THE INTERFACIAL BEHAVIORS OF ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE IN DIFFERENT WELDING METHODS

Non-interlayer liquid phase diffusion welding (China Patent) and laser welding methods for aluminum matrix composite are mainly described in this paper.In the noninterlayer liquid phase diffusion welding,the key processing parameters affecting the strength of joint is welding temperature.When temperature rises beyond solidus temperature, the bonded line vanishes. The strength of joint reaches the maximum and becomes constant when welding temperature is close to liquid phase temperature. Oxide film in the interface is no longer detected by SEM in the welded joint. With this kind of technique, particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite Al2O3p/6061Al is welded successfully, and the joint strength is about 80% of the strength of composite(as-casted).In the laser welding, results indicate that because of the huge specific surface area of the reinforcement, the interracial reaction between the matrix and the reinforcement is restrained intensively at certain laser power and pulsed laser beam.The laser pulse frequency directly affects the reinforcement segregation and the reinforcement distribution in the weld, so that the weldability of the composite could be improved by increasing the laser pulse frequency. The maximum strength of the weld can reach 70% of the strength of the parent.     

Weldability evaluation and tensile strength estimation model for aluminum alloy lap joint welding using hybrid system with laser and scanner head

Aluminum welding using a hybrid system with a laser and scanner welding head was performed under various welding conditions to verify the feasibility of applying an aluminum alloy to a car body.The experimental material was 5J32 aluminum alloy,and the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle were used as the control variables.The weld bead shape and the tensile shear strength were evaluated in order to understand the aluminum lap joint weld characteristics.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify the effect of the process variables on the tensile shear strength.Tensile strength estimation models using three different regression models were also suggested.The input variables were the laser power,welding speed,and laser incidence angle,and the output was the tensile shear strength.Among the models,the second-order polynomial estimation model had the best estimation performance,and the average error rate of this model was 0.058.     

Effect of Laser Welding Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on Butt Joint of New Hot-Rolled Nano-scale Precipitation-Strengthened Steel

A 4 kW fiber laser was chosen to weld the new hot-rolled nano-scale precipitation-strengthened steel with a thickness of 4.5 mm. The effect of laser power, defocusing distance, and welding speed on the welded joint appearance was examined, and the microstructure and mechanical properties on the typical butt joints were investigated. Results showed that increasing laser welding power may cause faster downward flow of molten metal to produce greater root humping. With the welding speed increasing, the average welding seam （WS） width decreased, and the average WS and heat-affected zone （HAZ） hardness increased. The microstructures of WS, fusion line, and coarse grain heat-affected zone were lath martensite, but the growth direction of the original austenite grain boundaries was significantly different. The microstructures of fine grain heat-affected zone were ferrite and martensite, and the microstructure of mixed grain heat- affected zone contained ferrite, massive M/A island, and a small amount of martensite. The micro-hardness values of WS, HAZ, and base metal （BM） were 358, 302, and 265 HV, respectively. The butt joint fracture at the BM far from the WS and the welded joint tensile strength are observed to follow proportional relationship with hardness.     

Experimental study of weld position detection based on keyhole infrared image during high power fiber laser welding

Keyhole is one of the important phenomena in high-power laser welding process. By studying the keyhole characteristic and detecting the seam offset during high-power fiber laser welding, an infrared sensitive high-speed camera arranged off-axis orientation of laser beam was applied to capture the dynamic thermal images of a molten pool. The 304 austenitic stainless steel plate butt joint welding experiment with laser power 10 kW was carried out. Through analyzing the keyhole infrared image, the weld position was calculated. Least squares method was used to determine the actual weld position. Image filtering technique was used to process the keyhole image, and the keyhole centroid coordinate were calculated. Also, least squares method was used to fit the keyhole centroid curve equation and establish a nonlinear continuous model which described the deviation between keyhole centroid and weld seam. The heat accumulation effect affected by the infrared radiation was analyzed to determine whether the laser beam focus spot deviated from the desired welding seam. Experimental results showed that the keyhole centroid has related to the seam offset, and can reflect the welding quality.     

Numerical analysis of temperature profile and weld dimensions in laser ＋ GMAW hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint

The temperature fields in the transient state and weld dimensions in laser ＋ gas metal arc welding （GMAW） hybrid welding of aluminum alloy T-joint for different welding conditions were calculated using the developed heat source model, and the effect of welding speed on them was analyzed. The results show that the temperature field for the first weld pass only shows the feature of GMAW and the one for the second weld pass has the characteristics of both laser welding and GMAW. Welding speed can affect greatly weld dimensions and temperature distribution. When welding speed reaches 3.5 m/min, the fusion zones of two weld passes are separated and the maximum peak temperature of thermal cycle on the workpiece surface decreases largely.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded joints of pure copper and 304 stainless steels

A continuous wave diode laser with an output power of 2.8 kW was used to join pure copper and 304 stainless steel with a thickness of 1 mm. The focused laser beam with a diameter of O. 8 mm was irradiated on the copper side of the butt joints. In process of laser welding, effects of processing primary parameters on tensile strength of the joints were investigated. The interfacial characterizations of the joints were investigated by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope （EDS）. The results showed that the element diffusion and solution occur and metallurgical bonding was achieved between pure copper and 304 stainless steel. The maximum tensile strength of the joints was 209 MPa when the laser power of welding was 2. 4 kW and welding speed was 12 mm/s.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B welded by laser-TIG hybrid

The laser-TIG hybrid welding was mainly used to weld the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B. The tech-nical characteristics of laser-TIG hybrid welding process was investigated and the interactional mechanism between laser and arc was discussed, at the same time the microstructure and mechanical properties of the wrought magnesi-um alloy AZ31B using laser-TIG hybrid welding were analyzed by optical microscope, EPMA, SEM, tensile ma-chine, hardness machine. The experimental results show that the presence of laser beam boosts up the stability of the arc during high speed welding and augments the penetration of weld； the crystal grains of magnesium alloy weld are fine without porosity and cracks in the best welding criterion and the microstructure of HAZ does not become coarse obviously. The elements profile analysis reveals that Mg content in the weld is lower than that of the base metal, but Al content is higher slightly. Under this experimental condition, the wrought magnesium alloy AZ31B joint can be achieved using laser-TIG hybrid process and the tensile strength of the joint is equivalent to that of the base metal.     

Study on laser welding of the tin-plate can body

Laser beam welding is a new technique for the food can making.Thisresearch studied the welding technology and parameters for the tin-plate can andtheir influences on welding speed and quality,investigated the microstructureand properties of the weld,analysed distribution of tin in the weld metal andcarried out the flanging test of the can body.The results show that laser weld-ing of the can body is characterized by high welding speed,fine appearance,good quality and stable and reliable process.This technology can fulfill the re-quirements of can making.     

PRESS FORMABILITY OF YAG LASER WELDED TRIP STEEL SHEETS

The effects of YAG laser welding conditions on mechanical properties and press formability (bendability, stretch-formability and deep drawability) of high-strength transformation-induced plasticity-aided dual-phase (TDP) steel were investigated. Tensile tests and press forming tests have been conducted for laser butt welded joints between two pieces of the same steel. The tensile property and press formability were affected by the welding speed of 100 to 1100mm/min and the energy of 6 to 9J/pulse. Excellent press formability was obtained with the energy of 6J/pulse and the welding speed of 300mm/min. It was concluded that the excellent weldability of the TDP steel can be ascribed to the weld joint formation.     

Investigation on process and microstructure of Ti/Ni/Cu joints by electron beam welding

In this article, the electron beam welding of the Cu alloy （ QCrO. 8） with Ti alloy （TC4） sheet was processed and the joint microstructure as well as the welding process were studied. The results show that brittle reaction layer which was mainly composed of TiCu, Ti2Cu, Ti2Cu3 and TiCu2formed at the weld fusion line, regardless of welding on the middle or on the Cu side. The mechanical properties of the joint were severely deteriorated by the layer that tensile strength was only 89. 4 MPa for welding on the Cu side. The microstructure of the joint was improved with pure nickel as filler metal for the electron beam welding. The weld was mainly composed of solid solution. Intermetallic compound phase decreased signifwantly in fusion line compared with the joint without filler metal. The mechanical properties of the joint were obviously improved that the average tensile strength was 205.2 MPa and the bending strength was 413.3 MPa with O. 5 mm offset of electron beam on the Cu side.     

焊接工艺参数对钢/铌激光焊接头性能的影响

采用正交试验法分析了焊接工艺参数对钢/铌激光焊接头抗拉强度的影响规律.结果表明,接头抗拉强度随着焊接速度的增大而降低;随着激光束从铌侧向钢侧偏移,接头强度逐渐升高;激光功率对接头强度的影响不大.在3个焊接工艺参数中,偏束距离对接头强度的影响最大,焊接速度次之,激光功率的影响最小.采用低焊接速度、向钢侧偏束的焊接方法可以提高焊接接头的抗拉强度.焊缝区主要包括铌侧的IMC区,焊缝中心的树枝晶区与钢侧的树枝晶区三个特征区.其组织由大量的γ奥氏体相与一定量的Fe₂Nb相及少量的δ铁素体相组成.铁-铌金属间化合物的生成是降低接头强度的主要原因.     

基于光纤激光的LY12铝合金焊接试验分析

在飞机制造领域,铝合金主要用于制造飞机蒙皮、梁、桁条和框架等结构.采用多模光纤激光器进行了1.4 mm厚LY12铝合金的激光焊接试验,研究了焊接工艺参数对铝合金焊缝形貌的影响规律,并对焊接接头的显微硬度及断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明,大功率高速度连续激光焊缝的成形具有不稳定性,当功率为2 200 W,焊接速度为55 mm/s,保护气体流量为10 L/min时,可以获得成形良好且无宏观缺陷的焊接接头.接头的平均抗拉强度约为388 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的63.98%,断裂类型为韧脆混合型断裂.     

工艺参数对SiCp/101Al复合材料电子束焊接头的影响

以SiCp/101Al复合材料为研究对象,采用真空电子束焊接技术,研究在不同工艺参数条件下获得接头的组织与性能.通过拉伸试验,研究不同工艺参数对获得接头力学性能的影响;利用光学显微镜观察分析不同参数条件下接头区域的金相组织;采用透射电镜观察SiC-A1界面微观结构;利用扫描电镜观察接头断口形貌;利用X射线衍射仪测定接头焊缝区的相结构.结果表明,在保证试件完全焊透的情况下,降低电子束的线能量,可在一定程度上提高接头的强度;接头中的气孔主要形成于熔合线区域,快速焊接和电子束扫描可使气孔形成受到大大抑制;进一步的修饰焊有利于提高焊接接头的质量.     

铝合金T型接头激光焊接实验研究

针对激光焊接铝合金T型接头,系统研究了激光入射角度、激光功率、焊接速度对T型接头焊接形貌的影响。研究结果表明:激光入射角度处于30°~45°时较合理,入射角小于30°时,底板熔深太小,影响接头强度;入射角大于45°时,焊缝熔深太大,使底板焊透,同时造成接头不完全包覆。随着激光功率的增加,焊接熔深逐步增大,当激光功率达到2200 W时,T型接头实现双侧焊缝包覆,焊接性能较好。当焊接速度为0.8 m/min时,出现咬边缺陷;当焊接速度达到1.2 m/min时,无法实现焊接接头两侧的完好包覆。     

激光-TIG复合热源焊接参数对镁/钢异种材料焊接接头的影响

采用激光-TIG复合热源的焊接方法对镁和钢异种材料进行焊接,探讨了焊接工艺参数包括激光功率、激光离焦量、焊接速度以及TIG焊接电流对焊缝抗拉强度的影响.结果表明,在焊接过程中,随着激光功率的增大、焊接速度的减小,焊缝抗拉强度随之增大;随着激光离焦量的增加,焊缝抗拉强度呈现先增大后减小的特点;而TIG电流的变化对焊缝抗拉强度影响不大.试验证明,在合适的工艺参数下,能够得到成形良好、力学性能优良的镁/钢异种材料的焊接接头,并且在焊接过程中,激光对镁和钢的连接起主要作用.     

Experimental investigation on laser beam welding of martensitic stainless steels in a constrained overlap joint configuration

This paper presents experimental investigation of laser beam welding of martensitic stainless steels in a constrained overlap configuration. Experimental studies were focused on the effects of laser power, welding speed and fiber diameter on bead geometry and mechanical properties of the weld. Metallurgical study of a selected welded joint was done only to show various microstructures typically formed at different zones. Laser power and welding speed were found the most significant factors affecting the weld geometry and shearing force. The contour plots showing constant response lines indicated the evidence of two-factor interaction effects of laser power-welding speed, welding speed-fiber diameter, and fiber diameter-laser power on all the responses except the weld width. Moreover, energy density plots illustrated its linear relationship with penetration depth and limited nonlinear effects on others. Additionally, metallurgical analysis of fusion zone showed dendritic structures consisted of martensitic with eutectic ferrite along solidification grain and subgrain boundaries.     

基于试验设计与统计分析的双相钢激光焊工艺优化

为了优化激光焊接接头力学性能,利用试验设计方法对厚度为1.7 mm的DP600双相钢进行对接焊接试验,采用回归分析得到了激光焊接功率、焊接速度、离焦量、侧吹保护气体流量与接头抗拉强度之间的数学模型. 分析了焊接速度与侧吹气流量对焊缝抗拉强度的交互影响作用. 通过遗传算法优化该模型并得到了最优的焊接工艺参数组合,当焊接功率为1.7 kW,焊接速度为25 mm/s,侧吹气流量为2.4 m3/h,离焦量为-1 mm时焊缝的抗拉强度最大. 验证试验所测的焊缝抗拉强度值与模型预测值的相对误差在5%以内. 结果表明,文中研究可以有效的预测与优化厚度为1.7 mm的双相钢激光焊接质量.     

光束摆动法减小激光焊接气孔倾向

针对激光深熔焊过程中易出现的气孔问题,作者提出光束摆动激光焊接减小气孔倾向的工艺。利用3kW快轴流CO2激光器分别对激光焊接过程中可能出现的氮气孔和氩气孔进行了试验研究。结果表明,光束摆动激光焊接对氮气孔有显著的消除效果,随着摆动频率的增加,气孔急剧减少,并且在摆动幅度仅为0．5mm的情况下,就可以起到消除气孔的效果;光束摆动激光焊接对于抑制氩气孔也有一定作用,摆动频率越大,摆动幅度越大,对熔池的搅拌越大,越有利于气泡的逸出,焊缝中氩气孔越少。     

Laser pressure welding of Al alloy and low C steel

Abstract

This study was performed to obtain fundamental knowledge concerning the development of laser pressure welding technology for the joining of dissimilar metals. Laser pressure welding of Al alloy A6061 and low C steel SPCC sheets was carried out to investigate the effects of the roller pressure, laser beam scanning speed and irradiation position on the tensile shear and peel strength of welded joints. The interfaces of the joints were observed and analysed by SEM and EDX, and the formation phases on the peeled surfaces were identified with XRD. It was revealed that prevention and suppression of oxidation during welding was extremely important to the production of a sound joint with good mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength and the highest peel strength of joints were obtained at a laser power of 1·8 kW, laser scanning speed of 30 Hz, laser irradiation position at the centreline, roller pressure of more than 245 MPa and welding speed of 0·5 m min^?1 in an Ar atmosphere. The fracture occurred not in the welded zone but in the A6061 base alloy specimen.