Insight into atmospheric corrosion evolution of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a simulated coastal atmosphere environment has been investigated by the indoor accelerated wet/dry cyclic corrosion acceleration test(CCT),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements.During the CCT test of 60 cycles,the evolution of logarithmic(corrosion rate)vs.logarithmic(CCT cycles)presents a turning point at the 5th cycle,presenting a tendency to increase first and then decrease to gradually stabilize as the CCT cycle prolonged.Before the 5th cycle,γ-FeOOH and β-FeOOH and Fe3O4 were detected,respectively.And then,α-FeOOH as a new chemical composition was detected in the subsequent corrosion cycles.It is found that,after long term corrosion,the rust separated into a relatively dense inner layer rich with α-FeOOH and a loose outer layer rich with γ-FeOOH,both of which have poor electrical conductivity.The rapid increase of corrosion rate in the early stage since reducible corrosion products are involved in the reduction process of the cathode which promotes the dissolution of the anodic metal substrate.Afterward,as the rust layer thickens,the resistance of the rust increases,and the aggressive ions diffusion is blocked,gradually suppressing the electrochemical corrosion process.At last,when the composition and distribution of the rust layer remain stable,the corrosion presents a fluctuating speed around a certain value during the cracking and self-repairing process of the rust layer.     

Effect of tin addition on corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated costal-industrial atmosphere

The effect of tin addition on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere has been investigated by indoor wet/dry cyclic corrosion test (CCT). The results indicate that tin addition can obviously make the steel substrate more resistant to atmospheric corrosion by suppressing the cathodic H⁺ reduction reaction, and but tin addition is not of obvious beneficial effect when the steel is covered with a thicker rust layer during long-term corrosion process. The reason lies in the fact that the presence of un-reduced H⁺ can lower the electrolyte pH value and lead to a loose and porous rust layer on tin-containing steel sample than that on tin-free steel sample. In addition, the 120 CCT cycles corrosion process of the two steels can be divided into three stages. Both the tin-free and tin-containing steels show an increasing corrosion rate during the initial corrosion stage and then exhibit a decreasing corrosion rate during the second and third corrosion stages. Moreover, tin addition makes the tin-containing steel rust layer have a higher amount of α-FeOOH and lower amount of γ-FeOOH and Fe₃O₄ than the tin-free steel rust layer.     

热镀锌钢材在海洋大气环境中的氢渗透行为

用改进的Devanathan双面电解池在恒温、恒湿)条件下检测热镀锌钢材的渗氢电流密度并观测其腐蚀形貌,研究了温度对其氢渗透行为的影响.结果表明,在湿度相同的条件下,随着模拟海洋大气环境温度的升高试样的氢渗透加速,且湿度越高温度的这种加速作用越显著;在高温和高湿条件下,试样的氢吸收和氢渗透进行得更快.     

Modeling the mechanical behavior of a multicrystalline zinc coating on a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet

Numerical simulations can play a major role in the understanding of deformation mechanisms in zinc coatings of galvanized steel sheets during forming processes. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulation of a thin zinc coating on a galvanized steel sheet has been performed taking the multicrystalline structure of the coating into account. Experimental characterization of the gauge length of a real in situ tensile specimen reveals 34 large flat zinc grains; the grain orientations are determined using the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The geometry and orientation of the grains and the plastic deformation modes specific to hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals as plastic slip and twinning are incorporated into the modeling using a classical crystal plasticity framework. The constraint effect of the substrate is evidenced by comparing the results to the computation of a zinc layer without substrate under the same loading conditions. Attention is then focused on, respectively, the initiation of plastic activity at the grain boundaries, the multiaxial stress state of the grains, the development of a strain gradient within the thickness.     

热镀锌板在3种典型泥浆中的电化学阻抗谱特征

为了解汽车镀锌板在不同泥浆中的电化学行为和腐蚀机理,通过在湿热箱中进行加速腐蚀实验,采用电化学阻抗谱进行分析,讨论3种典型土壤配制的泥浆在不同时间对镀锌板电化学阻抗谱的影响.结果表明,镀锌板在格尔木、鹰潭和库尔勒3种泥浆中的腐蚀速度依次减小;在浸泡周期内,镀锌板在鹰潭泥浆和库尔勒泥浆中的阻抗谱均具有活化控制特征,而在格尔木泥浆腐蚀过程中出现了氧扩散控制特征.镀锌板在3种典型泥浆中的腐蚀速度受含水量、土类土质、含盐量、pH值等综合作用的影响.     

Corrosion behavior of copper T2 and brass H62 in simulated Nansha marine atmosphere

The accelerated corrosion behavior of copper T2 and brass H62 exposed in simulated Nansha marine atmosphere for different periods were investigated by weight loss method, SEM, XRD and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The results indicate that copper T2 and brass H62 underwent severe corrosion, and the final corrosion rates at 32 days of exposure were 0.24 μm/d and 0.10 μm/d, respectively. Moreover, the overall corrosion type of copper T2 was uniform and the corrosion products Cu₂O and Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ played a vital role in the corrosion rate of copper. While the dezincification corrosion with zinc preferential dissolution was obvious in brass H62. The predominant phases were the zinc-rich compounds Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂·H₂O, Zn₁₂(SO₄)₃Cl₃(OH)₁₅·5H₂O and NaZn₄(SO₄)Cl(OH)₆·6H₂O. There existed a large number of copper-rich holes with 20–50 μm depth beneath the corrosion product layer.     

热镀锌钢表面硅烷/硅酸盐复合膜的耐蚀性能研究

为了改善硅烷膜的耐蚀性,将硅烷化热镀锌钢板用硅酸钠溶液封闭后处理,获得了硅烷/硅酸盐复合膜.采用中性盐雾试验(NSS)、湿热试验、盐水全浸试验和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)评价了膜层的耐蚀性能.结果表明,与单一硅烷膜相比,复合膜的耐蚀性能明显提高,超过了常规铬酸盐钝化膜.尤其是在5%NaCl溶液中,复合膜的低频阻抗数值随浸泡时间的增加先增大后减小,表明其具有一定的"自修复"能力.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on electrode life and microstructure for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel

In this article, the deep cryogenic treatment technology is first applied in the treatment of electrodes, for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel plate and electrode, life experiment is carried out. The microstructure and elements distribution of the deep cryogenic treatment electrodes, and non-cryogenic treatment of electrodes for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel is observed by, scanning electrical microscope and X-ray diffraction. The experimental results shows that deep cryogenic treatment makes Cr, Zr, in deep cryogenic treatment of electrodes, emanate disperseadly and makes the grain of deep cryogenic treatment of electrodes, smaller than non-cryogenic treatment ones, so that the electrical conductivity and the thermal conductivity of deep cryogenic treatment electrodes are improved very much, which makes electrode life for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel that improves obviously.     

十二烷基肌氨酸钠对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用

应用极化曲线法和电化学阻抗技术,考察了十二烷基肌氨酸钠对模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀作用.结果表明,十二烷基肌氨酸钠对在含氯离子的模拟混凝土孔隙液中的钢筋有良好的缓蚀效果.极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的测试结果一致证实十二烷基肌氨酸钠的加入量为100mg/L时,对含0.6mol/L NaCl的模拟混凝土孔隙液中钢筋的缓蚀效果最好.     

Corrosion behaviour of nanocrystallines 304 stainless steel in simulated secondary side environment

Surface nanocrystallisation (SNC) was prepared on the top-surface layer of 304 stainless steel by ultrasonic surface rolling treatment (USRT). Meanwhile, martensite transformation also occurred during grain refinement, and the surface microhardness increased more than tripled after USRT. The corrosion resistance of nanocrystallines (NC) 304 stainless steel was notably better than that of untreated samples in simulated pressurised water reactor (PWR) secondary water by potentiodynamic polarisation curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky curves. Meanwhile, the corrosion mechanism was discussed before and after USRT by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main reason is due to the formation of denser Cr(OH)₃ protective film and the reduction of the porous structure Fe₂O₃ content in the NC 304 stainless steel.     

新型Cu-Cr-Ni系耐海水腐蚀钢耐蚀性能及机理EI北大核心

针对海洋环境腐蚀特点,通过添加合金元素Cu,Cr和Ni开发一种新型船体用耐蚀钢(B-NS)。利用电化学实验、全浸实验和周浸实验对B-NS的耐蚀性能进行评估,同时通过扫描电镜和能谱对锈层截面形貌和成分进行分析。结果表明:合金元素的添加可有效降低B-NS钢的饱和电流密度和全浸以及周浸条件下的腐蚀速率,同时促进周浸条件下更加稳定、致密保护性锈层的生成。合金元素赋予B-NS钢优异耐腐蚀性能,主要表现在提高B-NS钢热力学稳定性,促进锈层生成以阻挡侵蚀性介质腐蚀基底和赋予锈层阳离子选择性,阻止Cl-渗透进锈层。     

Corrosion monitoring of galvanized steel in soil extract solutions by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The chemical and structural complexity of soils, coupled with their heterogeneity, contributes to the increase in soil aggressiveness, which can in turn result in severe corrosion of underground materials. The understanding of corrosive processes of underground structures is important in aiding the development of methods, as well as in monitoring and maintenance, in an attempt to minimize environmental, social, and economic impacts. In this work, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to monitor the corrosive process of galvanized steel when in contact with soil extracts, aimed at evaluating the potentiality of applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy when monitoring underground structures. To accomplish this, the behavior of the galvanized steel when undergoing corrosion was studied for 105 days, examining the variations in the eletrochemical parameter values obtained through EIS assays over this period. EIS proved to be effective in the study of corrosive processes of galvanized steel when in contact with soil extracts, identifying the different stages of the corrosive process, controlled by mass and/or charge transfer reactions.     

Bond of ribbed galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The ASTM beam end test (ASTM A944) has been used to compare the bond and slip behaviour of deformed (i.e. ribbed) galvanized, epoxy-coated and black steel bars in concrete. The objective was to determine whether galvanizing adversely affects bond strength. From a series of thirty specimens, the average bond strength of black steel and galvanized steel reinforcement used in these tests has been determined and bond stress has been shown to act uniformly over the embedded bar area. A slip value of approximately 0.4 mm has been confirmed to be associated with bond failure by concrete splitting. The results indicated that while epoxy coating resulted in a significant loss in bond strength of the order of 20% compared to black steel, there is no adverse effect on bond with the use of galvanized steel. Chromate treatment of galvanized bars is deemed unnecessary since there was no evidence of long term reduction in bond due to the possible effects of hydrogen gas evolution resulting from the reaction between zinc and wet concrete.     

Corrosion fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanisms in nitrided low alloy steel

Rotary bending fatigue tests have been performed in 3%NaCl aqueous solution using specimens of a low alloy steel (Cr–Mo steel) with different nitride case depths. The effect of case depth on corrosion fatigue strength, the fracture process and mechanisms were studied. The corrosion fatigue strengths of the nitrided materials increased compared with the untreated material and increased with increasing thickness of the compound layer, but tended to saturate above a certain thickness. All the materials showed lower fatigue strength in 3%NaCl aqueous solution than in laboratory air and the reduction of fatigue strength decreased with increasing thickness of the compound layer, but remained nearly constant above a certain thickness. Corrosion pits were seen underneath the compound layer, from which cracks initiated. The corrosion fatigue strengths of the specimens whose compound layer was completely removed by electropolishing were almost the same as that of the untreated material, indicating a very significant role of the compound layer in improving corrosion fatigue strength. Because of the porous nature of the compound layer, particularly in the surface‐adjacent part, the solution penetrated the compound layer and reached the base steel, thus the corrosion fatigue strength of the nitrided materials was controlled by the penetration of corrosive media.     

Corrosion characteristics of Q235 steel in simulated Yingtan soil solutions

In some areas, the soil is getting more and more acidic due to acids deposition. It is imperative to investigate the soil corrosion performance of underground structures. As soil is very complex, the corrosion investigation and understanding of soil buried structures are quite difficult. In this study, the corrosion performance of Q235 steel in simulated Yingtan soil solutions with pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.5, and 7.0 was investigated by weight loss test and electrochemical test including potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as corrosion process was discussed. All the tests indicated that the corrosion rate of Q235 steel in simulated soil solution was closely related to its pH value. The corrosion rate decreased with increasing pH from 3.0 to 7.0.     

Corrosion in water supply pipe stainless steel 304 and a supply line of helium in stainless steel 316

A corrosion spreading throughout the 304 stainless steel tubing of a water system to supply various buildings was observed, and also leaks were detected in welding zones. The same place is also crossed by a gas distribution network, with a helium pipe 316 of stainless steel that required periodic repairs more or less every two years, due to the presence of leaks. The tests showed that both types of stainless steel have suffered localized corrosion induced by hypochlorite ion, in a mechanism of dry/wet, and that the welding procedure performed on the 304 stainless steel is unacceptable. Some immediate procedures were undertaken to keep systems running, but recommendations were given for a final resolution of the problems.     

Temperature and NaCl deposition dependent corrosion of SAC305 solder alloy in simulated marine atmosphere

The stable operation of electronic devices in marine atmospheric environment is affected by the corrosion deterioration of solder joints,and the effects by atmosphere temperature and chloride deposition are critical.In this work,NaCl deposition and temperature dependent corrosion of Pb-free SAC305 solder in simulated marine atmosphere has been investigated.The results indicate that higher NaCl deposition prolongs the surface wetting time and leads to the final thicker saturated electrolyte film for further corrosion.Higher temperature accelerates the evaporation and contributes to the final thinner saturated NaCl electrolyte film.Besides,the corrosion control process varies under the initially covered thicker NaCl electrolyte layer and under the final saturated much thinner NaCl electrolyte film as the evaporation proceeds.Moreover,the ready oxygen availability through the final thinner saturated NaCl electrolyte film facilitates the formation of corrosion product layer mainly of electrochemically stable SnO2,but higher temperature leads to the final corrosion product layer with smaller crystal size and large cracks.The findings clearly demonstrate the effects of NaCl deposition and temperature on corrosion evolution of SAC305 solder joints and are critical to the daily maintenance of electronic devices for longer service life in marine atmosphere.     

Formation process of akaganeite in the simulated wet-dry cycles atmospheric environment

In order to clarify the formation mechanism and conditions for akaganeite in long-term exposure, the influence of the former corrosion results on akaganeite formation was investigated by simulated experiments in laboratory. The combination of XRD, FTIR, SEM and EPMA enabled the identification of the rust layer formed on the surface. Accordingly, the nature of the rust layer and the amount of the corrosive species in the rust layer varied with the extension of the exposure. Among them, comparing with the corrosion condition in initial stage, the structure of rust layer after repeated wet-dry cycles was disadvantage for akaganeite formation. Element Cl aggregated at the interface between rust and substrate in the thick part can participate in the formation of akaganeite after the rust layer covered removed. The accumulation effect of salt deposited contributed to akaganeite formation under the condition that salt deposition rate was relatively low.     

锚链钢渗锌层在海洋环境中的腐蚀行为分析

以锚链钢为研究对象,采取电化学测试、实海试验、盐雾试验等手段,从微观形貌和宏观腐蚀行为两方面分析渗锌层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,渗锌层在为期12个月的潮差、全浸、大气试验环境中均未发生腐蚀现象;渗锌层在盐雾试验500 h条件下,耐蚀性良好;渗锌及钝化工艺均能降低腐蚀速率,保护金属基体。     

Influence of NaCl Deposition on Atmospheric Corrosion of A3 Steel

Regularity of the initial atmospheric corrosion of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI was investigated. The results showed that NaCI can accelerate the corrosion of A3 steel. Dry mass gain of A3 steel in the presence of NaCI deposition increases with the exposure time, which can be correlated by using exponential decay function. The relationship between dry mass gain and amount of NaCI deposition at a certain exposure time follows a quadratic function. More amount of NaCI deposition will slow down the corrosion rate to some extent after exposure for a certain time. SEM/EDAX was used to characterize the corrosion surface and products. The surfaces of the NaCI treated A3 steel were obviously uneven, and some tiny crevices appear in the corrosion products that could help O2 transmit to the inner layer. The amount of oxygen in atomic percentage in the corrosion products increases with the amount of NaCI deposition.