具有壁面自适应能力的磁吸附爬壁机器人设计

为解决爬壁机器人在船舶货舱清洗过程中多壁面过渡的问题,该文设计了一种具有壁面自适应能力的磁吸附爬壁机器人,其包括磁吸附机构、自适应清洗机构和行走机构。该文首先通过建立机器人壁面过渡时的力学模型,得到机器人磁吸附力的分布特点,并据此设计出一种弧形磁吸附机构。然后利用 ANSYS Maxwell 3D 软件对该机构磁吸附力的分布进行优化,以满足壁面过渡的需要;此外,还在机器人前端设计了一种自适应清洗机构,通过对该机构的结构原理进行分析和实验,验证了清洗机构也具有壁面过渡能力。最后通过模拟船舶货舱壁面的实际特点,对机器人样机进行壁面过渡综合实验,完成了机器人舱底过渡行走实验和舱顶过渡行走实验,验证了该机器人的壁面自适应和舱内行走的能力。     

基于模糊K均值聚类和Sarsa(λ)算法的自适应爬壁机器人路径规划

针对现有爬壁机器人规划算法难以实现在线自适应高效规划的问题,设计了一种基于模糊K-Means算法和经典Sarsa(λ)算法自适应爬壁机器人规划算法;首先,对爬壁机器人的动力学模型进行了建模和分析,然后,对爬壁机器人规划中的状态进行自适应聚集从而实现值函数的近似,设计了K值可变的改进模糊K均值聚类算法对状态进行自适应地在线聚类,将聚类中心对应的值函数作为整个聚类所有数据对象的值函数的近似值,最后,对基于模糊K均值聚类算法和Sarsa(λ)算法的爬壁机器人在线规划算法进行了定义和描述,在MATLAB环境下对简单障碍物场景和复杂障碍物场景分别仿真实验,实验结果表明文中方法能有效地进行路径规划,随着情节数的增加,规划结果逐渐收敛到最优值,同时在环境变化时,收敛效果不受影响,具有较好的稳定性,是一种高效地实现爬壁机器人在线规划的方法。     

仿尺蠖多模式爬壁机器人设计与控制方法研究

对于高层建筑清洁、大型化工罐体焊接与检测以及管道、隧道等狭小空间的安全巡查,传统方式为人工操作,存在安全隐患及效率低下等缺点,针对这些问题,提出了一种爬壁机器人设计方案;通过研究自然界尺蠖类生物的壁面攀爬机理,结合仿生技术,利用真空吸附和爪刺抓附两种附着技术,研发了一种仿尺蠖多模式爬壁机器人;首先在静态条件下,采用D-H参数法建立了机器人运动学数学模型,求解了机器人运动学的正、逆解,然后进行了基于极坐标理论的机器人控制方法研究,分析了了步态控制策略,并基于嵌入式控制器搭建了实际样机的控制系统,进行了功能性测试,验证了爬壁机器人的运动学模型的正确性和步态控制方法的平稳性,为双足类仿生机器人进一步研究提供了参考。     

基于DSP技术的爬壁机器人吸附控制系统设计

壁面吸附是爬壁机器人的基本功能之一,其吸附程度直接影响爬壁机器人的稳定性和移动速度;为此,设计了基于DSP技术的爬壁机器人吸附控制系统;选择爬壁机器人传感器装置,加设DSP数字信号处理器,设计爬壁机器人吸附控制器;在硬件结构的支持下,根据爬壁机器人的组成结构和工作原理,构建相应的数学模型;在该模型下,利用DSP技术计算爬壁机器人吸附力;通过爬壁机器人在壁面环境下的受力分析结果,确定爬壁机器人安全吸附条件;以吸附控制器作为执行机构,实现爬壁机器人的吸附控制;选择负压爬壁机器人作为测试样机,通过系统测试表明,在瓷砖、木板、玻璃三种壁面环境下,与两个对比系统相比,应用此次设计系统得出爬壁机器人吸附力的控制误差降低了2.04 N,倾覆风险系数降低了0.29,具有较好的吸附控制效果。     

基于黏附稳定包络边界的爬壁机器人竖直壁面过渡策略

爬壁机器人由于其出色的攀爬能力在管道、壁面类检修与维护等方面表现出独有的优势,但是攀爬过程中因缺乏竖直异面过渡能力而限制了其在壁面的运动性能。本文以机器人在竖直攀爬面上内直角处灵活过渡为研究目标,提出了多足机器人在壁面过渡中的足端力映射模型与足底力求解方法,以及相应的壁面过渡策略。首先建立了一种适用于匍匐式攀爬机器人的足端黏附力映射模型,构建了足端力与质心广义力的等效映射关系,在此基础上以机身稳定为原则,采用多约束的非线性规划方法求解出能够实现壁面过渡的黏附包络的上下边界,为机器人稳定壁面过渡提供评价指标。其次,研究壁面过渡进程中机器人与环境稳定接触与剥离的优化过渡策略,并依据所提出的评价指标完成仿真验证。最后在实体机器人平台上测试上述壁面过渡策略,实验结果表明该策略能够有效提升壁面过渡的成功率,保障爬壁机器人在壁面过渡应用中的可靠性。     

基于deep Q-network双足机器人非平整地面行走稳定性控制方法

针对双足机器人在非平整地面行走时容易失去运动稳定性的问题,提出一种基于一种基于价值的深度强化学习算法DQN（Deep Q-Network）的步态控制方法。首先通过机器人步态规划得到针对平整地面环境的离线步态,然后将双足机器人视为一个智能体,建立机器人环境空间、状态空间、动作空间及奖惩机制,该过程与传统控制方法相比无需复杂的动力学建模过程,最后经过多回合训练使双足机器人学会在不平整地面进行姿态调整,保证行走稳定性。在V-Rep仿真环境中进行了算法验证,双足机器人在非平整地面行走过程中,通过DQN步态调整学习算法,姿态角度波动范围在3°以内,结果表明双足机器人行走稳定性得到明显改善,实现了机器人的姿态调整行为学习,证明了该方法的有效性。     

双足机器人跨越动态障碍物在线控制系统设计

在双足机器人跨越动态障碍物的在线控制问题中,脚步规划和步态控制的学习时间是关键问题;提出了一种将机器人的步态控制和脚步规划分别独立设计的控制策略;步态控制目的是产生关节点轨迹并控制对理想轨迹的跟踪,考虑到双足机器人关节点轨迹的不连续性,应用小脑模型连接控制CMAC记忆特征步态的关节点轨迹;脚步规划的控制目标是通过对环境的视觉感知预测机器人的运动路径,算法是基于无需对动态环境精确建模的模糊Q学习算法;仿真结果表明该控制策略的可行性,并且可以有效缩短在线学习时间。     

一种轮足复合式爬壁机器人机构建模与分析

基于行星轮系运动及双足真空吸附原理,提出了一种新型爬壁机器人机构,介绍了机构的构型及结构特点,推导了运动学方程,分析了沿直线行走、平面旋转和跨越交叉壁面三种运动模式．仿真结果表明该机构具有移动速度快、运动灵活、跨越交叉壁面能力强等特点．     

基于ADAMS的双足机器人建模与仿真

为了提高双足机器人的设计效率,可以通过虚拟样机技术对其进行设计与仿真。针对机器人设计双足行走步态,首先以实际的物理样机为原型,建立双足机器人的七连杆模型,并用解析法求得机器人的逆运动学模型;然后在ADAMS软件中建立参数化的虚拟样机模型,在Matlab软件中规划双足机器人在平地上的完整行走步态;最后将规划的步态导入ADAMS中,在虚拟样机上实现了双足机器人的行走仿真。仿真结果与规划的行走步态基本一致,验证了虚拟样机的有效性,从而为双足机器人的设计与步态规划提供了一种新的方法和可靠依据。     

基于机器视觉的双足机器人寻迹系统设计

双足行走机器人的步态规划、步态交换稳定性控制和行走轨迹识别是其研究重点,机器人控制系统设计的合理性直接决定机器人本体的最终行走性能。同时,合理设计双足机器人的运动机械结构,降低了运动控制难度。双足机器人寻迹系统的步行运动,需要多个关节的协同控制,来保证重心的稳定性,这对双足机器人寻迹系统的硬件尺寸和关节质量有一定的限制。在特定场景中对机器人的寻迹是一个复杂的系统,包括视觉采集、图像预处理、导航线提取、路径规划、机器人控制等算法。因此,本文讨论了基于机器视觉的双足机器人寻迹系统的设计,并对系统设计进行了探讨和分析,以确定机器人各部分都能得到灵活处理。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.