Electron transportation and optical properties of microstructure TiO2 films: applied in dye-sensitized solar cells

Micro-structure of TiO2 films in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can affect light absorption and electron transportation that impact on the characteristics of currentvoltage (J-V). In this paper, films with different surface area, pore size and porosity were obtained by adding different ratio of ethyl cellulose (Ec-S) to pastes, and a photo-electric conversion efficiency (η) of 7.55% with a showed that film with this optimum ratio had the most suitable pore size and surface area for good properties of photovoltaic, which had a low reflectivity and high transmission rate, and the efficiency of light utilization was improved. Moreover, measurements by intensitymodulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS)implied that the electron transport time (rd) increased as the content of Ec-S increased, which was related to the larger surface area. Results of steady-state cyclic voltammetry indicated that diffusion-limited current density (Jlim) of I3-;in TiO2 film increased with its porosity, which revealed that the transportation ofredox mediators in the electrolyte was speeded up.     

掺杂Fe~(3+)的TiO_2薄膜电极的电化学研究

适量Fe~(3+)掺杂可以提高TiO2薄膜电极的光催化氧化活性。采用交流阻抗谱、平带电势等方法研究了掺杂Fe~(3+)的纳米TiO_2薄膜电极的表面结构特征及其催化性能,为其光电转换机理提供了电化学依据。     

Dependence of porosity, charge recombination kinetics and photovoltaic performance on annealing condition of TiO2 films

Effect of annealing temperature, time of nanocrystalline TiO2 film on porosity, electron transport/recombination and photovoltaic performance on dyesensitized solar cell (DSSC) had been investigated in this article. Photocurrent density was slightly higher as annealing at 550℃ compared to those of annealing at 450℃ and 500℃ under the given annealing time of 60 min, which was correlated with the amount of adsorbed dye. Thermogravimetric analysis showed there was a more weight loss between 500℃ and 550℃, which revealed there were more sites for dye adsorption. Given the annealing temperature of 550℃, as annealing time varied from 60 to 90 and 120 min, results showed that the average size of pore and surface area decreased with longer annealing time, which deteriorated photocurrent density due to less dye loading. Electron diffusion rate remained almost unchanged regardless of annealing condition.However, electron recombination was influenced by annealing condition, it became slower with the increase of the annealing temperature under the given annealing time. In the contray, the electron recombination developed faster for the longer annealing time at a given annealing temperature. These results suggested that heat treatment of TiO2 film at 550℃ for 60 min in air would be the optimal annealing condition to achieve high efficiency DSSC.     

Efficient dye-sensitized solar cells from mesoporous zinc oxide nanostructures sensitized by N719 dye

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to their low-cost and high power conversion efficiencies.They usually utilize an interconnected nanoparticle layer of TiO2 as the electron transport medium.From the fundamental point of view,faster mobility of electrons in ZnO is expected to contribute to better performance in DSCs than TiO2,though the actual practical situation is quite the opposite.In this research,we addressed this problem by first applying a dense layer of ZnO on FTO followed by a mesoporous layer of interconnected ZnO nanoparticle layer,both were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique.The best cell shows a power conversion efficiency of 5.2％ when the mesoporous layer thickness is 14μm and the concentration of the N719 dye in dye coating solution is 0.3 mM,while a cell without a dense layer shows 4.2％ under identical conditions,The surface concentration of dye adsorbed in the cell with a dense layer and that without a dense layer are 5.00 × 10-7 and 3.34 × 10-7 mol/cm2,respectively.The cell with the dense layer has an electron lifetime of54.81 ms whereas that without the dense layer is 11.08 ms.As such,the presence of the dense layer improves DSC characteristics ofZnO-based DSCs.     

TiO2压敏电阻表面层的测定与分析

采用电子陶瓷工艺制备了(Nb,La)掺杂的TiO2压敏电阻。用电子探针微区成分分析方法测定了样品中氧含量随深度的变化关系。结果表明,样品表面处氧的含量高于理论值,内部低于理论值,表面“氧化层”的厚度约为20μm。利用缺陷反应和扩散原理对表面层效应进行了初步分析,指出表面层效应的研究对改善和调节材料的电学性能具有重要的指导意义。     

4H-SiC MESFET肖特基栅接触的界面参数提取

研究了界面态对4H-SiC MESFET的肖特基栅接触的影响.栅接触工艺主要采用Ti/Pt/Au蒸发,经过剥离后形成.基于热电子理论提出了一种参数提取方法,得到界面态密度和界面电容分别为4.386×1013cm-2·eV-1和8.394×10-6F/cm2,这与测量得到的器件端特性一致.     

斜角入射沉积TiO_2薄膜的光学特性和表面粗糙度

采用电子束热蒸发技术在K9玻璃基底上以不同的沉积入射角沉积了单层TiO2薄膜,研究了不同入射沉积角沉积的TiO2薄膜的光学特性、填充密度和表面粗糙度,并比较了不同膜层厚度下薄膜表面粗糙度与入射沉积角之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着入射沉积角的增加,TiO2薄膜的透射率增加,透射峰值向短波移动,薄膜的填充密度从入射沉积角0°时的0.801降低到入射沉积角为75°时的0.341;薄膜的表面粗糙度随着入射沉积角的增加而增加,当入射沉积角为75°时,薄膜的表面粗糙度略高于基底的表面粗糙度。在沉积入射角不变时,随着膜层厚度的增加,膜层的表面粗糙度降低。     

采用Taguchi方法优化一种带外延层的PPD工艺参数

结合水热法和阳极氧化法合成了Sb₂S₃/TiO₂纳米管异质结阵列,采用场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射谱表征了异质结阵列的形貌和晶体结构。暗态下的电流-电压曲线表明Sb₂S₃/TiO₂纳米管异质结阵列具有整流效应。相比于纯的TiO2纳米管阵列,Sb₂S₃/TiO₂纳米管异质结阵列的光电性能有了显著的提升:在AM 1.5标准光强作用下,光电转换效率从0.07%增长到0.40%,表面光电压响应范围从紫外光区拓宽至可见光区。结合表面光电压谱和相位谱,分析了Sb₂S₃/TiO₂纳米管异质结阵列中光生载流子的分离和传输性能。 更多还原     

Al_2O_3包覆纳米TiO_2的制备及其性能研究

采用并流中和法,以混晶纳米TiO2颗粒为载体,Al2(SO4)3为包覆剂,用NaOH调pH值,在纳米TiO2表面包覆致密的Al2O3膜。并用TEM、XRD、IR及X射线能谱对其进行了表征,测定了包覆改性前后纳米TiO2的ζ电位、黏度以及光催化性能。结果表明:该包覆方法可行,改性后的TiO2零电点pH值增大至8,亲油性能得到改善,紫外屏蔽能力提高和光催化活性降低。     

AlGaN/GaN HFET中的陷阱

提出了二维表面态和表面缺陷层构成的AlGaN/GaN HFET中的陷阱模型。自洽求解薛定谔方程和泊松方程得到异质结能带和沟道阱基态、激发态及二维表面态的波函数。发现表面高密度缺陷减薄了势垒层厚度,显著增强了热电子隧穿过程。从缺陷态发射电子和热电子隧穿构成的新陷阱模型出发,解释了HFET的瞬态电流、肖特基势垒的伏安特性和产生-复合噪声。最后讨论了改进材料生长和器件工艺来抑制陷阱效应,改善器件性能的途径。     

Well‐Ordered Large‐Pore Mesoporous Anatase TiO2 with Remarkably High Thermal Stability and Improved Crystallinity: Preparation,Characterization, and Photocatalytic Performance

Thermally‐stable, ordered mesoporous anatase TiO₂ with large pore size and high crystallinity has been successfully synthesized through an evaporation‐induced self‐assembly technique, combined with encircling ethylenediamine (EN) protectors to maintain the liquid crystal mesophase structure of TiO₂ primary particles, followed by calcination at higher temperature. The structures of the prepared mesoporous TiO₂ are characterized in detail by small‐angle and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectra, N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental results indicate that the well‐ordered mesoporous structure could be maintained up to 700 °C (M700) and also possesses large pore size (10 nm), high specific BET surface area (122 m² g^?1), and high total pore volumes (0.20 cm³ g^?1), which is attributed to encircling EN protectors for maintaining the mesoporous framework against collapsing, inhibiting undesirable grain growth and phase transformation during the calcination process. A possible formation mechanism for the highly stable large‐pore mesoporous anatase TiO₂ is also proposed here, which could be further confirmed by TG/FT‐IR in site analysis and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained mesoporous TiO₂ of M700 exhibit better photocatalytic activity than that of Degussa P25 TiO₂ for degradation of highly toxic 2,4‐dichlorophenol under UV irradiation. This enhancement is attributed to the well‐ordered large‐pore mesoporous structure, which facilitates mass transport, the large surface area offering more active sites, and high crystallinity that favors the separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs, confirmed by surface photovoltage spectra.     

In Situ Growth of Mesoporous SnO2 on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: A Novel Composite with Porous‐Tube Structure as Anode for Lithium Batteries

A novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite, namely mesoporous tin dioxide (SnO₂) overlaying on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), was prepared by a simple method that included in situ growth of mesoporous SnO₂ on the surface of MWCNTs through hydrothermal method utilizing Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as structure‐directing agents. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis techniques were used to characterize the samples. It was observed that a thin layer tetragonal SnO₂ with a disordered porous was embedded on the surface of MWCNTs, which resulted in the formation of a novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite. On the base of TEM analysis of products from controlled experiment, a possible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the mesoporous‐nanotube structure. The electrochemical properties of the samples as anode materials for lithium batteries were studied by cyclic voltammograms and Galvanostatic method. Results showed that the mesoporous‐tube hybrid composites displayed higher capacity and better cycle performance in comparison with the mesoporous tin dioxide. It was concluded that such a large improvement of electrochemical performance within the hybrid composites may in general be related to mesoporous‐tube structure that possess properties such as one‐dimensional hollow structure, high‐strength with flexibility, excellent electric conductivity and large surface area.     

ZnO/TiO_2复合薄膜的表面形貌分析及光散射特性研究

采用离子源辅助电子束蒸发的方法,制备了以Si为基底,以TiO2为缓冲层的ZnO薄膜。通过进一步保温处理,在不同温度条件下进行退火处理得到了不同的样品薄膜,用于表面形貌分析和光散射特性实验研究。结果表明,退火温度对样品表面粗糙度、晶粒大小、分形维数等参数具有显著的影响,通过表面形貌分析有助于更好地理解薄膜晶粒生长机制和改进薄膜制备工艺;不同薄膜样品的反射光强度和偏振度对不同偏振光具有不同的角度响应特征,且与薄膜表面统计特性具有一定的关联性,薄膜的光散射特性研究对研究弱散射随机粗糙表面的退偏作用具有一定的参考价值。     

InGaN背势垒AlGaN/GaN HEMT中的电流崩塌研究

Current collapses were studied,which were observed in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs) with and without InGaN back barrier(BB) as a result of short-term bias stress.More serious drain current collapses were observed in InGaN BB AlGaN/GaN HEMTs compared with the traditional HEMTs.The results indicate that the defects and surface states induced by the InGaN BB layer may enhance the current collapse.The surface states may be the primary mechanism of the origination of current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for short-term direct current stress.     

SiO2掺杂介孔碳纳米球及其锂硫电池的特性

为了增加对锂硫电池在循环期间产生的多硫化物的吸附能力,用软模板法在溶液中通过自组装得到了SiO2掺杂介孔碳球,其中极性SiO2可以很好地吸附多硫化物,提高锂硫电池的循环性能。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征结果表明合成的介孔碳球分散性良好,粒径约为250 nm,具有封闭在内部的孔径约为20 nm的球形孔,封闭的孔结构可以为防止多硫化物流失提供良好的物理屏障。同时氮气吸附和脱附测试结果表明介孔碳球具有很高的比表面积(523 m2/g)和孔体积(0.67 cm3/g),热重分析仪(TGA)数据表明SiO2的质量分数为9.4%,灌硫后硫的质量分数为60%。电化学测试结果表明,在167.5 mA/g的电流密度下,SiO2掺杂介孔碳球的首次循环比容量为1173 mA·h/g,100次循环后比容量仍可达到770 mA·h/g,库仑效率保持在99%。在1675 mA/g的大电流密度下循环了500次后比容量从660 mA·h/g下降到550 mA·h/g,平均每次循环的比容量衰减率仅为0.036%。     

WO3 passivation layer-coated nanostructured TiO2: An efficient defect engineered photoelectrode for dye sensitized solar cell

Major loss factors for photo-generated electrons due to the presence of surface defects in titanium dioxide (TiO2) were controlled by RF-sputtered tungsten trioxide (WO3) passivation.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy assured the coating of WO3 on the TiO2 nanoparticle layer by showing Ti 2p,W 4f and O 1 s characteristic peaks and were further confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies.The coating of WO3 on the TiO2 nanoparticle layer did not affect dye adsorption significantly.Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated using WO3-coated TiO2 showed an enhancement of ～10％ compared to DSSCs fabricated using pristine TiO2-based photo-electrodes.It is attributed to the WO3 passivation on TiO2 that creates an energy barrier which favored photo-electron injection by tunneling but blocked reverse electron recombination pathways towards holes available in highest occupied molecular orbital of the dye molecules.It was further evidenced that there is an optimum thickness (duration of coating) of WO3 to improve the DSSC performance and longer duration of WO3 suppressed photo-electron injection from dye to TiO2 as inferred from the detrimental effect in short circuit current density values.RF-sputtering yields pinhole-free,highly uniform and conformal coating of WO3 onto any area of interest,which can be considered for an effective surface passivation for nanostructured photovoltaic devices.     

Conformal Nano‐Sized Inorganic Coatings on Mesoporous TiO2 Films for Low‐Temperature Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication

Here, a new method based on sol–gel electrophoretic deposition to produce uniform high‐quality inorganic conformal coatings on mesoporous nano‐particulate films is presented. This novel sol preparation method allows for very fine control of the coating properties, thus inducing new adjustable functionalities to these electrodes. It is shown that the deposition of an amorphous TiO₂ and/or MgO shell onto photoanodes used in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) improves their light‐to‐electric‐power conversion efficiency without the need for sintering. It is proposed that the amorphous TiO₂ coating improves the electronic inter‐particle connection and passivates the surface states. The insulating MgO coating further reduces the electron transfer from the conduction band into the electrolyte while the electron injection from the excited dye state remains unperturbed for thin coatings. Using a low‐temperature method for DSSC production on plastic substrates, a maximum efficiency of 6.2% applying pressure together with an optimized TiO₂ coating is achieved. For systems that cannot be pressed a conversion efficiency of 5.1% is achieved using a double shell TiO₂/MgO coating.     

MgO/TiO2复合薄膜太阳能电池的性能

用sol-gel法和丝网印刷法制备多孔TiO2薄膜,溶液沉积法制备MgO/TiO2复合薄膜。研究了复合薄膜的表面形貌、断面结构、厚度等性能;组装电池,测定了电池的输出特性曲线。结果表明:MgO/TiO2复合薄膜表面平整,内部具有分布较为均匀的空隙,厚度约14μm;MgO薄膜的复合使染料敏化,敏化太阳能电池的开路电压从0.585V提高到0.659V,短路电流从2.057mA提高到2.348mA,从而使光电转换效率从2.24%提高到3.12%;并分析了MgO薄膜复合提高光电流响应的机理。     

Analytical TEM observation of Au and Ir deposited on rutile TiO2

As a model catalyst, gold and iridium were co-deposited on a single crystal of rutile TiO2 using the deposition precipitation method in order to clarify the synergetic effect of the combination of Au with Ir on the catalytic performance of the oxidative decomposition of odour and dioxins. Analyses by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy revealed that pillars of IrO2 grew on the TiO2 substrate to each of which one Au nanoparticle was attached. This mushroom-like structure appeared to be formed by self-organization of Au, Ir and oxygen. Epitaxial contact was observed between the Au nanoparticle/IrO2 pillar and IrO2 pillar/TiO2 substrate interfaces. The growth process of the structure was investigated by transmission electron microscope observations of the Au-Ir complex before and after heating in air.     

光伏法研究硅单晶表面态真空敏感机理

根据光伏方法研究的半导体表面气体分子吸附机理,提出了硅单晶表面态真空敏感效应的机理模型,解释了表面态敏感型的真空传感器的各有关观测结果.因此可以确认,硅单晶表面态对真空敏感的实质原因就是由于构成大气主要成份的氮气和氧气两种元素的电子亲和势相对于硅元素,具有明显不同的且符号相反的差值,导致吸附于硅表面的N2、O2分子与硅表面态之间不同转移方向的电荷转移差值可以随真空度变化所引起的.