石剪切强度随滑动而弱化的特点,而是其残余摩擦力甚至还略大于抗剪强度。(2) 0°,30°,60°和90°四个方向中,页岩抗剪强度的最大值在60°时取得,且0°,30°和60°试样的剪应力–剪切位移曲线均表现出剪切强度随滑动而弱化的现象。(3) 页岩剪切破坏机制可分为沿页岩本体的剪切破坏、沿层理面张拉和本体剪切的复合破坏、以及沿层理面的剪切滑移3种模式;页岩抗剪强度的各向异性是由其剪切破坏机制的各向异性控制的。(4) 剪应力集中系数在一定程度上反映了岩石直接剪切时剪切承载力的强弱,可用来分析页岩抗剪强度的各向异性特征;不同方向页岩直接剪切时,剪应力集中系数仅与沿剪切方向的弹性模量和剪切层的厚度有关;相同法向应力下,90°试样的剪应力集中系数最大,抗剪强度最小,而60°试样的剪应力集中系数最小,抗剪强度最大。该试验和理论分析结果可为深入分析岩质边坡中滑动面的运动特征和页岩气水平井井壁稳定性等提供一定参考。     

页岩水力压裂裂缝形态的试验研究

为深入认识页岩储层水力裂缝延伸规律及其空间形态,采用真三轴岩土工程模型试验机、压裂泵压伺服控制系统、Disp声发射定位系统和工业CT扫描技术,建立了一套室内页岩水力压裂大型物理模拟试验方法,并通过试验后页岩试样水力裂缝的延伸与空间展布规律,初步探讨了页岩水力压裂网状裂缝的形成机理。结果表明：裂缝延伸时泵压曲线典型的锯齿状波动与裂缝网络的形成密切相关,是页岩体积压裂的一个明显特征。页岩层理面的发育程度、泵压大小和地应力状态对裂缝形态有显著影响,水力裂缝在层理面内的分叉、转向进而沟通天然裂缝是形成裂缝网络的关键,而层理面过弱或过强都不利于网状裂缝的形成;对层理面胶结强度适中的地层,地应力对裂缝的延伸有较大影响;在低排量且维持较低泵压时,裂缝易于转向,且更易形成网状裂缝,而达到体积压裂。建立的页岩水力压裂物理模拟试验方法及试验结果可为页岩气压裂优化设计等提供技术支持。     

岩石节理剪切渗流耦合试验及分析

节理岩体内渗流的发生主要是通过断裂节理网络产生,节理面的几何特性和受力特征决定和影响着节理裂隙的渗透性质,从而极大地影响着水下隧道及地下硐室中的渗流。应用自行研制开发的试验设备(岩石节理单一剪切-渗流试验机(SMT-E-4010)),在恒定法向荷载和恒定法向刚度的边界条件下,对不同接触状态下的岩石断裂节理试件分别进行一系列节理的剪切渗流耦合试验,研究剪切过程中力学性质、水力学性质的变化情况;同时,结合立方准则对试验数据进行分析讨论。试验结果表明:节理力学性质,水力开度和透过率在剪切过程中呈现出两阶段的变化性质。     

A 3-D study of the effects of thermomechanical loads on fracture slip in enhanced geothermal reservoirs

Heat extraction from enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) can greatly affect the behavior of joints and other discontinuities in the reservoir. Fracture permeability can change in response to fluid injection/extraction, rock cooling, variations of stress field, and mineral dissolution/precipitation. The reduction in effective stress caused by pore pressure increase can cause the slippage of discontinuities, thus inducing seismicity. Studies have shown that thermal stresses generated by cold water injection have a similar effect. In order to assess the influence of thermal stresses on fracture opening and slippage, a 3-D coupled heat extraction/thermal stress/elastic displacement discontinuity model is used in this study. The effects of each mechanism on fracture slip is estimated with particular reference to the Coso geothermal field. The results indicate that under typical field conditions, a substantial increase in fracture slip is observed when thermal stresses are taken into account. The temporal evolution of the thermal stresses suggests that the rock mass deformation will not cease upon stoppage of water injection, which can be a cause of delayed seismic activity.     

Dynamic failure analysis of concrete dams under air blast using coupled Euler-Lagrange finite element method

In this study, the air blast response of the concrete dams including dam-reservoir interaction and acoustic cavitation in the reservoir is investigated. The finite element (FE) developed code are used to build three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of concrete dams. A fully coupled Euler-Lagrange formulation has been adopted herein. A previous developed model including the strain rate effects is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. In addition, a one-fluid cavitating model is employed for the simulation of acoustic cavitation in the fluid domain. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the effects of the air blast loading on the response of concrete dam systems. Hence, the analyses are performed for different heights of dam and different values of the charge distance from the charge center. Numerical results revealed that 1) concrete arch dams are more vulnerable to air blast loading than concrete gravity dams; 2) reservoir has mitigation effect on the response of concrete dams; 3) acoustic cavitation intensify crest displacement of concrete dams.     

Dynamic response of axially loaded monosymmetrical thin-walled Bernoulli–Euler beams

The dynamic bending–torsion coupled vibrations of elastic axially loaded slender thin-walled beams with monosymmetrical cross-sections are investigated by using normal mode method. The Bernoulli–Euler beam theory is employed and the effects of warping stiffness and axial force are included in the present formulations. The theoretical expressions for the displacement response of axially loaded slender thin-walled beams subjected to concentrated or distributed loads are presented. The method is illustrated by its application to two test examples to describe the effects of warping stiffness and axial force on the dynamic behavior of thin-walled beams. The numerical results for the dynamic bending displacements and torsional displacements are given. The proposed theory is fairly general and can be used for thin-walled beam assemblage of arbitrary boundary conditions subjected to various kinds of loads.     

应变敏感的裂隙及裂隙岩体水力传导特性研究

通过将岩体单裂隙视为非关联理想弹塑性体，导出单裂隙在压剪荷载作用下，其机械开度和水力传导度的解析模型，并采用已有相关试验研究成果对解析模型进行验证。在此基础上，通过将岩体概化为含一组或多组优势裂隙的等效连续介质，给出一种描述裂隙岩体在复杂加载条件下考虑非线性变形特征及滑动剪胀特性的等效非关联理想弹塑性本构模型。基于该模型，给出裂隙岩体在扰动条件下应变敏感的渗透张量的计算方法，该计算方法不仅考虑裂隙的法向压缩变形，而且反映材料非线性及峰后剪胀效应对裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响。该模型通过引入滑动剪胀角和非关联理想塑性，较为逼真地反映了真实裂隙及裂隙岩体峰后的剪胀特性、变形行为和水力传导度变化特征。通过数值算例，研究了裂隙岩体在力学加载及开挖条件下渗透特性的演化规律。