Structural Identification and Antioxidant Properties of Major Anthocyanin Extracted from Omija (Schizandra chinensis) Fruit

ABSTRACT:  Omija ( Schizandra chinensis ) is used as an ingredient in traditional medicine in East Asia. It is consumed as tea and wine and display pinkish-red color and beneficial physiological activity. However, the origin of Omija's unique color and bioactivity has not been studied extensively and its application is very limited. Thus, it was required to determine the chemical structure of major phenolic compounds of Omija fruit and evaluate their antioxidant activity. The colorants extracted from a domestic Omija cultivar were concentrated by a Sep-pak® Plus C₁₈ cartridge. A major high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) peak of anthocyan represented 94.1% of total absorbable compounds at 520 nm, which was further identified by LC-ESI-MS. The mass-to-charge ratio ( m/z ) of the major anthocyan was determined to be 727. Highly pure anthocyan fraction with a semipreparative HPLC was acid-hydrolyzed, and the sugar moieties linked to anthocyan (cyanidin) were characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analyses. The linkage patterns of sugars and core cyanidin structure were determined by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR analyses. Antioxidant activity of the extract and the purified anthocyanin was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods. As a result, the structure of the purified colorant was identified as Cya-3- O -xylrut. At the same molar level of the samples tested, the purified Cya-3- O -xylrut (31.2% and 39.2%) had substantially greater antioxidant activity than l -ascorbic acid (17.1% and 10.1%) from DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively. In this study, Omija colorant mostly consisted of Cya-3- O -xylrut explained 86% (DPPH) and 98% (ABTS) of total antioxidant activity derived from water extract from Omija.     

DPPH法评价抗氧化活性研究进展

植物化合物或植物提取物的抗氧化活性的体外评价是研究功能因子的一个重要方面。1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）法常用于评价化合物或植物提取物的抗氧化活性,但由于没有一个标准化的方法,因而不同实验的结果难于相互比较。本文从DPPH法的原理、测定方法、检测波长、DPPH初浓度、反应时间、清除率计算公式、结果表达、评价指标等几个方面对DPPH法做归纳总结,分析几种外界因素对DPPH法的影响,有助于研究者提高认识,从而准确的开展研究工作。     

女贞果实的抗氧化性测定

以南京产女贞果实为原料,考察不同提取剂对女贞果实不同部位(全果、果皮、核壳和果仁)提取所得提取液对DPPH 自由基的清除效果,比较向阳面和向阴面不同生长期女贞果实的乙醇提取液对DPPH 自由基的清除效果,研究固体状乙醇提取物的抗氧化性,测定女贞果实抗氧化的主要化学成分和固体状乙醇提取物的感官指标。结果表明：极性溶剂提取液表现出较强的清除DPPH 自由基的能力;不同提取剂对女贞果实不同部位的提取物清除DPPH 自由基能力的顺序为：甲醇、水的提取物为果皮＞全果＞核壳＞果仁,丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇的提取物为果皮＞全果＞果仁＞核壳;提取物在低浓度区对DPPH 自由基的清除作用与浓度成正相关,且斜率大大高于高浓度区,而高浓度区对DPPH 自由基的清除作用与浓度的关系较复杂,表现为与提取剂密切相关。另外果实以成熟初期的提取物对DPPH 自由基清除率最高,在成熟中期和过成熟期后均有不同程度下降,而且向阳面生长果实提取物对DPPH 自由基的清除率显著高于向阴面果实提取物。抗氧化比较实验得到所制备的固体状女贞全果乙醇提取物抗氧化效果(IC50=5.38～10.46)与VC(IC50=8.59)相当,低于茶多酚(IC50 =1.70)。另外,水溶性好、呈深咖啡色固体状的乙醇提取物有望成为一种新型高效抗氧化剂。     

Antioxidant activity of Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) and characterization of components by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The Caryocar brasiliense known commonly as pequi is a tropical fruit of Brazilian Cerrado and is considered an important option of income and food for the populations living in this biome. Our previous study indicated that C. brasiliense had high total phenol content (209 g as gallic acid equivalent kg⁻¹) and excellent scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (IC₅₀ of 9.44 μg ml⁻¹). In this study, we evaluated the highly efficient antioxidant activity of C. brasiliense using the biological relevant method of chemically induced lipid peroxidation. The half inhibition concentration did not exceed 0.8 μg ml⁻¹. In addition, polar components of pequi ethanolic extract were investigated by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The technique revealed the presence of important bioactive components widely reported as potent antioxidants such as gallic acid, quinic acid, quercetin, and quercetin 3-O-arabinose possibly explaining its higher antioxidant activity. This is the first report on the composition by ESI-MS of pequi extract demonstrating excellent antioxidant activity.     

木瓜抗氧化活性研究

采用DPPH法、ABTS法和FRAP法三种测定法对木瓜叶和木瓜果实体外抗氧化活性进行综合评价,并分析其总多酚与总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明:木瓜6个提取物中,木瓜叶乙酸乙酯部位清除ABTS自由基及还原Fe3+（IC50=6.66μg/mL,TEAC=1293.25μmol/g）最强,其中,清除ABTS自由基活性和阳性对照BHT（IC50=6.56μg/mL）相当,还原Fe3+能力低于BHT（TEAC=2503.17μmol/g）;木瓜果实乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基（IC50=48.99μg/mL）能力最强,弱于阳性对照BHT（IC50=24.49μg/mL）。木瓜叶乙酸乙酯部位清除ABTS自由基及还原Fe3+的能力可能与其多酚、黄酮含量高有关,木瓜果实乙酸乙酯部位清除DPPH自由基的能力可能也与其多酚、黄酮含量高有关。      

Antioxidant Activity of Ripe and Unripe Pepino Fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton)

Abstract: Ripe and unripe exotic pepino fruit were evaluated for antioxidant activity, total phenols, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant potency was investigated by employing various established in vitro systems, such as 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2–2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous ion chelation, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation. The EC₅₀ values of ripe ethanolic extract on DPPH radical, reducing power, ferrous ion chelation, ABTS radical, FRAP, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation (brain), and lipid peroxidation (liver) were obtained to be 2.20, 2.81, <5.00, 34.06, 8.53, 1.30, 1.75, and 0.51 mg/mL, respectively. However, the EC₅₀ values for unripe fruit extract were noted to be 3.75, 3.40, 11.25, 40.12, 9.75, 0.80, 1.91, and 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. Ripe fruit exhibited the highest values of antioxidant activity in all the scavenging assays except for hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Ripe pepino had higher total phenol and flavonoid content than unripe fruit. This study suggests that possible mechanism of the biological activities may be due to free radical scavenging and antioxidant characteristics, which may be due to the presence of polyphenols in the fruit extracts. Practical Application: The ripe and unripe pepino fruit have excellent antioxidant properties, so the results obtained in this study clearly indicate that pepino fruit has a significant potential to use as a natural antioxidant agent and possibly as a food supplement.     

DPPH自由基比色法测定番石榴叶提取物抗氧化活性的研究

本文用2,2-联苯-1-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)比色法测定了番石榴叶(PsidiumguajavaL.)的抗氧化活性,并使用了三个不同参数抑制率、EC50和AE来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,浓度越高,番石榴叶提取物清除自由基的能力越强,其中AE是表示抗氧化活性的最有效的能数。本研究表明番石榴叶提取物是一种有效的、有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

HPLC测定番荔枝果实中酚类成分及抗氧化相关性

目的：建立高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法同时测定番荔枝果实3 个部位中13 种酚类成分的种类及含量,并分析含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。方法：采用福林-酚法测定总酚含量;通过HPLC法对番荔枝果实中的单酚成分进行比较;通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基与2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力的检测方法测定番荔枝果实的抗氧化活性。结果：番荔枝果实中总酚含量为果皮＞果肉＞种子,果皮含量最高为59.48～127.84 mg/g;番荔枝单酚含量结果表明果皮显著高于果肉和种子部位,各产地酚类种类和含量差异显著。果皮和果肉中对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸、表儿茶素含量相对较高,表儿茶素最高为2 398.17 mg/mL。抗氧化结果表明番荔枝果实清除ABTS阳离子自由基能力高于DPPH自由基,且果皮活性最好,分别在质量浓度为0.39、1.56 mg/mL时均达到最高清除率。结论：番荔枝果实中果皮、果肉、种子3 个部位中所含酚类物质种类及含量有显著性差异;果皮部位所含种类及含量均最高,且抗氧化活性最佳,可作为天然抗氧化剂。     

Retention of Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrated Bael (Aegle Marmelos) and Palmyra (Borassus Flabellifer) Fruit Powders

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of various dehydration techniques such as sun drying, solar drying, drying after freezing (Freeze for one hour followed by mechanical drying at 55 °C), vacuum drying and drying using lab scale air oven on proximate composition and retention of antioxidants in different fruit powder prepared from Bael (Aegle marmelos) and Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer). Moisture content, Total Ash, Crude fiber %, Fat %, Crude protein %, total phenolic content,β –Carotene and antioxidant activity were tested. The antioxidant activity was measured based on the ability of fruit extract to scavenge 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among different drying treatments the highest fat percentage recorded by the solar dried palmyra fruit powder and there is no significant difference (α= 0.05) between sun drying and vacuumed drying. Higher concentration of β -Carotene and total phenolic content were recorded in vacuum dried samples both in bael and Palmyra fruit powders and it significantly different (α= 0.05) from other treatments. The scavenging activity of bael fruit powder in vacuum drying was ranged from 65.36% to 81.33% of the concentration 200 μg/ml to1000 μg/ml and the palmyra fruit powder was recorded 57.32% to 83.25% of the concentration 200 μg/ml to1000 μg/ml. Vacuum dried fruit powders of palmyra and bael were given highest radical scavenging activity and the scavenging activity of palmyra fruit powder is higher than the bael. Therefore vacuum drying can be recommended as the most effective drying method to protect chemical characteristics and retention of antioxidant properties of fruit powders.     

Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit Extracts of Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Produced in Different Climatic Regions

A range of blackberry genotypes harvested in different seasons and regions in Mexico (Michoacan) and in the United States (Pacific Northwest) were collected to determine their antioxidant capacity using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Total acidity, ascorbic acid, soluble solids, total phenols, and total anthocyanins, as well as the correlation between all these parameters, were determined for all treatments. Total acidity ranged from 4.22% in wild blackberry from Patzcuaro, Mexico, to 1.02% in ‘Evergreen’ from Woodburn, Oreg. These treatments were also the outliers in terms of ascorbic acid content. Cultivar ‘Brazos’ did not exhibit any significant differences in acidity or ascorbic acid as a consequence of the geographic origin or harvest season. The highest concentration of soluble solids was recorded for ‘Evergreen’ from Woodburn and relatively low soluble solids levels were recorded for all the Mexican treatments. Wild blackberry from Patzcuaro exhibited the highest values for ORAC, FRAP, total phenolic and anthocyanin content. Other relatively high antioxidant capacity values were detected for ‘Marion’ and ‘Evergreen’, both produced in Oregon. Different cultivars grown in the same region/season consistently showed differences in antioxidant capacity. There was little effect of harvest season on phenolic levels. We conclude that levels of total acidity, ascorbic acid, soluble solids, antioxidant capacity, and polyphenols mainly depended on the genotype and not on the climate or the season. ORAC and FRAP values were both highly correlated with each other, and with total phenols and anthocyanin content.     

山楂原花青素的抗氧化活性研究

研究了山楂果实中的原花青素在溶液体系和脂质体体系中的体外抗氧化活性。在所用的实验模型中,山楂原花青素表现出较强的清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化的能力。对.OH,山楂原花青素和Vc的IC50分别约为0.053mg/mL和0.11mg/mL;对O2-.,山楂原花青素和VC的IC50分别约为0.05mg/mL和0.17mg/mL。在脂质体体系中,山楂原花青素抑制脂质过氧化的能力远大于VE。     

红花提取物抗氧化活性研究(英文)

本研究从红花提取物中分离并用质谱鉴定了四种黄色素。建立了一个快速测定红花提取物中黄色素的反相液相色谱方法,并对不同温度和时间加热对红花提取物中黄色素含量的影响及其动力学变化进行了研究。进一步采用清除DPPH自由基能力的方法测定红花提取物的抗氧化能力。结果显示随着温度的升高,红花提取物中黄色素的含量逐步减少,同时发现红花黄色素含量与其抗氧化能力有相关性。     

柿子中不同成分与抗氧化活性关系的研究

本研究采用蒸馏水和无水乙醇对柿皮与柿肉分别进行提取，测定各提取液中总酚、β-胡萝卜素和VC的含量和用ABTS及DPPH方法测定其抗氧化活性，并且讨论了测定的各种成分和抗氧化活性之间的关系。结果表明，柿皮和柿肉均有一定的抗氧化活性。乙醇提取液的抗氧化活性比水提取液高。在p=0．05水平下，柿：于中ABTSDPPH自由基清除率与总酚含量及β-胡萝卜素含量呈正相关（r^2=0．96～0．98），而VC对柿子的抗氧化活性贡献不大。     

罗非鱼肉蛋白酶解液的抗氧化活性

采用胰蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、罗非鱼胃蛋白酶和罗非鱼肠蛋白酶分别酶解罗非鱼肉蛋白,研究并比较不同酶对罗非鱼肉蛋白的酶解效果及产物的抗氧化特性。结果表明:7种酶的酶解液都显示了一定的抗氧化性,其中木瓜蛋白酶酶解液水解度(DH)最高,为20.85%,对DPPH自由基、O2-.清除率均最佳,分别为75.74%、34.35%;罗非鱼胃蛋白酶酶解液的DH为17.03%,对.OH清除率和还原力均最高,分别为60.51%、0.653。整体的抗氧化性能显示:罗非鱼胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶酶解罗非鱼肉蛋白得到的酶解液的抗氧化活性优于其他酶。     

10种广东药食两用植物的抗氧化和抗增殖活性评价

测定了10种广东药食两用植物的总黄酮含量(AlCl3-NaNO2法)和总多酚含量(Folin-Ciocalteu法),评价了其抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除活性和羟自由基清除活性)和抗小鼠结肠癌MC-38细胞增殖活性(CCK-8试剂盒法),分析了活性物质功效与其含量之间的相关性.结果 表明:在10种广东药食两用植物中,...     

数种果蔬的抗氧化活性评价

测定了华南地区常见的38种果蔬的抗氧化活性值和总酚含量,并比较了两者的相关性。结果表明：大多数果蔬都具有一定的抗氧化活性,其中,姜、紫包菜、香蕉、草莓、乌榄的抗氧化活性较强。38种样品的水溶性总酚含量在15.37-339.48mg/100g之间。全体样品的抗氧化活性值与总酚量的相关系数r=-0.58;叶绿素类r=-0.59;胡萝卜素类r=-0.41;类黄酮类r=-0.81;其它样品r=-0.42,由此说明果蔬抗氧化活性的强弱与果蔬所含特征成分具有较大的关联性。     

Antioxidant activity of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts from Brazilian propolis

Antioxidant activities of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts from Brazilian propolis were determined by α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric thiocyanate (FTC) methods, using α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as references. The DPPH assay showed that ethanol extract possessed significantly higher activity compared with BHT and petroleum ether extract but lower than that of α-tocopherol. Results from the FTC assay indicated that the activity of ethanol extract was higher than that of α-tocopherol and petroleum ether extract but lower than BHT. Basically, this antioxidant activity was dose-dependent and ethanol extract exhibited higher activity than that of petroleum ether extract at the same concentration. Additionally, the chemical constituents of propolis were determined, and results showed that the propolis contained high content of antioxidant compositions, such as flavonoids (73.00 g kg⁻¹), total phenolic compounds (134.40 g kg⁻¹), and Vitamin E (0.16 g kg⁻¹), which contributed greatly to its strong antioxidant activity.     

吕梁红枣提取物的抗氧化性研究

以浸提法用80％vol乙醇提取吕梁红枣中的非酶类抗氧化物质,从总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力以及清除羟基自由基能力4方面对其抗氧化活性进行检测,评价吕梁红枣提取物的体外抗氧化作用。红枣非酶类抗氧化物质溶液浓度设置为：1．34mg／mL、2．69mg／mL、5．38mg／mL、10．75mg／mL、21．5mg／mL。结果表明：红枣乙醇提取物总酚含量为3．22mg／g;DPPH自由基清除能力随提取物质量浓度增大清除自由基能力增强,且高于BHT;还原能力也是随提取物质量浓度增大而增强,明显高于BHT;清除羟基自由基能力随提取物质量浓度增人清除自由基能力呈明显的增强趋势,范围从15．25％增强至62．74％。     

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Dried Milk Mineral in Cooked Beef, Pork, and Turkey

ABSTRACT: This study was done to determine the optimum level of dried milk mineral (MM) to inhibit lipid oxidation in various ground meats. Cooked ground beef and pork required 2% MM to maintain thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values < 1.0 after 14 d refrigerated storage, compared to 1% MM for ground turkey. TBA values of cooked ground beef were lower (p < 0.05) when MM was added in water suspension, rather than as a dry powder. Among MM components (phosphate, calcium, and citrate), polyphosphates most effectively maintained low TBA levels during storage. MM probably chelates soluble iron to colloidal calcium phosphate particles, thus removing iron as a catalyst for lipid oxidation.     

拐枣抗氧化活性的研究

用体外化学试验和TLC比较法对拐枣用乙醇、石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水提取物的抗氧化作用和抗氧化成分极性强弱进行了比较分析。结果表明拐枣提取物抗氧化作用从强到弱依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>正丁醇提取物>石油醚提取物>乙醇提取物>水提取物。拐枣具有较强的抗氧化活性,抗氧化活性成分主要存在乙酸乙酯提取物中。