反倾层状岩质高边坡开挖变形破坏机理研究

在龙滩工程工程地质条件、地应力测试和试验洞变形监测结果综合分析的基础上,建立了地质概化和边坡施工开挖模型。以监测信息为基础,假定初始地应力场近似符合线性分布,采用二维显式有限差分法对龙滩工程左岸进水口边坡1-1剖面进行了自重平衡和开挖施工的模拟。由分析获得了反倾层状岩质高边坡临界节理发展、节理张开度和变形等边坡破坏因素之间的规律。通过对开挖到480 m平台和313 m平台时情况的对比分析,找出了开挖对边坡破坏的影响,即会使临界节理发育和节理张开尺度增大。通过离散元程序(UDEC2D3.1)对边坡开挖的模拟分析,客观评价了边坡的稳定性及其可能的破坏形式。     

Influence of geometrical distribution of rock joints on deformational behavior of underground opening

Mechanisms of deformation and failure of underground opening in jointed rock masses are governed by the characteristics of the geometrical distribution of discontinuities. In this paper, the extracting method of geometrical distribution of discontinuities in rock masses by image processing is presented and used to make networks of rock joints from the construction field. Next, using those networks, fractal characteristics of the discontinuities are described by using the box-counting method for quantitatively evaluating the state of the discontinuous distribution. Finally, numerical analysis based a case of the excavation of underground power plant is carried out to find the relation between geometrical distribution of rock joints and deformational behavior of underground opening by using distinct element method.     

Over-consolidation effect on shear behavior of rock joints

Although many researchers have studied the normal and shear behavior of fractures under stresses, the over-consolidation effect on the slip/shear behavior of discontinuities has not been considered. The over-consolidation behavior of non-planar rock fractures should be considered when deposition–consolidation–erosion (or excavation) sequences occur. Plaster replicas of representative natural rock joint surfaces were prepared for this study. In this case, the surface roughness and other geometrical properties remain constant during the laboratory direct shear tests. It was observed that the shear strength within a large range of roughness, joint wall strength and normal stress values significantly increases with increasing over-consolidation ratio. According to the test results, a new model is developed as an extended form of Barton's shear failure criterion for rock joints. This model considers the effect of various paths of normal loading/unloading before shearing and over-consolidation ratio in a fracture. A new joint over-closure (JOC) parameter is also introduced as the ratio of closure in over-closed to normally closed conditions.     

Influence of plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent rock dilation on rock failure and displacement near an excavation boundary

Excavation-induced rock failure and displacement near an underground opening boundary is closely associated with rock mass dilation. A better understanding of rock mass dilation around the excavation helps us to predict or anticipate displacements and extent and shape of the failed zone, and subsequently assist design of proper ground support systems. A calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model with a constant dilation angle can capture the stress-induced brittle failure shape in hard rocks. However, the use of a constant dilation angle, in either CWFS, Mohr–Coulomb perfectly elasto-plastic, or Mohr–Coulomb strain-softening models, cannot simulate the displacement distribution near the excavation reasonably. In the present study, numerical simulations are performed to study excavation-induced displacement around tunnels located in different rock mass types, i.e., coarse-grained hard rock, medium-grained hard rock, fine–medium-grained soft rock, and fine-grained soft rock, using a mobilized dilation angle model that depends on both confining stress and plastic shear strain. It is illustrated from a few examples that displacement distributions obtained from the dilation angle model are more reasonable when compared with the general trend measured underground.     

Use of the equivalent continuum approach to model the behavior of a rock mass containing an interlayer shear weakness zone in an underground cavern excavation

An interlayer shear weakness zone (ISWZ) is a weak zonal geotechnical system of variable thickness that occurs between different rock strata (e.g., tuff and basalt). At the site of the future Baihetan hydropower station, Sichuan Province, China, because of the relatively poor ISWZ mechanical properties, the overall stability of the underground powerhouse is potentially at risk. In this study, to evaluate the effects of ISWZs on the stability of the future underground powerhouse by means of three-dimensional continuum modeling (3-D continuum modeling), the concept of a virtual rock mass composed of ISWZ and host rock is proposed. An equivalent continuum approach, including a rock–soil composite material (RSCM) model, is elaborated, with corresponding expressions for the input parameters. Comparisons were made between the predictions from the RSCM model, the results obtained by an analytic method, and existing data from physical model tests. The comparison showed that all three types of information showed good consistency in terms of failure mode and strength. This indicates the suitability of the RSCM model for describing the behavior of a rock mass containing discontinuities. Furthermore, comparison between the predictions of the proposed equivalent continuum approach, the joint element approach, and the solid element approach for a deformation of a test tunnel section containing an ISWZ show that the results produced by the first two approaches are similar, but much smaller than that using the third approach. Further comparison of the actual state of the ISWZ-containing rock mass in the test tunnel section confirmed the applicability of the proposed equivalent continuum approach to prediction of deformation of the rock masses containing ISWZs at the future Baihetan underground powerhouse site.     

Calibration of coupled hydro-mechanical properties of grain-based model for simulating fracture process and associated pore pressure evolution in excavation damage zone around deep tunnels

The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for calibration of a discrete element grain-based model(GBM)to replicate the hydro-mechanical properties of a brittle rock measured in the laboratory,and to apply the calibrated model to simulating the formation of excavation damage zone(EDZ)around underground excavations.Firstly,a new cohesive crack model is implemented into the universal distinct element code(UDEC)to control the fracturing behaviour of materials under various loading modes.Next,a methodology for calibration of the components of the UDEC-Voronoi model is discussed.The role of connectivity of induced microcracks on increasing the permeability of laboratory-scale samples is investigated.The calibrated samples are used to investigate the influence of pore fluid pressure on weakening the drained strength of the laboratory-scale rock.The validity of the Terzaghi’s effective stress law for the drained peak strength of low-porosity rock is tested by performing a series of biaxial compression test simulations.Finally,the evolution of damage and pore pressure around two unsupported circular tunnels in crystalline granitic rock is studied.     

岩体结构对大型地下挖掘稳定性的控制作用

岩体结构是地质年代形成和变动的结果.它反映了裂隙的密度并控制大型地下挖掘工程顶部岩体的力学性能.文章以溪洛渡水电站地下工程为例,根据断裂分布情况的研究对岩体进行分类.采用结构力学方法和UNWEDGE程序讨论了单个裂隙,成组裂隙和岩石碎块情况下顶部的稳定性来得到临界稳定厚度和可能失稳岩决的特点,可以为挖掘和支撑工作提供有益的指导.     

Behavior of Large Scale Underground Cavern Located in Jointed Rock Masses Evaluated by Using Distinct Element Method

The stability and support effects of large-scale underground caverns located in jointed rock masses are principally ruled by the mechanical behavior of discontinuities. The major deformations of the host rock masses containing underground caverns originate from the normal and shear movements among the walls of discontinuities. Therefore, in the numerical simulations of the deformation behavior of underground structures, how to accurately model the discontinuities becomes a key problem. In this study, a 2-D distinct element code, UDEC, was used to analyze the deformation behavior of an underground cavern of a pumped storage power plant, based on in-situ geological data. The validity of numerical simulation was evaluated by comparing the numerical results with the site measurement data at two cross-sections of the cavern. Some local deformation behavior of the cavern affected by the characteristics of discontinuity distributions was discussed. The influences of cross-sectional shape of the cavern and the orientation of initial ground stress on the performance of cavern were evaluated. The simulation results revealed that the orientation, position and density of discontinuities as well as the cross-sectional shape of a carven influence its deformation behavior and stability significantly.     

Assessing fracturing mechanisms and evolution of excavation damaged zone of tunnels in interlocked rock masses at high stresses using a finitediscrete element approach

Deep underground excavations within hard rocks can result in damage to the surrounding rock mass mostly due to redistribution of stresses.Especially within rock masses with non-persistent joints,the role of the pre-existing joints in the damage evolution around the underground opening is of critical importance as they govern the fracturing mechanisms and influence the brittle responses of these hard rock masses under highly anisotropic in situ stresses.In this study,the main focus is the impact of joint network geometry,joint strength and applied field stresses on the rock mass behaviours and the evolution of excavation induced damage due to the loss of confinement as a tunnel face advances.Analysis of such a phenomenon was conducted using the finite-discrete element method(FDEM).The numerical model is initially calibrated in order to match the behaviour of the fracture-free,massive Lac du Bonnet granite during the excavation of the Underground Research Laboratory(URL)Test Tunnel,Canada.The influence of the pre-existing joints on the rock mass response during excavation is investigated by integrating discrete fracture networks(DFNs)of various characteristics into the numerical models under varying in situ stresses.The numerical results obtained highlight the significance of the pre-existing joints on the reduction of in situ rock mass strength and its capacity for extension with both factors controlling the brittle response of the material.Furthermore,the impact of spatial distribution of natural joints on the stability of an underground excavation is discussed,as well as the potentially minor influence of joint strength on the stress induced damage within joint systems of a non-persistent nature under specific conditions.Additionally,the in situ stress-joint network interaction is examined,revealing the complex fracturing mechanisms that may lead to uncontrolled fracture propagation that compromises the overall stability of an underground excavation.     

Simulation of cracking near a large underground cavern in a discontinuous rock mass using the expanded distinct element method

The rock masses in a construction site of underground cavern are generally not continuous, due to the presence of discontinuities, such as bedding, joints, faults and fractures. The performance of an underground cavern is principally ruled by the mechanical behaviors of the discontinuities in the vicinity of the cavern. A number of experimental and numerical investigations have demonstrated the significant influences of discontinuities on the mechanical, thermal and hydraulic behaviors of discontinuous rock masses, indicating that the deformation mechanism and stability of rock structures in the discontinuous rock masses depend not only on the existing discontinuities but also on the new cracks generated and thereafter keep propagating due mainly to the stress redistribution induced by excavation.In this study, an expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was developed for simulating the crack generation and propagation due to the shear and tension failures in the matrix rock blocks. Using this method, excavation simulations of deep underground caverns have been carried out on the models with differing depths of cavern and differing geometrical distributions of the existing discontinuities. Model experiments by using the base friction test apparatus were conducted to verify the proposed numerical approach. Furthermore, the support effects of rock bolts on controlling the deformations of the rock mass surrounding a cavern and movements of key blocks were evaluated by means of the EDEM approach.     

The plastic zones and displacements around underground openings in rock masses containing a fault

Faults are the commonly encountered large geological discontinuities in hard rock masses, most severe underground structure instability is found to be closely associated with the faults presence nearby. The parametric study carried out in this paper using numerical method (UDEC) has identified some fault parameters to be really critical for the underground structure stability. These fault parameters are fault dips, fault shear strength and fault locations relative to the underground structure. This numerical investigation revealed that faults affect the stability of underground structure by the tendency of increasing the plastic zones, displacements and causing both asymmetrically distributed in the rock masses adjacent to the excavation. The relationship of the induced plastic zones, maximum displacements varying with these fault parameters was established. The distribution of plastic zone and displacement was graphically presented and the mechanisms such effects were discussed. These results offer a guideline in support design.     

Considerations of rock dilation on modeling failure and deformation of hard rocks-a case study of the mine-by test tunnel in Canada

For the compressive stress-induced failure of tunnels at depth, rock fracturing process is often closely associated with the generation of surface parallel fractures in the initial stage, and shear failure is likely to occur in the final process during the formation of shear bands, breakouts or V-shaped notches close to the excavation boundaries. However, the perfectly elastoplastic, strain-softening and elasto-brittle-plastic models cannot reasonably describe the brittle failure of hard rock tunnels under high in-situ stress conditions. These approaches often underestimate the depth of failure and overestimate the lateral extent of failure near the excavation. Based on a practical case of the mine-by test tunnel at an underground research laboratory (URL) in Canada, the influence of rock mass dilation on the depth and extent of failure and deformation is investigated using a calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model. It can be found that, when modeling brittle failure of rock masses, the calibrated CWFS model with a constant dilation angle can capture the depth and extent of stress-induced brittle failure in hard rocks at a low confinement if the stress path is correctly represented, as demonstrated by the failure shape observed in the tunnel. However, using a constant dilation angle cannot simulate the nonlinear deformation behavior near the excavation boundary accurately because the dependence of rock mass dilation on confinement and plastic shear strain is not considered. It is illustrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent dilation angle model in combination with the calibrated CWFS model implemented in FLAC can reasonably reveal both rock mass failure and displacement distribution in vicinity of the excavation simultaneously. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations and displacement measurement data.     

20 years of excavation response studies at AECL''s Underground Research Laboratory

Incremental development of a rock mechanics, rock fracturing, and excavation stability knowledge base has been ongoing at Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's (AECL's) Underground Research Laboratory (URL) since shaft excavation commenced in 1982. Excavation response experiments conducted as part of shaft construction recorded displacements, shaft convergence, stress changes, and microseismic events in the rock as excavation progressed. An excavation response test at the 240 Level of the URL involved similar monitoring, as well as pore pressure measurements, of a horizontal tunnel excavated through a subvertical water-bearing fracture. These precursor studies led to a series of experiments in the more highly stressed rock at the 420 Level of the URL to investigate the formation of rock damage around tunnels, and to assess the factors that influence the stability of excavations. The first of these experiments was the Mine-by Experiment, an excavation response study involving a mechanically excavated cylindrical tunnel in a pre-instrumented rock volume. The Heated Failure Tests were subsequently conducted in the same rock volume to assess the influence of thermal loading on damage development. These investigations were complemented by studies of borehole breakouts in adjacent excavations. The Excavation Stability Study, which involved excavating ten tunnel segments of different geometry to assess the effects of excavation design on stability and damage development, followed these experiments. The Tunnel Sealing Experiment, focused on developing sealing technologies, also provided insight into the excavation response of the rock mass. The excavation response experiments at the URL culminated in the Thermal-Mechanical Stability Study (TMSS), a comprehensive study to link characterization, numerical modeling, monitoring, and design of underground excavations. This paper provides an overview of the various experiments and studies leading up to the TMSS, highlighting the advances in our fundamental understanding of rock mechanics related to underground excavations, and in our means of designing stable underground openings with minimal excavation damage.     

岩锚吊车梁破坏机制的计算模拟分析

采用非线性有限元方法研究了钢筋混凝土岩锚吊车梁和围岩的力学特性。结合某水电站三期扩建工程实践，假定地下厂房围岩和混凝土材料满足Drucke-Prager弹塑性本构关系，采用三维有限元方法计算模拟了岩锚吊车梁的破坏机制，并进行了相应的稳定性分析。数值模拟结果表明，地下厂房围岩与岩锚吊车梁交界面的粘聚力和摩擦系数大小对岩锚吊车梁的稳定性有着重要的影响。随着围岩与混凝土岩锚吊车梁粘聚力的降低，岩锚吊车梁的抗滑安全系数减小。而当围岩与岩锚梁交界面出现破坏时，岩锚吊车梁的安全系数为3．7。地下厂房的继续开挖对于吊车梁系统锚杆和周围岩体的应力分布有较大影响。有效控制地下厂房爆破开挖对围岩的损伤，对于改善岩锚吊车梁的受力状态和提高吊车梁的稳定性具有实际意义。     

Assessment of strain bursting in deep tunnelling by using the finite-discrete element method

Rockbursting in deep tunnelling is a complex phenomenon posing significant challenges both at the design and construction stages of an underground excavation within hard rock masses and under high in situ stresses. While local experience, field monitoring, and informed data-rich analysis are some of the tools commonly used to manage the hazards and the associated risks, advanced numerical techniques based on discontinuum modelling have also shown potential in assisting in the assessment of rockbursting. In this study, the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FDEM) is employed to investigate the failure and fracturing processes, and the mechanisms of energy storage and rapid release resulting in bursting, as well as to assess its utility as part of the design process of underground excavations. Following the calibration of the numerical model to simulate a deep excavation in a hard, massive rock mass, discrete fracture network (DFN) geometries are integrated into the model in order to examine the impact of rock structure on rockbursting under high in situ stresses. The obtained analysis results not only highlight the importance of explicitly simulating pre-existing joints within the model, as they affect the mobilised failure mechanisms and the intensity of strain bursting phenomena, but also show how the employed joint network geometry, the field stress conditions, and their interaction influence the extent and depth of the excavation induced damage. Furthermore, a rigorous analysis of the mass and velocity of the ejected rock blocks and comparison of the obtained data with well-established semi-empirical approaches demonstrate the potential of the method to provide realistic estimates of the kinetic energy released during bursting for determining the energy support demand.     

Numerical simulation on rockburst of underground opening triggered by dynamic disturbance

The dynamic disturbance, which is termed as the time-dependent loading such as explosion, vibration, stress impact from neighboring rockbursts, earthquakes, may trigger the rockbursts around the underground opening at depth. A numerical model capable of studying the dynamic failure process of rock under coupled static geo-stress and dynamic disturbance is proposed, and it is implemented into the Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA), a general finite element package to analyze the damage and failure process of engineering materials such as rock and concrete. Based on the consideration of the static geo-stress, the RFPA-Dynamics is used to simulate the rockburst that is deemed to be triggered by dynamic disturbance around the deep underground opening. The effect of lateral pressure coefficient and dynamic disturbance waveform on the development of failure zone around the underground opening is numerically simulated. The numerical results indicate that the dynamic disturbance is one of the most important mechanisms that trigger the rockbursts around underground opening. Therefore, it is of theoretical and practical significance to investigate the effect of dynamic disturbance on the rockbursts of underground opening, especially for the underground excavation at depth where the surrounding rockmass is highly stressed. The numerical results also reveal that the contribution of the dynamic disturbances is closely pertinent to both the static geo-stress condition and the waveforms of the dynamic disturbance. In general, dynamic disturbance brings about the greater influences on the stability of underground opening with its increasing magnitude and prolonged duration. However, with regard to the specific static geo-stress condition and characteristics of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of dynamic disturbance to trigger the rockbursts must be examined based on numerical analysis according to the specific geo-stress conditions and characteristics of the dynamic disturbance.     

复杂岩石块体识别的单元重构–聚合方法

 为解决工程岩体开挖中含有复杂开挖边界时的块体识别问题,提出岩石块体识别的单元重构–聚合方法。首先,引入成熟的网格划分技术,通过建立网格模型(如有限元模型),实现对复杂开挖边界的精确模拟;其次,采用基于单元重构技术的结构面建模方法,将分布于岩体内的结构面建入网格模型;然后,提出基于单元聚合技术的块体构建方法和考虑有限性结构面时的单元组处理方法;最终可实现基于网格模型的复杂岩石块体识别。该方法识别所得的块体系统基于网格模型,块体的所有特征信息均可通过模型的单元和节点提取,块体的可视化也可在既有网格模型图形显示平台上实现。算例验证表明,当将结构面分别考虑为无限延伸和有限延展时,该方法的块体识别和稳定分析成果均与通用块体分析软件的结果一致。进一步将该方法应用于水电站大型地下洞室群的块体识别,可证明其应用于复杂岩石块体识别的有效性和优越性。因此,该方法是一种能够考虑复杂工程岩体开挖边界的岩石块体识别的新方法,其实现过程独立于基于拓扑原理的传统块体识别思路,为块体稳定分析提供了新的实现途径。     

Evaluation of potential failure of rock slope at the left abutment of Jinsha River Bridge by model test and numerical method

Jinsha River Bridge is located on Tiger Leaping Gorge town, China. The left bank slope composes of moderately thick layer of slate overlain by schistose basalt, and where rocks are controlled by two sets of joint planes. To evaluate the stability of the rock slope under bridge foundation, model test and calculation model based on the geological parameters and the slope stability was simulated and analyzed using Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) and Finite Element Mehod (FEM). According to model test, failure mainly initiated at the toe with shear movement along the joint planes, eventually resulting in the sliding along the slope surface and formation of tension crack at the crest of the model. This result coincide with the UDEC model, which shows that slope surface will produce loosening damage and slipping expected along the joint planes under different loading conditions. Moreover, the result of FEM analysis indicates that the rock mass under the main pier has potential shear failure region. So, the bridge foundation should be strengthened to prevent the slope failure under external forces.     

高应力硬岩地区岩体结构对地下洞室围岩稳定的控制效应研究

官地水电站地下厂房属典型的硬岩地区深埋大型地下洞室群,其重要特点是同时面临高地应力和结构面发育这2个不利条件,实测最大主应力为25～35 MPa,厂区无大的断层和软弱结构面,但错动带和裂隙十分发育。通过对地下洞室群施工过程中出现的围岩局部失稳破坏现象进行全面的分析整理,对三大洞室的岩体结构特征和围岩变形破坏模式进行系统的分析、比较和总结,从而对影响围岩稳定的两大控制因素——地应力和岩体结构对官地地下厂房洞室群围岩稳定的影响程度和方式进行分析和对比。研究表明,由于三大洞室围岩类别以II类为主,岩体结构以块状～次块状结构为主,围岩具有较高的力学强度和强度应力比,从而具有较强的抵抗应力破坏的能力;岩体结构对地下厂房围岩变形与稳定的控制作用较地应力则更为明显,地下洞室群开挖过程中出现的局部失稳或较大变形多与不利方位的结构面直接相关。三大洞室围岩岩体结构特征总体上的相似性非常明确,反映在三大洞室围岩的变形特征和破坏模式上具有很好的统一性。然而,三大洞室的岩体结构特征也存在一定的差异,导致岩体结构影响围岩稳定的方式和程度有所不同。结构面发育造成的另一个不利影响是为坚硬岩体在高地应力条件下产生卸荷时效变形提供了内部条件。因此,在强度应力比较高的硬岩地区,应充分重视岩体结构及其演化对围岩变形和稳定的控制效应。