Correlation Between the Stability of Chlorogenic Acids,Antioxidant Activity and Acrylamide Content in Coffee Beans Roasted in Different Conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different roasting conditions, including temperature, humidity, and roasting air velocity on acrylamide contents in roasted Robusta coffee. In addition, acrylamide concentrations were correlated with the degradation of coffee bean polyphenols and its antioxidant activity. In the process of roasting in a quarter-technological scale apparatus used temperatures ranged from 190 to 216°C. Dry or moist air at a velocity of 0.5 or 1 m s^?1 was used. Beans were roasted to achieve optimal sensory properties. The increase of roasting air velocity regardless of its temperature resulted in the intensification of acrylamide formation. The increase of humidity of roasting air caused a reduction of acrylamide formation, but only at the highest used roasting temperature. However, the modification of roasting conditions to achieve a drop in acrylamide concentration resulted in increased degradation of polyphenols and/or deterioration of antioxidant activity. The optimal roasting parameters were: Temperature 203°C, dry air, and low velocity of roasting air. Under these conditions, the roasted beans were characterized by relatively low level of acrylamide and moderate degradation of polyphenols.     

Optimization of the roasting of robusta coffee (C. canephora conillon) using acceptability tests and RSM

With the objective of optimizing the roasting of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Conillon), a two factor central composite design (11 samples) was used to optimise the settings for roasting time and the initial internal temperature of the roaster drum on response variables of acceptance with 25 consuming assessors, for the sensory attributes of beverage aroma, flavour and colour. Predictive models were also obtained for the instumental measurement of the colour of the beans and ground coffee. The optimum range for roasting was shown to be a time of 22–28 min at a temperature of 225–230°C, corresponding to the degree of roasting characterized by the following range of colour of roasted robusta beans: L* between 37.05 and 40.69, a* between 2.29 and 4.15 and b* between 2.70 and 6.29.     

Antioxidant Properties of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.): Influence of Cultivar and Roasting Conditions

Effects of various roasting conditions on antioxidant properties of five Theobroma cacao L. varieties were investigated. The cocoa beans were roasted at four different temperatures (110–150°C) and three different air humidities (0.3–5.0%). The raw cocoa beans were characterized by high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant properties of the roasted cocoa beans varied markedly among the analyzed cultivars and geographical regions and were affected by roasting conditions. Generally, cocoa beans of the cv. Forastero from Brazil exhibited higher total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, and metal chelating ability than samples of the other analyzed cocoa varieties. Roasting at 110°C caused negligible changes in total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of cocoa beans, while almost all samples tended to have lower antioxidant potential when roasting temperature increased. The air humidity used in roasting did not affect the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity for lowest roasting temperature (110°C). Moreover, the obtained results revealed that thermal processing at the higher temperatures and elevated air humidity resulted in the higher antioxidant capacities. It was also found that the ferrous ion chelating activity of cocoa beans increased with the roasting temperature (in the range from 110 to 150°C), with the exception of cv. Trinitario from Papua New Guinea. The data showed that roasting at lower temperatures with humid air are more favorable in terms of preserving the bioactivity of roasted cocoa beans.     

Optimization of the roasting temperature and time for preparation of coffee-like maize beverage using the response surface methodology

The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal roasting temperature and time for preparing a coffee-like beverage from maize kernels. Maize kernels were roasted at different temperatures (160–240 °C) for different lengths of time (10–50 min) and subsequently extracted with hot water. Yield, levels of free sugar and phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and sensory scores for overall preference of the maize beverage were significantly affected by the roasting conditions. Roasting temperature was the most important factor affecting the quality indicators of the maize beverage. Surface and contour plots indicated that the optimal roasting temperature and time were 207 °C and 24 min, respectively.     

The effect of roasting method on headspace composition of robusta coffee bean aroma

Robusta coffee beans were roasted by three methods, i.e. convectively at 230 °C, by microwaves at 700 W, and by the coupled convective–microwave (CMR) method (the simultaneous convective heating at 230 °C and microwaving at 700 W) for 590, 670, and 370 s, respectively. The ultimate temperature of roasted beans was 238, 207, and 228 °C, respectively. Volatile compounds were determined in the headspace by GC-SPME both in samples of roasted coffee and in green beans to find effects of roasting methods on their formation and retention. Eighty-two and 148 odorants were identified in green and roasted coffee, respectively. The highest contents of the latter were found in coffee roasted by the coupled method because both the relatively short time of roasting and moderately high final temperature of beans favored retention of volatile aroma compounds. Because of these reasons, the contents of odorants were the lowest in convectively roasted coffee.     

Effect of the roasting process on glass transition and phase transition of Colombian Arabic coffee beans

This paper presents results of the analysis of organic coffee beans cultivated in Departamento del Cauca - Colombia. Beans studied are of the Coffea Arabica species cultivated in mountain soils of altitude close to 1500 m. Samples from green and roasted beans were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). We intend to relate the features of the heating spectra with the transformation experimented by the coffee. Glass transition and phase transitions were examined. DSC and TGA spectra show that the green coffee experiments a high and fast decomposition after 200 ^°C until 289 ^°C with a remarkable transformation in a close range around 210 ^°C. XRD shows significant changes for green and roasted beans associated to the amount of caffeine hydrates and caffeine anhydrous. Fit of XRD curves by Lorentzian shows a considerable increase of the active crystalline phase at 2θ equal to 20.4⁰ for the roasted coffee. The results obtained from this study contribute to the insight associated with the final quality of coffee dependent on roasting methods. Better quality of coffee requires a refined and very controlled roasting process around of 218 ^°C with a slow thermal treatment since the room temperature until the 200 ^°C.     

Evaluation of sensory attributes of coffee brews from robusta coffee roasted under different conditions

Robusta coffee beans with a different initial moisture of 5, 7.5 and 10% were convectively roasted at 230 °C, microwaved at 700 W, and roasted by the coupled convective-microwave method. Sensory attributes of brews prepared from these coffee samples were evaluated. Final temperature of microwaved coffee beans was lower than that of the beans processed by the two other methods, which resulted in a higher content of volatile aroma compounds and a lesser degree of charring of their surface. Lower initial humidity of coffee beans shortened the time of roasting. However, the aroma developed upon roasting of the moistest beans was the most intense and pleasant. Modification of roasting conditions increased shifting of the overall acceptability of coffee infusions by 2 points in a 10-point hedonic scale, which implies that, if roasting conditions are adequate to the type of coffee, its sensory characteristics can be improved. Thus, optimization of roasting parameters can increase the share of robusta in well-accepted commercial coffee blends, a convenient fact because of the significant difference in price between the latter and arabica coffee.     

Profiles of volatile compounds and sensory characteristics of Robusta coffee beans roasted by hot air and superheated steam

Although superheated steam (SHS) roasting has proved to be capable of improving selected quality of roasted Robusta coffee beans, impact of SHS roasting on aroma characteristics of the beans is not well understood. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of SHS roasting on aroma profiles and sensory characteristics of Robusta beans undergone SHS roasting at 190–250 °C; results were compared with those of beans roasted by hot air (HA). Sensory characteristics of selected samples were also compared with HA-roasted Arabica beans. Forty five aroma compounds were identified; most were fully developed in beans roasted at 230 °C and tended to degrade in beans roasted at 250 °C. SHS roasting led to more extensive formation of aroma compounds contributing to caramel note, while helped reduce formation of major contributors to spicy, roasty and burnt notes. SHS-roasted Robusta beans exhibited more resemblance to Arabica beans than their HA-roasted counterpart.     

Roasting and Colouring Curves for Coffee Beans with Broad Time-Temperature Variations

The effects of time and temperature on change in bean colour and kinetics of coffee roasting covering pre-roasting and over-roasting condition were investigated. Arabica coffee beans (Colombia Excelso) were dried or roasted in an oven at constant temperatures (140, 180, 200, 220, 260, and 300 °C) to obtain the profiles of mass loss and colour change. Changes in roasting rate from the first stage (high rate) to the second (low rate) were found to occur at different levels of roast loss for different roasting temperatures. Roasting curves were obtained by normalising the data of mass reductions, which comprised solid and moisture, to the initial solid mass. Changes in bean colour were found to follow a certain path regardless of the roasting temperature, as shown by the characteristic colouring curve, and were less affected by the temperature compared to the roast loss. A method of predicting the bean colour during roasting was also presented by analysing the relationships among the L*, a* and b* values.     

焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺的研究现状

咖啡在高温(200~250℃)焙炒加工过程中会产生一定量潜在的致癌物质丙烯酰胺。实验研究表明,短期接触大量丙烯酰胺会对人和动物的中枢神经造成损伤,人体长期小剂量接触丙烯酰胺会表现为四肢末端麻木、无力。咖啡焙炒加工过程中产生的丙烯酰胺除了通过天门冬酰胺途径生成以外,还可以由丙烯醛途径生成。其中影响咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的主要因素有咖啡类型、咖啡的焙炒温度和时间。本文对控制丙烯酰胺形成途径的研究进展进行了相关阐述,并对焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺的进一步研究提出建议。     

Coffea arabica beans microstructural changes induced by roasting: An X-ray microtomographic investigation

The present work reports on a microstructural characterization of Coffea arabica beans in the course of roasting by means of X-ray microtomography technique (μCT). In fact, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the capability of μCT as a useful tool for the characterization of microstructure of C. arabica beans at different roasting times: from green to very dark. μCT is a non-invasive technique that has the ability to image low moisture materials by using the differences in X-ray attenuation arising, mainly, from differences in density within the specimen. Green coffee beans were roasted and sampled at the following roasting times; 2, 3, 4 and 5 min. Several parameters such as percentage object volume (POV), density, total volume and pore size distributions were calculated for each roasting time and their variations discussed. The results from this study show how the microstructure of the coffee bean evolves with increasing roasting time, for example, the increase in total pore volume, the increase in porosity and density due to the rupture of bonds in the internal structure of the coffee beans during roasting. μCT has proven to be a suitable technique for microstructural analysis of roasted foods such as coffee bean and provides an accurate analysis of the pores and microstructure during the roasting process.     

云南小粒咖啡烘焙工艺优化及总糖含量的测定

以云南小粒咖啡生豆为原料,选择初始温度、烘焙时间、烘焙量、风门开合度四个影响咖啡品质的主要因素进行了单因素和正交试验,采用电加热烘焙,以膨化率、失重率、感官评价为考察指标,采用综合加权评分法进行数据分析。结果表明,云南小粒咖啡烘焙工艺优化条件为初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间13 min、烘焙量160 g、风门开合度为21 mm,此时得到的咖啡豆为浅深焙咖啡豆,其失重率为21.92%,膨化率为91.11%,感官评分36分,综合评分为0.9144分。根据色度值及综合加权评分值的大小,浅焙的较优工艺条件为:初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间10 min、烘焙量180 g、风门开合度14 mm;中焙的较优工艺条件:初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间12 min、烘焙量220 g、风门开合度0 mm;深焙的较优工艺条件:初始温度250 ℃、烘焙时间12 min、烘焙量160 g、风门开合度7 mm。不同烘焙程度对总糖含量的影响显著(p<0.05),随着烘焙程度的加深总糖含量逐渐减少。     

A comparative study of chemical attributes and levels of amines in defective green and roasted coffee beans

Differences in chemical attributes (proximate composition, water activity, sucrose, acidity and pH levels) and amine levels between defective and healthy coffee beans were studied. Before roasting, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for the ash contents of the coffee samples, with the highest values found for black beans. Moisture content was higher for non-defective beans in comparison to defective beans. Non-defective coffee beans had higher lipids contents than both sour and black beans. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) for protein levels between defective and non-defective beans. After roasting, protein levels remained constant, there was a small decrease in ash contents and a slight increase in oil contents of black and sour beans. Both black and sour beans had higher acidity levels than immature and non-defective beans. Acidity levels decreased after roasting. Water activity levels also decreased with roasting, with slightly higher levels for defective beans in comparison to non-defective ones. Sucrose levels were much higher in non-defective beans, and the lowest values were in black beans, prior to roasting. After roasting, only traces of sucrose were found. Total amine levels were much lower for black beans, in comparison to the other coffee samples. Putrescine was the prevailing amine in all samples. Histamine was only detected in the defective coffee samples. Small amounts of serotonin, cadaverine and tryptamine were found in some of the samples. After roasting to a light degree, only traces of serotonin were detected and no amines were detected after roasting to medium and dark degrees.     

Effects of refrigeration and oxygen on the coffee brew composition

The aim of this work was to monitor the changes both in the composition and in some sensory parameters of Colombian Arabica coffee brews stored at room and refrigeration temperatures, with and without oxygen. Some nonvolatile compounds related to the taste of coffee brews were determined, in an attempt to study possible relationships between chemical and sensory changes. Storage time hardly affects the amounts of chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acids, reported to have some beneficial health effects, mainly due to their antioxidant activities. In contrast, pH decreases in all the coffee brews along the time, mainly in that stored at 25 °C with oxygen. The appearance of sourness and other non typical coffee tastes (rancid taste, aftertaste) and an increase in astringency leads to establish a shelf-life of 10 days for coffee brews stored at 25 °C with oxygen, 15 days for coffee brews stored at 4 °C with oxygen and at 25 °C without oxygen, and 20 days for coffee brews stored at 4 °C without oxygen. The behaviour of 5-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid and 4-vinylguaiacol throughout time was different from other studies conducted at higher temperatures to accelerate the staling, what reveals that stability studies of coffee brews should be made in real time and temperature. Part of this paper was presented at the 21st ASIC Colloquium, Montpellier, 2006.     

Effects of oil roasting temperature and time on the quality of two Macadamia integrifolia cultivars

The effects of oil roasting temperature and time on the quality of kernels from two Macadamia integrifolia cultivars, were determined. A high quality product was obtained by roasting at 115°C for 19–35 min, 125°C for 10–14 min or 135°C for 4 min. There was a significant deterioration in the quality of nuts from all roasting treatments when stored for 6 months at ambient temperature in lacquered cans at a pressure of ?85 kPa. Further deterioration had occurred after 12 months storage.     

Identification and occurrence of the bioactive β-carbolines norharman and harman in coffee brews

Norharman and harman, two heterocyclic β-carboline alkaloids with biological activity, were found in brewed coffee. Identification and analysis were carried out by HPLC-MS and RP-HPLC-fluorescence, respectively. All tested samples of brewed coffee including ground coffee, decaffeinated coffee, instant coffee and espresso contained both norharman and harman in variable amounts. Norharman was the major β-carboline alkaloid in brewed coffee at levels up to 9.34 μg g^-1 in instant ground coffee compared with harman, which had levels up to 1.67 μg g^-1. The two β-carbolines appeared to be formed during roasting of the coffee beans. It is concluded that drinking coffee is a major exogenous dietary source of these bioactive β-carboline alkaloids previously reported as mild psychoactive compounds in animal studies and in vitro co-mutagens. These results support our previous conclusion that foods containing β-carbolines are an important exogenous source of these alkaloids in humans.     

Tocopherols in cocoa butter obtained from cocoa bean roasted in different forms and under various process parameters

Obtaining good quality chocolate strongly depends on raw material, i.e. cocoa beans. The processing of cocoa beans consists of some important steps, including fermentation, drying fermented beans and roasting. Traditionally roasting is performed on whole beans but currently, roasting crushed cocoa beans or cocoa liquor becomes more and more popular. Many biologically active compounds may be found in the cocoa beans, including tocopherols. This work investigates the influence of the constant or variable roasting process parameters (temperature, velocity and relative humidity of roasting air) on the tocopherol concentration in cocoa butter (CB) extracted from cocoa beans originating from Togo and roasted in two different forms, namely as whole and crushed beans. Whole cocoa beans were roasted to a 2% moisture content and crushed cocoa beans were firstly partially dried which further enables easier dehusking, then ground, dehusked and roasted until their humidity decreased to around 2%. Roasting resulted in lowering the content of individual tocopherols in analyzed material. The degree of degradation of tocopherols in CBs was different, depending on the form of roasted beans from which these CBs were extracted. Higher concentrations were determined in CBs extracted from beans roasted in the form of crushed samples comparing to CBs obtained from beans roasted as a whole. The study investigates different roasting parameters of crushed beans, none of which drastically lowered the concentration of tocopherols in extracted CBs. Their concentration in CBs extracted from whole beans was, on the other hand, influenced by roasting air parameters. In case of whole beans roasted under constant parameters, application of 150 °C proved to be more favorable than roasting at 135 °C, as well as application of “dry” air and 1 m/s roasting air velocity. Discussing the variable roasting process parameters, in case of applied roasting temperature it is more favorable to change it from 150 °C to 135 °C, than the other way round. Changing the relative humidity of roasting air from 5 to 0.3%, lower degradation of tocopherols in CB occurs when the process is conducted at 150 °C. It may be further concluded that a direct dependence between the velocity of roasting air varied during the process and the concentration of tocopherols in extracted CB may not be indicated. In conclusion, it is stated that the temperature of the air applied during the roasting process has the decisive influence on the tocopherol content in CBs extracted from cocoa beans subjected to the process.     

High antioxidant activity of coffee silverskin extracts obtained by the treatment of coffee silverskin with subcritical water

Coffee silverskin (CS) is a thin tegument of the outer layer of green coffee beans and a major by-product of the roasting process to produce roasted coffee beans. CS extracts obtained by the treatment of CS with subcritical water at 25-270°C were investigated for their antioxidant activity using hydrophilic oxygen radical absorption capacity (H-ORAC) and DPPH radical scavenging capacity assays. The antioxidant activity increased with increasing the extraction temperature and the highest activity was observed with the extracts obtained at 270°C. The H-ORAC and DPPH values of the extracts were 2629±193 and 379±36μmol TE/g of CS extract, respectively. High correlation (R=0.999) was observed between H-ORAC and DPPH values for the CS extracts. High correlation of the antioxidant activity was also observed with protein and phenolic contents in the extracts. The CS extracts could be useful as a good source of antioxidative materials.     

海南兴隆地区不同烘焙度咖啡豆的滋味特性研究

本文采用化学指标、电子舌技术与主成分分析(PCA)对海南兴隆地区不同烘焙度咖啡豆的滋味特性进行研究。结果表明:随着烘焙度增加,总固形物、总可溶性固形物、有机酸含量及可滴定酸度先增加后减少,p H值先减少后增加,葫芦巴碱含量逐渐减少,咖啡因含量基本不变,导致不同烘焙度的咖啡豆具有不同的滋味特性。原始电子感官数据经归一化处理后,采用PCA对其进行解析,可将样品大致分为四类:第一类包括极浅度(JQ);第二类包括浅度(Q)、浅中度(QZ)和中度(Z);第三类包括中深度(ZS)和深度(S);第四类包括极深度(JS)和法式重度(FZ)。电子舌技术能有效鉴别不同烘焙度咖啡,且各类样品对传感器响应强度差异明显,在PCA的二维投影图上可区分开,并与滋味特性化学指标具有相关性。