基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法

文章提出了一种基于投影梯度法的非负矩阵分解稀疏算法,该算法通过引入基于投影梯度的迭代方法,来解决加向量1-范数约束以及加向量2-范数约束的非负矩阵分解问题,得到了局部最优解。通过实验表明该算法在分解时间以及基矩阵的稀疏度表达能力上优于NMF算法和SNMF算法。     

基于投影梯度及下逼近方法的非负矩阵分解

在非负矩阵分解算法中,为提升基矩阵的稀疏表达能力,在不事先设定稀疏度的情形下,提出一种基于投影梯度及下逼近方法的非负矩阵分解算法——PGNMU。通过引入上界的约束条件,利用基于投影梯度的交替迭代方法提取基矩阵的重要特征并加以应用。在人脸数据库CBCL和ORL上的实验结果表明,该方法能改进基矩阵的稀疏描述能力,且其识别率也优于已有方法。     

基于非平滑非负矩阵分解语音增强

针对非负矩阵分解稀疏性不够,通过引入平滑矩阵调节字典矩阵和系数矩阵的稀疏性,提出基于非平滑非负矩阵分解语音增强算法。算法通过语音和噪声的先验字典学习构造联合字典矩阵;然后通过非平滑非负矩阵分解更新带噪语音在联合字典矩阵下的投影系数实现语音增强;同时通过滑动窗口法实时更新先验噪声字典。仿真结果表明,该算法相对非负矩阵分解语音增强算法和MMSE算法具有更好的抑制噪声能力。     

二维投影非负矩阵分解算法及其在人脸识别中的应用

建立在最小化非负矩阵分解损失函数上的人脸识别算法需同时计算基矩阵和系数矩阵, 导致求解这类问题十分耗时. 本文把非负属性引入二维主成分分析(2-dimensional principal component analysis, 2DPCA)中, 提出了一种新的二维投影非负矩阵分解(2-dimensional projective non-negative matrix factorization, 2DPNMF)人脸识别算法. 该算法在保持人脸图像的局部结构情况下, 突破了最小化非负矩阵分解损失函数的约束, 仅需计算投影矩阵(基矩阵), 从而降低了计算复杂度. 本文从理论上证明了所提出算法的收敛性, 同时, 使用了YALE、FERET和AR三个人脸库进行实验, 结果表明2DPNMF不仅识别率高, 而且速度优于非负矩阵分解和二维主成分分析.     

NMF与LDA相结合的彩色人脸识别

为了提高彩色人脸识别的性能,提出了一种非负矩阵分解与线性判别分析相结合的彩色人脸识别算法。首先采用非负矩阵分解算法对彩色人脸图像不同颜色通道的信息进行编码,计算彩色人脸图像空间的基图像;然后根据非负矩阵分解计算得到的图像分解系数,融入人脸对象的类别信息,采用线性判别分析算法计算最优的鉴别子空间;最后以彩色人脸图像的投影系数为特征,采用最近邻分类算法进行人脸识别。在CVL和CMUPIE人脸数据库上的实验结果验证了提出的彩色人脸识别算法的正确性和有效性。     

基于多核学习的投影非负矩阵分解算法

非负矩阵分解(NMF)把给定的数据矩阵分解成低维的非负基矩阵和对应的系数矩阵,两者之间存在必然联系。为此,研究者将基矩阵转换为系数矩阵的投影,进一步提高分解效率。但是该方法无法处理非线性数据,核函数的引入部分解决了此问题,却同时导致核函数参数选择的问题。基于多核学习理论,提出了一种多核学习的投影非负矩阵分解(MKPNMF)算法,该算法有效地避免了核函数参数选择的问题,同时提高了学习性能。在实际人脸数据上的实验结果表明,MKPNMF较已有的NMF类方法具备明显的性能优势。     

组合2DFLDA监督的非负矩阵分解和独立分量分析的特征提取方法*

通过对投影非负矩阵分解(NMF)和二维Fisher线性判别的分析,针对NMF的特征提取存在无监督学习以及特征维数高的问题,提出了组合2DFLDA监督的非负矩阵分解和独立分量分析(SPGNMFICA)的特征提取方法。首先对样本进行投影梯度的非负矩阵分解,将得到的NMF子图像进行二维Fisher线性判别,主要反映类间差异信息构建子空间;对子空间的向量进行独立分量分析(ICA),得到独立分量特征空间;其次将样本在独立分量特征空间上进行投影;最后使用径向基网络对投影系数进行识别。通用人脸库ORL和YALE的识别实验证明,该算法是一种有效的特征提取和识别方法。     

基于图正则化和稀疏约束的半监督非负矩阵分解

非负矩阵分解是在矩阵非负约束下的分解算法。为了提高识别率,提出了一种基于稀疏约束和图正则化的半监督非负矩阵分解方法。该方法对样本数据进行低维非负分解时,既保持数据的几何结构,又利用已知样本的标签信息进行半监督学习,而且对基矩阵施加稀疏性约束,最后将它们整合于单个目标函数中。构造了一个有效的更新算法,并且在理论上证明了该算法的收敛性。在多个人脸数据库上的仿真结果表明,相对于NMF、GNMF、CNMF等算法,GCNMFS具有更好的聚类精度和稀疏性。     

基于改进非负矩阵分解的手背静脉识别算法

为提高手背静脉识别过程中特征的有效性,提出了一种基于改进非负矩阵分解（NMF）的识别算法．首先,静脉图像经过分块后,将每一块子图像的像素均值与平均梯度幅值作为图像原始特征;其次,将所有训练样本原始特征形成的特征矩阵进行非负矩阵分解,其中对分解后的系数向量加以稀疏性与可区分性约束,从而形成改进的非负矩阵分解模型;再次,基于梯度投影法对提出的非负矩阵分解模型进行求解,获取新的特征基与特征向量;最后,利用最近邻匹配算法对特征向量进行分类,实现身份的识别．实验结果表明,提出的识别算法可获得较高的识别率,处理过程具有较好实时性．     

基于非负稀疏表示的人脸识别

对稀疏表示在人脸识别中的应用进行了研究,提出了人脸识别的非负稀疏表示方法和采样方法.提出了非负稀疏表示的乘性迭代算法,分析了该方法与非负矩阵分解的联系,设计了基于非负稀疏表示的分类算法.在仿射传播算法的基础上,提出了人脸数据集的采样方法,并在人脸图像集上进行了实验.与稀疏表示相比,非负稀疏表示在计算复杂度和鲁棒性上具有优越性;与随机采样方法相比,该采样方法具有较高的识别精度.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.