Digital filtering technique for the FDTD implementation of the anisotropic perfectly matched layer

A new algorithm is presented for the finite difference time domain (FDTD) implementation of the anisotropic perfectly matched layer (PML) using the digital signal processing. The algorithm is based on modeling the anisotropic PML region as a set of infinite-impulse response (IIR) digital filters. The advantage of the proposed method is that it allows direct FDTD implementation of Maxwell's equations in the PML region. In addition, the formulations are implemented using D and B fields rather than E and H, and this allows the PML to be independent from the material properties of the FDTD computational domains. Numerical tests have been carried out in two dimensions to validate the formulations.     

$Z$-Transform Implementation of the CFS-PML for Arbitrary Media

An efficient implementation of the complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer (CFS–PML) based on stretched coordinate PML (SC–PML) formulations and the$Z$-transform method is presented for truncating the finite-difference time domain (FDTD). This method is completely independent of the material properties of the FDTD computational domain and hence can be applied to the modeling of arbitrary media without any modification. A numerical test has been carried out in three dimensions to validate these formulations. It is shown that the proposed formulations with a CFS scheme are efficient in attenuating evanescent waves and reducing late-time reflections.     

Unsplit field implicit PML algorithm for complex envelope dispersive LOD-FDTD simulations

Complex envelope locally one-dimensional (LOD) perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations are presented for truncating dispersive finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The formulations are free from the Courant Friedrich Levy stability limit of the explicit FDTD algorithm. A numerical example carried out in two-dimensional linear Lorentz dispersive domain shows that the proposed formulations perform better than the classical LOD PML formulations     

Unsplit-Field PML Algorithm for Truncating Nonlinear FDTD Domains

In this paper, unsplit-field Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) formulations are presented for truncating nonlinear dispersive Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) grids. The proposed scheme is based on incorporating the nonlinear Z-transform FDTD algorithm into the Auxiliary Differential Equation PML (ADE-PML) formulations. Numerical example carried out in one dimensional domain which includes Lorentz dispersion as well as Kerr and Raman nonlinearities is included to show the validity of the formulations.     

Z 变换法改进PML-FDTD 吸收边界条件

时域有限差分（FDTD）方法是计算时域电磁散射和辐射的一种简单有效的方法,被广泛应用于求解电磁场问题中,但由于计算机容量的限制,FDTD 计算只能在有限区域进行,为了能模拟开域电磁过程,在计算区域的截断边界处必须给出吸收边界条件,完全匹配层(PML)是一种行之有效的吸收边界条件。在PML 中应用Z 变换,和传统的引入PML 的方法相比,得到的迭代公式的程序更方便、更简单;考虑到要模拟的FDTD 计算区域的虚拟物质属性,采用了特殊的处理方法;数值实验验证了这种方法的有效性和吸收边界的吸收效果。     

State-space FDTD implementation of anisotropic perfectly matched layer

New formulations based on the state-space approach are presented for implementing the anisotropic perfectly matched layer into the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm. The formulations are simple and independent from the material properties of the FDTD computational domain. Numerical tests are included to validate the proposed formulations.     

Unconditionally Stable Complex Envelope Wave Equation PML Algorithm for Band Limited FDTD Simulations

Unconditionally stable complex envelope (CE) perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are presented for truncating the scalar wave-equation finite difference time domain (WE-FDTD) grids. The formulations are based on incorporating the alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme into the CE FDTD implementations of the scalar wave-equation derived in the PML region at the domain boundaries. Numerical example carried out in two dimensional domain shows that the proposed formulations are more accurate than the classical ADI scalar wave equation PML formulations when it is used for modelling band limited electromagnetic applications.     

一种改进的Mur吸收边界条件

吸收边界条件是时域有限差分(FDTD)算法解决电磁问题的重要条件。提出一种改进的吸收边界条件。将惠更斯面推广到二维的时域有限差分算法中,并利用惠更斯面来改进Mur吸收边界。惠更斯面具有理论基础成熟、编程简单、占用的计算内存少等优点,可以方便地插入到FDTD计算域中。FDTD数值仿真证明,惠更斯面在增加少量计算量的同时大幅度提高了Mur边界的吸收性能。而在应用的截断边界元胞数目相同的情况下,改进的Mur吸收边界能达到比PML吸收边界更好的吸收效果。     

FDTD中的一种新截断边界-STWBC

提出了一种新的截断边界条件：驻波-行波边界条件（STWBC）。这种截断边界条件是基计算域外附加理想导电（磁）壁进行截断,运用反射原理,将边界处的驻波转化为行波,保持计算域内的行波状态,在有限空间内有效模拟出无限大的电磁散射空间。给出了该截断边界条件在FDTD中的差分迭代式,以及三维和三维数值实验结果,并与PML边界进行了比较。由于该截断边界比单向波边界所需计算空间小,数值稳定性好,同时不象PML边界,需要进行场量分离和附加额外的吸收层,因此计算效率较高。     

色散媒质中ADI-FDTD的PML

基于交替方向隐式(ADI)技术的时域有限差分法(FDTD)是一种非条件稳定的计算方法,该方法的时间步长不受Courant稳定条件限制,而是由数值色散误差决定。与传统的FDTD相比, ADI-FDTD增大了时间步长, 从而缩短了总的计算时间。该文采用递归卷积(RC)方法导出了二维情况下色散媒质中ADI-FDTD的完全匹配层(PML)公式。应用推导公式计算了色散土壤中目标的散射,并与色散媒质中FDTD结果对比,在大量减少计算时间的情况下,两者结果符合较好。     

FDTD中的一种新截断边界-STWBC

本文提出了一种新的边界条件:驻波-行波边界条件(STWBC).这种边界条件是在计算域外附加理想导电(磁)壁进行截断,运用反射原理,将边界处的驻波转化为行波,保持计算域内的行波状态,在有限空间内有效模拟出无限大的电磁散射空间.文中给出了该边界条件在FDTD中的差分迭代式,以及二维数值实验结果,并与PML边界和单向波边界进行了比较.由于该边界比单向波边界所需计算空间小,数值稳定性好,同时不象PML边界,需要进行场量分离和附加额外的吸收层,因此计算效率较高.     

A new anisotropic perfectly matched layer medium for mesh truncation in finite difference time domain analysis

In this paper an unsplit anisotropic perfectly matched layer (PML) medium, previously utilized in the context of finite element analysis, is implemented in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm. The FDTD anisotropic PML is easy to implement in the existing FDTD codes, and is well suited for truncating inhomogeneous and layered media without special treatment required in the conventional PML approach. A further advantage of the present approach is improved performance at lower frequencies. The applications of the unsplit anisotropic PML/FDTD method are illustrated by considering the problems of a plane wave propagation and an open microstrip line.     

Second-order split-step envelope PML algorithm for 2D FDTD simulations

Unconditionally stable second-order split-step (SS) envelope perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations are presented for truncating finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) grids. The proposed method is based on the second-order SS-FDTD algorithm. Numerical examples carried out in two-dimensional domains are included to show the validity of the proposed formulations.     

二维无条件稳定时域有限差分方法

基于半隐式的Crank-Nicolson差分格式给出了一种无条件稳定时城有限差分方法。和传统FDTD法中采用的显式差分格式不同，对Maxwell方程组采用半隐式差分格式，在时间和空间上仍然是二阶精确的。但时间步长不再受稳定性条件的限制，只需考虑数值色散误差对其取值的制约。利用分裂场完全匹配层吸收边界截断计算空间，为保证PML空间的无条件稳定性，其方程也采用半隐式差分格式。数值结果表明相同条件下US-FDTD方法与传统FDTD方法的计算精度是相同的，而且在增大时间步长时US-FDTD方法是稳定的和收敛的。可以预见US-FDTD方法在模拟具有电小结构问题时具有实际意义。     

A new FDTD algorithm based on alternating-direction implicit method

In this paper, a new finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is proposed in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition restraint. The new algorithm is based on an alternating-direction implicit method. It is shown that the new algorithm is quite stable both analytically and numerically even when the CFL condition is not satisfied. Therefore, if the minimum cell size in the computational domain is required to be much smaller than the wavelength, this new algorithm is more efficient than conventional FDTD schemes in terms of computer resources such as central-processing-unit time. Numerical formulations are presented and simulation results are compared to those using the conventional FDTD method     

DSP-PML algorithm for open region DNG meta-material FDTD simulations

The digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms developed for digital filters and the perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations are incorporated with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to model open region double-negative (DNG) meta-material electromagnetic problems. In the proposed approach, the dielectric parameters of each FDTD unit cell are interpreted as an infinite impulse response digital filter which can be implemented efficiently using the transpose direct form II. A numerical example carried out in a two-dimensional domain is included to show the validity of the proposed formulation.     

Conformal PML-FDTD schemes for electromagnetic field simulations: adynamic stability study

We present a study on the dynamic stability of the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations of electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems in body-conformal orthogonal grids. This work extends a previous dynamic stability analysis of Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical PMLs to the case of a conformal PML. It is shown that the conformal PML defined over surface terminations with positive local radii of curvature (concave surfaces as viewed from inside the computational domain) is dynamically stable, while the conformal PML defined over surface terminations with a negative local radius (convex surfaces as viewed from inside the computational domain) is dynamically unstable. Numerical results illustrate the analysis     

一种适用于ADI-FDTD法的非分裂式完全匹配层

基于FDTD法中场量D-H(电位移矢量-磁场强度)迭代公式,导出了适用于AD I-FDTD法的场量非分裂式完全匹配层(PML)的实现方案,与现有的其它AD I-FDTD法的PML技术相比,具有物理概念清晰、易于操作并节省计算机资源的优点。数值结果证明:该PML技术能有效地解决吸收边界的问题,为AD I-FDTD法的发展与推广应用提供了条件。     

Modeling of ground-penetrating-radar antennas with shields andsimulated absorbers

A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme is employed to simulate ground-penetrating radars. Conducting shield walls and absorbers are used to reduce the direct coupling to the receiver. Perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions are used for matching the multilayered media and simulating physical absorbers inside the FDTD computational domain. Targets are modeled by rectangular prisms of arbitrary permittivity and conductivity. The ground is modeled by homogeneous and lossless dielectric media     

Unconditionally stable nearly PML algorithm for linear dispersive media

Unconditional stable alternating direction implicit (ADI) formulations of the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) are presented for truncating linear dispersive finite difference time domain (FDTD) grids. The digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms developed for digital filters are used to implement the frequency dependent property of the media into the ADI-FDTD algorithm. The formulations have the advantage of simplicity of ADI-FDTD implementation. Numerical examples carried out for linear Debye and Lorentz dispersive domains are included to validate the proposed formulations.