Simulation for estimation of hydrogen sulfide scavenger injection dose rate for treatment of crude oil

The presence of hydrogen sulfide in the hydrocarbon fluids is a well known problem in many oil and gas fields. Hydrogen sulfide is an undesirable contaminant which presents many environmental and safety hazards. It is corrosive, malodorous, and toxic. Accordingly, a need has been long left in the industry to develop a process which can successfully remove hydrogen sulfide from the hydrocarbons or at least reduce its level during the production, storage or processing to a level that satisfies safety and product specification requirements. The common method used to remove or reduce the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the hydrocarbon production fluids is to inject the hydrogen sulfide scavenger into the hydrocarbon stream. One of the chemicals produced by the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) is EPRI H₂S scavenger. It is used in some of the Egyptian petroleum producing companies. The injection dose rate of H₂S scavenger is usually determined by experimental lab tests and field trials. In this work, this injection dose rate is mathematically estimated by modeling and simulation of an oil producing field belonging to Petrobel Company in Egypt which uses EPRI H₂S scavenger. Comparison between the calculated and practical values of injection dose rate emphasizes the real ability of the proposed equation.     

Modeling of hydrogen sulfide removal from Petroleum production facilities using H2S scavenger

The scavenging of hydrogen sulfide is the preferred method for minimizing the corrosion and operational risks in oil production facilities. Hydrogen sulfide removal from multiphase produced fluids prior to phase separation and processing by injection of EPRI H₂S scavenger solution (one of the chemical products of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute) into the gas phase by using the considered chemical system corresponds to an existing oil well in Qarun Petroleum Company was modeled. Using a kinetic model the value of H₂S in the three phases was determined along the flow path from well to separator tanks. The effect of variable parameters such as, gas flow rates, chemical injection doses, pipe diameter and length on mass transfer coefficient K_Ga, H₂S outlet concentration and H₂S scavenger efficiency has been studied. The modeling of the hydrogen sulfide concentration profiles for different conditions was performed. The results may be helpful in estimating injection rates of H₂S scavengers for similar fields and conditions.     

劣质原油加工方案的优化与探索

长岭分公司根据原油性质数据,预测了不同混合原油的加工方案及产品性质,通过生产实践,摸索出一套适宜的生产方案和加工流程,成功加工了高硫劣质的纳波等原油,确保了产品质量和安全平稳生产,为含硫燃料型炼油厂加工高硫重质原油提供了参考经验。     

Stabilization of crude oil in hydrocyclones with treatment of casing-head gas to remove hydrogen sulfide

A method is proposed for stabilization of crude oil and condensate in hydrocyclones to create closed systems for exhaustive preparation of feedstock. Hydrocyclones are small, simple in layout, and highly efficient units that allow enhancing operation of the primary crude oil preparation system and equipping units in block-aggregate layout. Pilot-industrial tests of crude stabilization processes using centrifugal forces and preparation of gas to remove hydrogen sulfide demonstrate the possibility of industrial introduction of the new technology.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 12 – 15, January – February, 2005.     

Optimization of crude oil refining products to valuable fuel blends

Crude oils are composed of hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules, which are separated through the process of refining and small quantities of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, vanadium, nickel, and chromium. An oil refinery is a group of manufacturing plants that are used to separate petroleum into valuable fractions. Oil refining is one of the most complex chemical industries, which includes many different and complex processes with several possible connections. In the process of distillation, crude oil is heated in a furnace so that hydrocarbons can be separated via their boiling point. The main purposes of crude oil blending are to optimize commercial value, to upgrade or reduce oil consumption to meet specifications and to facilitate oil movement. Simulation software, such as linear programming modeling, is often used to estimate the rate components that provide a low cost mix. The aim of blending of crude oils and refinery products is to increase the refined margins without affecting the required physical properties of the blends. The optimization of in crude oil blends and maximization of low-cost refinery intermediates in final blends are the basic processes for achieving this goal of using cheap crude oils. The highest degree of blending optimization requires continuous updating of the simulation model by adapting to real-time analytical trends.     

Sulfur removal from crude oil using supercritical water

Desulfurization of crude oil using supercritical water (SCW) is one of the promising nonconventional processes for upgrading oil. SCW is an excellent solvent for high molecular weight organic compounds in crude oils. Low sulfur content of crude oil is particularly preferred. Water is one of the most commonly used supercritical fluids suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a range of industrial processes. Supercritical fluid treatment depends on various parameters such as pressure, temperature, extraction time, solvent type, and chemical composition of the extracted material. SCW desulfurization has potential as a technique for removing sulfur from feedstocks such as heavy oil and bitumen. SCW upgrading of crude oils reduces sulfur content and decreases average molecular weight. Catalytic desulfurization of residual oil has been carried out through partial oxidation in supercritical water and thus 60% of the sulfur was removed.     

油基钻井液高效除硫体系优化实验北大核心CSCD

目的解决川东北含硫气藏在钻井过程中存在的H2S污染油基钻井液、H2S溢出造成的安全风险问题。方法建立了H2S污染油基钻井液室内评价方法和评价参数,优选了油基钻井液用高效除硫剂和复合除硫体系配方。结果除硫效果优异的单剂为液体除硫剂YT-1、碱式碳酸锌JD-2、醇醚酰胺CLC,饱和度分别为56.48 mg/g、21.13 mg/g、5.8 mg/g,高温老化除硫率分别为90.10%、82.60%和75.23%,与油基钻井液配伍性良好。优化形成的复合除硫体系配方4%(w)YT-1+2%(w)JD-2,在质量浓度为75 mg/L的H2S污染油基钻井液后,出口质量浓度达到0.015 mg/L所用时间仅为1.21 min,加入复合除硫体系后,该时间则达到171.8 min。污染后的油基钻井液高温老化后H2S质量浓度为0.078 mg/L,加入复合除硫体系后,H2S质量浓度为0 mg/L,除硫率达100%。结论除硫单剂协同作用提高除硫效果,为川东北地区高含硫地层“安全、高效”钻井提供了技术保障。     

Treatment of Algerian crude oil using REB09305 OS demulsifier

Algerian crude oil was submitted to a treatment procedure using REB09305 OS demulsifier. Temperature, time of contact with charge and centrifugation speed were studied. Separation of water from crude oil was observed with a demulsification ratio of 100% in ambient temperature for 20?ppm demulsifier dose, 1200?rpm and 45?min of centrifugation time. The results obtained in this study showed that REB09305 OS demulsifier can be considered a promising product for the treatment of industrial crude oil and the removal of water from it.     

Emission characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion of crude oil in a fluidized bed combustor

One of the most important thermochemical methods for heat and electricity generation is combustion process; however, it has become a serious problem for researchers in the field of green chemistry due to high emissions and pollutants. In this paper, a modeling study of crude oil combustion was carried out based on the rate of reactions and combustor characteristics. To evaluate the potential of crude oil for heat and power generation, the influence of residence time of droplets and system pressure on greenhouse gas emissions was studied. Results obtained from model were validated against the experimental data of crude oil combustion and found to be in a good agreement.     

Rapid crude oil analysis using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

This work describes a new approach to predict the properties of crude oil by using near infrared spectrum with a reflective fiber-optic probe. The absorbance spectra of crude oil samples were pre-processed by the first derivative. The pretreated near-infrared spectrum data were analyzed with principal component analysis to detect eventual outliers in the data set. The spectral data were correlated with crude oil property parameters by partial least squares regression. The comparison results of predicted and measured values for API gravity and sulfur content revealed a better performance for the model.     

Rheological and physicochemical characterization of UAE crude oil

This study focuses on the rheological and physiochemical characterization of three samples of light crude oil and fuel oil from the United Arab Emirates. The dependence of density on temperature ranging from 20 to 200°C was determined. Also, the impact of temperature was investigated on viscosity, shear stress τ, shear rate, yield stress, and thixotropic behavior, and characterized by the Haake RheoStress. The exponential decrease of viscosity over temperature range was modeled using Arrhenius equation. The shear stress–viscosity data revealed that crude oil A solely exhibited Newtonian behavior while crude oils B and C and fuel oil followed the Herschel-Bulkley model.     

Process optimization of silica encapsulation technique as a unique remediation technology for the treatment of crude oil contaminated soil

The effect of hydrocarbon pollution on soil quality is globally challenging. Addressing the menace of pollution on soil necessitates research into the development of viable remediation technique that is fast, effective, efficient and environmentally friendly; with cutting edge advantages over conventional remediation techniques. The technique was designed using a formulated silica encapsulating product and applied on soil contaminated by simulation with 10% crude oil. Soil was characterized for its physicochemical properties using standard methods, while its TPH content determined by molecular spectroscopy. Properties such as conductivity, pH and phosphorus levels were severely impacted by the hydrocarbon effect. Silica encapsulating product was formulated from sodium silicate and sodium dodecyl sulphate using proper optimization procedures. The encapsulating product (sodium silicate and SDS) were used in a ratio of 1:2. Optimum concentrations of 60,000 ppm sodium silicate solution, 120,000 ppm SDS, applied at optimum pH and temperature of 5 and 25 °C respectively were established from the process optimization of the experimental technique. The technique shows rapid response towards TPH removal, as 86.79% TPH reduction is achieved after seven days of treatment. The encapsulation process follows pseudo first order kinetics. Significant reduction in metals; Ni (0.61–0.036 mg/kg), V (0.82–0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (0.05–0.016 mg/kg) shows the efficacy of the technique, thereby providing a dual alternative for the remediation of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The technique seems to be effective in restoring some lost soil properties as seen in pH, conductivity and total nitrogen after treatment. The environmental friendliness, cost effectiveness and merits associated with this technique gives it a unique advantage over other conventional methods; as such presents promising alternative route for remediation experts in addressing the challenges associated with hydrocarbon and metals pollution on soil. Silica encapsulation technique is therefore suitable for outright applications in real field challenges.     

Upgrading of crude oil via distillation processes

Distillation is a unit operation of separating the components from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation. To obtain a pure liquid by distillation of a mixture must be applied in this process, numerous consecutive. Multistage distillation usually preferred instead of a single stage distillation. Fractional distillation is an example of a multistage distillation. Industrial-scale productions in all multistage or multitray distillation are applied. The composition of crude varies with its origin or geographical location. The contents of crude oil can be separated into different fractions with a series of fractional distillation processes.     

Determination of wax content in crude oil

Wax deposition is one of the chronic problems in the petroleum industry. The various crude oils present in the world contain wax contents of up to 32.5%. Paraffin waxes consist of straight chain saturated hydrocarbons with carbons atoms ranging from C18 to C36. Paraffin wax consists mostly with normal paraffin content (80–90%), while, the rest consists of branched paraffins (iso-paraffins) and cycloparaffins. The sources of higher molecular weight waxes in oils have not yet been proven and are under exploration. Waxes may precipitate as the temperature decreases and a solid phase may arise due to their low solubility. For instance, paraffinic waxes can precipitate out when temperature decreases during oil production, transportation through pipelines, and oil storage. The process of solvent dewaxing is used to remove wax from either distillate or residual feedstocks at any stage in the refining process. The solvents used, methyl-ethyl ketone and toluene, can then be separated from dewaxed oil filtrate stream by membrane process and recycled back to be used again in solvent dewaxing process.     

Optimization of separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion by demulsification using different demulsifiers

Separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion is a major challenge in petroleum industries during the producing and refining process. The authors investigated characterization of oil-in-water emulsion and subsequently separation of oil from emulsion using different chemical dimulsifiers. The effect of settling time, pH, temperature, and demulsifier dosage on oil separation efficiency has been studied. It was observed that as time, temperature, and chemical dosage increased oil separation efficiency increased. Droplet size distribution of emulsions illustrated that the demulsifier could lead to the breakup of crude oil-in-water emulsions by flocculation and coalescence. More than 98% oil separations were observed with some demulsifiers under optimum operating conditions.     

Removing of resins from crude oils

Crude oil contains four chemical group classes, namely saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA fractions). Resins fraction of crude oil comprises polar molecules often containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Resin is a heavier fraction than aromatics and saturates. Resins are composed of fused aromatic rings with branched paraffin and polar compounds. The resin fraction is soluble in light alkanes such as pentane and heptane, but insoluble in liquid propane. The resins are adsorbed on a solid such as alumina, clay, or silica, and subsequently recovered by use of a more polar solvent and the oils (aromatics and saturates) remain in solution. The resins often coprecipitate with the asphaltenes in controlled propane deasphalting procedures. The composition of the resins can vary considerably and is dependent on the kind of precipitating liquid and on the temperature of the liquid system. The resins are adsorbed on a solid such as alumina, clay, or silica, and subsequently recovered by use of a more polar solvent and the oils (aromatics and saturates) remain in solution.     

Interfacial activity of alkyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine against crude oil

To study the interfacial activities of zwitterionic surfactant against crude oil, four alkyl hydroxyl sulfobetaines were synthesized. The effects of surfactant structure, concentration, salinity of formation water, and crude oil composition on interfacial activities were discussed. It shows that the octadecyl hydroxyl sulfobetaine can achieve ultralow interfacial tension at the concentrations no less than 0.001%, exhibiting a good interfacial activity and a very strong antidilution ability. The salinity of formation water has no obvious effect on lowering the interfacial tension and the polar component in crude oil is very crucial for the production of ultralow interfacial tension. This work is important for enhanced oil recovery.     

Wettability and morphology of mica surfaces after exposure to crude oil

Reservoir wettability is determined by interactions between crude oil and mineral surfaces, mediated by an aqueous phase. Contact angles between immiscible fluids have long been used as probes to assess the effective wetting condition of surfaces after exposure to brine and oil, but there is a limit to the amount of information that can be deduced from contact angles in such nonideal conditions.In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to observe mica surfaces treated with a series of crude oils that produce a wide range of wetting conditions—water-advancing contact angles on these surfaces vary from water-wet to oil-wet. In the most water-wet case, the only adsorbed features appear to be small, water-wet particles that are probably inorganic. All of the other oils deposited organic coatings, with varying thickness, morphology, and durability. Weakly water-wet systems exhibited many surface features, but the waitings tended to be unstable and to detach from the surface, especially during AFM scanning in water. The most oil-wet systems exhibited thick, stable organic coatings that were not disturbed by AFM scanning.     

实验室原油电脱水试验研究

方法 采用密闭原油电脱水器对原油进行脱水，目的 将原油中的水脱净，达到实验的要求。结果 原油电脱水主要靠电场对水滴的作用而造成的成水滴的聚结和沉降，因此选择脱水器，一要考虑原油的含水经和实际需要，二要注意加热温度，加热脱水时间对原油性质的影响．三要控制脱水釜顶部汽化水滴和脱油对脱水效果的影响，结论 采用原油电脱水器，可以快速有效地将含水原油中的水脱净，完全满足了实验室内进行原油物性和流变性试验研究     

辽河油区原油密度与温度关系的统计方程

根据辽河油气区１８ 个油田近２０００ 个原油样品分析统计,原油密度是温度的幂函数。由此建立两个原油密度与温度关系的通用方程, 可计算各种油品（ 稀油、稠油、凝析油和高凝油） 在任一温度下的脱气原油密度,计算值的最大相对误差为２ ．８８‰,平均为０ ．３７‰～０ ．７５ ‰。应用这两个方程可降低６０ ％ 的原油分析成本,还为原油分类提供了准确可靠的密度数据。