Stationary GMAW-P weld metal deposit spreading

Abstract

Non-isothermal spreading of non-travelling pulsed gas metal arc weld (GMAW-P) deposits was studied by experiments and numerical simulation. After an initial transient period, metal from the melting welding wire was deposited as a regular stream of droplets into a molten weld pool whose spreading was enhanced by direct arc heating of the solid substrate and weld pool convection. Accurate predictions of the final weld cross-section and time histories of base metal temperature and weld pool radius were produced by this simulation, which included mass, energy and momentum of transferring filler metal droplets. Dimensional analysis showed that speed of weld pool spreading was initially dominated by the momentum of liquid droplets while thermal convection by surface tension-driven flow became important at intermediate times. Eventually, the rate of spreading was matched to the thermal diffusion rate in the liquid. Capillary forces were never important in weld pool spreading. The weld metal deposit shape was well-approximated as a spherical cap with increasing volume and constant contact angle.     

交流CMT动态电弧特征及熔滴过渡行为分析

为了研究交流CMT焊接过程中的电弧形态及熔滴过渡过程,采用高速摄像技术结合焊接电参数采集系统,拍摄了清晰的交流CMT电弧及熔滴图像,同步采集了电参数的波形数据,将二者结合起来分析.结果表明,交流CMT电弧经历燃弧-形成熔滴-熄弧过程;正极性阶段焊丝端头电弧集中,工件表面电弧发散,形成"钟罩"形电弧;负极性阶段电弧有"上爬"现象,该现象会加速焊丝熔化;熔滴过渡经历冷-热-冷的转换,无缩颈形成;负极性阶段的焊丝熔化速度相对较快,熔滴过渡周期小于正极性阶段,熔滴直径比正极性阶段的略大.     

间隙对GMAW立焊熔滴过渡的影响及温度场特性

采用高速摄像采集系统对间隙存在及变化时GMAW摆动电弧立向上焊焊接过程中的熔滴过渡行为实时图像进行采集,分析了熔滴过渡行为对电弧质量和焊接过程的影响,结合电弧质量分析仪采集的焊接电流、电弧电压概率曲线图对试验结果加以验证和补充解释,最后通过有限元数值模拟技术对GMAW立向上焊接过程数值模型进行建立,并对瞬态焊接温度场进行验证和分析. 结果表明,随着间隙的出现及尺寸的增加(0 ~ 4 mm范围内),GMAW立向上焊熔滴过渡形式由短路过渡向特殊的滴状过渡发展,模拟结果说明GMAW立向上焊热影响区具有较大的温度梯度特性.     

基于Surface Evolver的小电流CO2焊熔滴自由过渡的数值模拟

为实现小电流CO2焊熔滴自由可控过渡,需对此条件下熔滴的受力状态和临界过渡尺寸及其影响因素进行研究.为此在主要考虑斑点电磁阻力、重力和表面张力的前提下,建立了基于Surface Evolver的CO2焊熔滴形态的数值模型,依据能量最小原理仿真获得了静力平衡状态下自由过渡熔滴的形态.进而重点研究了斑点电磁阻力对熔滴过渡临界尺寸的影响.结果表明,电流负脉冲可消除斑点阻力使熔滴由托起状态转为自然下垂,为下一步实现附加外力小电流的熔滴自由过渡提供了依据.     

高强度奥氏体焊丝脉冲GMAW熔滴爆炸现象分析

针对镍铬系高强度奥氏体焊丝脉冲GMAW工艺熔滴爆炸现象,利用高速摄影技术对不同碳、氮含量焊丝的熔滴过渡行为进行了细致观察.?结果表明,熔滴在脉冲峰值电流期间容易发生爆炸,熔滴爆炸程度与焊丝中氮含量密切相关,而与碳含量没有对应关系,焊丝中氮含量越高熔滴爆炸越严重.?同时发现,熔敷金属中氮的过渡系数随着焊丝中氮含量的增加而...     

洛伦兹力计算及其对GMAW焊接模拟的影响

运用两种方法给出洛伦兹力求解的完备公式，并通过数值仿真验证.详细推导了洛伦兹力的两种求解过程，采用ANSYS软件分别对熔滴过渡和电弧作了数值模拟，对洛伦兹力分布图、熔滴过渡和电弧形态作了详细比较，分析动量源项对焊接仿真结果的影响.结果表明，与直接进行积分求解的近似方法相比，引入磁矢量的间接计算法对焊接数值模拟效果较好，洛伦兹力分布更接近于理论分析；未添加洛伦兹力源项的计算电弧没有被有效的压缩，熔滴也没有缩颈；间接法有更广的适用范围.     

铝/钢电弧辅助激光对接熔钎焊铺展特性

采用小功率TIG电弧辅助激光热源进行5A06铝合金和热镀锌ST04Z钢的预置粉末对接熔钎焊工艺试验,通过SEM,Photoshop来研究预留间隙、背面填涂钎剂、激光热输入、辅助电弧电流、热源中心间距、填加焊丝对熔钎焊接头铺展宽度的影响. 结果表明,预留小于0.5 mm的间隙与背面填涂钎剂均可增大铺展宽度;在未焊穿的前提下,随激光热输入和辅助电弧电流的增加,铺展宽度增大;随热源中心间距的增大,铺展宽度先增加后减小. 焊接熔池中填加Al-Si焊丝较未填加焊丝的铺展性更好,获得连续、美观的焊缝表面形貌.     

激光液态填充焊的填材熔化与过渡稳定性

针对激光填丝焊过程中焊丝对入射激光能量的反射、匙孔不稳定等问题,提出了激光液态填充焊方法,采用电弧提前预熔焊丝,让填材以液态方式流入熔池中.分析了激光液态填充焊的熔化、过渡模式,以及工艺参数对过渡模式的影响规律.结果表明,在电弧热作用下焊丝有液桥过渡和滴状过渡两种模式,焊接电流较小时,焊丝的上部熔化,下部依然保持固态,形成稳定的液桥过渡;焊接电流较大时,焊丝端部全部熔化易回缩成球为滴状过渡,过渡稳定性变差.为改善滴状过渡的稳定性,可依靠间隙的毛细作用稳定流入熔池中.激光液态填充焊可降低对匙孔的冲击,提高匙孔的稳定性.     

焊剂带约束超窄间隙焊接母材熔化及熔池形成

为认识超窄间隙焊接母材熔化特性及熔池形成机制,在放置焊剂带的I形坡口中进行熔化极电弧焊接试验,采用一种快速中断电弧的方法,保留焊接过程中焊剂带、坡口底部和侧壁的熔化形态.结果表明,电弧区焊剂带热收缩效应和固壁约束作用能有效约束坡口中电弧作用范围.当选择合适的侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度时,电弧加热区域控制在坡口底部和侧壁根部,熔滴过渡的冲击作用及电弧力集中在熔池前端,使熔融金属产生有利于排出熔池中气体和熔渣的流动,形成无缺陷焊缝.当侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度大于一定值时,电弧所受约束减小,加热区域扩展到较大范围的坡口侧壁上,熔滴过渡分散在坡口底部和侧壁,熔融金属难以形成贯穿熔池的流动,焊缝存在较多孔洞.     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

保护气体成分对双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW旁路熔滴过渡形式的影响

双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW的旁路焊枪选择了正极性接法即焊丝接电源负极,旁路熔滴仅依靠重力向熔池过渡,旁路熔滴尺寸较大且过渡过程并不稳定.针对这一问题,采用已建立的双丝旁路耦合电弧焊接过程信号控制与高速摄像采集系统,采集了纯氩气保护时旁路熔滴过渡形式,并分析了旁路熔滴尺寸较大且过渡过程不稳定的原因.在此基础上,采用80% Ar+20% CO₂为保护气体进行了焊接试验.结果表明,焊接过程中,保护气体中的O元素在旁路熔滴表面形成了氧化膜,旁路电弧在旁路熔滴表面的氧化膜上稳定燃烧,从而使电磁收缩力重新作用在旁路熔滴上并促进旁路熔滴向熔池过渡,因此焊接过程中旁路熔滴尺寸明显减小,熔滴过渡过程更加稳定.     

一种新型的GMAW三维温度场解析模型

提出了一种新型GMAW(gas metal arc welding)三维温度场解析模型,将焊接过程中熔滴热焓对熔透成形的影响考虑在内.在模型中影响焊件的热输入因素主要有电弧热和熔滴热焓两部分.电弧热按半椭球形式分布,熔滴热焓考虑为按高斯分布的两个点热源,对新型热源的温度场模型进行了公式推导,得到了有限尺寸试件的三维温度场解析式.为了验证模型的有效性,在低碳钢试件上作了堆焊试验,对焊接不同时刻焊件横切面熔透等温线的理论计算与试验进行比较,结果显示该新型模型具有一定的有效性.     

面向工程应用的BA-GMAW熔滴过渡形态

综述了涉及工程应用的潜弧熔化极气体保护焊(Buried arc gas metal arc welding,BA-GMAW)熔滴过渡形态特征。结果表明,在大电流和相应的焊接参数下,BA-GMAW工艺的熔滴过渡形态有3种,即呈滴状过渡、摆动过渡和旋转过渡。BA-GMAW电弧空腔中电弧形态属于连续、敞开、非活动型;电弧空腔内氛围发生了质的变化,电弧爬升到熔滴上方,满足了喷射过渡形成3要素。焊接工艺参数对BA-GMAW熔滴过渡形态的影响,主要是焊接电流和电弧电压的影响;前者主要改变熔滴上作用力方向和大小,后者涉及潜弧的稳定性。潜弧焊熔滴过渡形态与工艺质量的利好关系,是受稳弧技术控制的熔滴过渡特性改善所决定的。创新点：通过典型工程应用试验案例中的焊接工艺参数,分析、判断相应的电弧和熔滴过渡形态,完成从实践到理论的转换,为后续论点论述打下坚实基础。     

激光功率对激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接电弧形态及熔滴过渡的影响

通过搭建激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接系统,利用高速摄像与电信号采集系统对激光-双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接在不同激光功率下的电压电流信号及高速摄像信号进行同步采集,研究激光功率对焊接过程的电弧形态、熔滴过渡过程的影响.结果发现,由于激光等离子体与电弧等离子体的相互作用,电弧形态和熔滴受力状态发生改变.随着激光功率的增大,激光对电弧的吸引能力增强,促进熔滴过渡的等离子流力竖直向下的分力减小,熔滴过渡频率降低.     

双丝间接电弧氩弧焊的熔滴过渡

采用氙灯背光高速摄像系统及示波器对双丝间接电弧氩气保护焊的熔滴过渡及其对应的电压、电流波形进行了研究.结果表明,双丝间接电弧氩弧焊焊接电流与电弧电压的不同匹配选择,熔滴具有短路过渡、大滴过渡、混合过渡、射滴过渡、射流过渡等不同过渡形式.随着焊接电流的增大熔滴尺寸减小,熔滴细化,随电弧电压的增大,熔滴尺寸减小.熔滴过渡形式与电压、电流的波形之间有很好的对应关系.     

摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW熔滴过渡规律

研究摆动电弧窄间隙焊接中的熔滴过渡规律是深入理解该焊接方法的重要基础,由于受到电弧摆动、窄间隙坡口的影响,摆动电弧窄间隙焊接熔滴过渡比常规焊接更加复杂.采用高速摄像系统及焊接电信号采集系统成功地对摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW的熔滴过渡过程进行观测研究,揭示了摆动电弧窄间隙GMAW的熔滴过渡特性,分析了摆动参数、焊接参数对熔滴过渡的影响.结果表明,由于焊丝在坡口之间的摆动改变了焊丝与侧壁之间的距离,引起了焊接电弧长度的变化,促使焊接电流发生了波动,从而导致了摆动电弧窄间隙焊接熔滴过渡的规律性变化.     

铝合金脉冲MIG焊参数对熔池视觉传感效果的影响

利用建立的铝合金脉冲MIG焊熔池CCD视觉传感系统,通过焊接工艺试验研究了脉冲电流模式、熔滴过渡形式、焊丝伸出长度、焊枪位置和焊接电压等焊接参数对熔池视觉传感效果的影响规律.结果表明,熔滴过渡形式对视觉传感效果影响最大,在合适的脉冲电流模式下,通过调整焊接工艺参数使熔滴过渡为小颗粒自由过渡,配合短弧焊接既可得到良好的焊缝质量和成形,又可保证视觉传感效果.     

The measurement of metal droplet temperature in GMA welding by infrared two-colour pyrometry

The temperature of metal droplets is essential for clarifying the phenomenon of metal droplet transfer and the melting behaviour of wire; also, it governs the emission of fumes. On the other hand, in situ measurement of the temperature of a metal droplet formed at the tip of a wire during welding was difficult. Hence, this temperature was obtained in many experiences of measurements by such a way that several numbers of metal droplets were collected in a calorimeter to measure the amount of heat content of metal droplet and the heat was converted to temperature. With this way, however, the reliability of the measurement is not necessarily high because the heat loss of the metal droplet during the time when detaching from the wire tip and entering into the calorimeter has to be estimated properly. In this research, two-colour pyrometry has been conducted to obtain the temperature of metal droplets, in which metal droplets have been photographed by a high-speed camera during arc welding, two wavelengths (950 and 980 nm) of light in the infrared range have been selected from the thermal radiation light emitted from the metal droplet at the instant of arc extinguishment by using an imaging spectroscope, and the temperature has been obtained from the intensity ratio of the two waves of light. Consequently, in CO₂ arc welding, it has been revealed that the constricted arc causes high-heat input density locally at the arc root portion of a metal droplet and thereby the arc root portion exhibits a higher temperature. By contrast, in MAG (80% Ar–20% CO₂) arc welding, it has been disclosed that because the arc covers metal droplets, the temperature distribution in a metal droplet is relatively uniform and the average temperature is lower than in CO₂ arc welding.     

摆动电弧传感的窄坡口GMAW过程系统建模和仿真

为了研究窄坡口对焊接过程的影响规律,根据焊接的能量平衡和熔滴平衡等原理对基于摆动电弧传感的GMAW系统进行数值仿真. 针对焊炬高度的大小随着焊炬在坡口中的摆动不断变化,建立了包括焊炬摆动、电弧长度、电弧非线性负载及弧焊电源-电弧四个子系统的数学模型. 并将此数学模型转换为Matlab/simulink环境下,涵盖整个焊接回路的GMAW系统动态特征仿真模型. 结果表明,当焊接工艺参数相同时,运行系统仿真模型,可以获得和实际焊接试验基本相同的电流、电压波形数据.     

Metal transfer characteristics of GMAW with strip electrode

Abstract

The metal transfer process of gas metal arc welding with strip electrode is observed by a high speed digital camera system. Because the rectangular strip electrode has a large width/thickness ratio, the pendant droplet is elliptical in shape, and multicurrent channels are generated. The Lorentz force induced between the multicurrent channels drives the droplet and welding arc to move along the strip electrode end, but the droplet always lags behind the welding arc. The movement results in uncertain droplet’s detaching location and transition trajectory. The projected transfer mode is promoted, and the streaming and rotating transfer modes are restrained. With the increase in welding power, the droplet motion is faster but more stable. The stability can be reflected from the fluctuation of the welding current and arc voltage waveforms.