航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

The kinetics of low-pressure carburizing of alloy steels

In the article the author analyzed the kinetics of low-pressure carburizing of alloy steels, based on steel 16MnCr5 and CSB 50NIL. It was found that an active radical-carbon layer (carbon deposit) deposits on the surface of austenite grains or austenite and carbides during boost steps. This layer mediates in moving the carbon deeper into the austenite grains. During the diffusion steps the layer deposited on the carbide surfaces transfers into the austenite grains. Both this layer and the one previously deposited on the austenite grains surface now undergo another catalytic decomposition into atomic carbon and hydrogen, other types of radicals and fine-crystalline graphite. The resulting carbon atoms are absorbed by surface austenite grains and next diffuse deeper into the austenite grains, and, alternatively, into the carbide surface, making the carbides grow and contributing to the increase in the carburized layer thickness.     

The kinetics of low-pressure carburizing of alloy steels

In the article the author analyzed the kinetics of low-pressure carburizing of alloy steels, based on steel 16MnCr5 and CSB 50NIL. It was found that an active radical-carbon layer (carbon deposit) deposits on the surface of austenite grains or austenite and carbides during boost steps. This layer mediates in moving the carbon deeper into the austenite grains. During the diffusion steps the layer deposited on the carbide surfaces transfers into the austenite grains. Both this layer and the one previously deposited on the austenite grains surface now undergo another catalytic decomposition into atomic carbon and hydrogen, other types of radicals and fine-crystalline graphite. The resulting carbon atoms are absorbed by surface austenite grains and next diffuse deeper into the austenite grains, and, alternatively, into the carbide surface, making the carbides grow and contributing to the increase in the carburized layer thickness.     

Reversed austenite in 0Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steels

The austenite reversion process and the distribution of carbon and other alloying elements during tempering in 0Cr13Ni4Mo martensitic stainless steel have been investigated by in-situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The microstructure of the reversed austenite was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the amount of the reversed austenite formed at high temperature increased with the holding time. Direct experimental evidence supported carbon partitioning to carbides and Ni to the reversed austenite. The reversed austenite almost always nucleated in contact with lath boundary M₂₃C₆ carbides during tempering and the diffusion of Ni promoted its growth. The Ni enrichment and the ultrafine size of the reversed austenite were considered to be the main factors that accounted for the stability of the reversed austenite.     

Carburization of high-temperature steels: A simulation-based ranking of carburization resistance

Carburization is a failure mechanism affecting equipment, such as furnace tubes, operating at high temperatures. Carburization simulations were carried out for the heat-resistant steels referred to the API-530 standard by applying a model for carbon diffusion with the concurrent formation of alloy carbides. The calculated carbon and carbide volume fraction profiles were validated experimentally. The carburization layer is composed from M₂₃C₆ and M₇C₃ carbides. The time required for the carburization front to reach the mid-thickness of the tubes was used to characterize carburization resistance. The austenitic grades exhibit a higher carburization resistance than the ferritic grades at all temperatures. In the ferritic grades, alloy composition has a stronger effect at lower service temperatures (600 °C) where carburization resistance increases with Cr and Mo content. The acceleration of diffusion at high temperatures (800 °C) dominates the composition effects on carbon diffusion, and the carburization front is controlled by the formation of carbides, which in turn depends on the available amount of Cr in the steel. In the austenitic grades, the highest carburization resistance is exhibited by the stabilized grades 321 and 347 due to formation of TiC or NbC carbides respectively. Regarding the non-stabilized grades, carburization resistance is raised by addition of Mo (316 vs 304) and lower carbon (316L vs 316). The results of this study can be used for material selection for carburization resistance and for planning maintenance procedures for the timely replacement of tubes.     

淬火温度对含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢性能的影响

将含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢在不同温度热处理并使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度测试和电化学测试等手段对其表征,研究了淬火温度对其组织、硬度以及耐蚀性能的影响.结果 表明,铜元素的添加提高了材料中残余奥氏体的体积分数,而使其硬度降低.淬火后钢中的...     

GCr15轴承钢热处理过程中碳化物的析出与演变行为

采用定量金相的方法研究GCr15轴承钢在球化退火、奥氏体化淬火、低温回火等不同热处理工序后其碳化物的演变行为,通过ThermoCalc软件进行数值模拟计算分析碳化物尺寸和成分对其在奥氏体化时固溶动力学的影响。结果表明:球化退火处理后形成的碳化物粒子尺寸呈多峰分布,奥氏体化和回火后的碳化物粒子尺寸分布为单峰分布,奥氏体化后碳化物中Cr含量略有增加;Cr含量高的碳化物粒子具有较大尺寸;球化退火形成的碳化物在奥氏体化时大量固溶形成了富碳奥氏体,淬火后转变为高碳马氏体并导致高硬度;奥氏体化时碳化物固溶发生Cr的配分导致碳化物中Cr含量增加;直径200nm的碳化物即使其Cr含量接近基体成分,也不能在奥氏体化热处理时完全固溶,未溶的碳化物颗粒将影响后续回火过程的碳化物析出。     

Transformation of (Cr,M)7C3-type carbides during nitriding of chromium alloyed steels

Thein situ rearrangement of (Cr, M)₇C₃-type carbides has been observed during ion nitriding of a commercial chromium-carbon alloyed steel (Z160CDV12). The mass balance concerning nitrogen, carbon and substitutional elements proves that carbides undergo a total transformation into substitutional (Cr, M) N-type nitrides with a simultaneous release ofα-iron from the very nitride phase. A detailed transmission electron microscopy microstructural study confirms the analytical results. There are no crystallographic relations between the carbides and their corresponding transformation products. The rejection of carbon from the carbides into the ferrite matrix leads to the precipitation of a network of cementite along the prior austenite grain boundaries.     

Changing Rule of Carbon-Enriched Zone and Diffusion Behavior of Carbon in Aging 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo Dissimilar Welded Joints

The microstructures, the changing rule of carbon-enriched zone, the diffusion behaviors of elements C and Cr, and thecarbide type of 0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints after aging at 500℃ for various times and afterlong-term service in technical practice were investigated by using the optical microscopy electron probe microanalysis,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that in aging0Cr6Mn13Ni10MoTi/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints, the main carbides are M_3C and a few carbides are M_7C_3 andM_(23)C_6. The M_3C carbide decomposition and dissolution with increasing aging time or aging temperature and theanti-diffusion of C and Cr cause the decrease and disappearance of the carbon-enriched zone. The results are differentfrom those of the A302/1Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints in previous studies.     

Numerical Simulation of Reaction—Diffusion during Carburization of HK40 Steel

Two types of carbides M23C6 and M7C3 precipitate orderly as carbon concentration in a high Cr-Ni austenitic steel increases during carburization process. The mathematical model that describes diffusion of carbon and the precipitation of M23C6 and M7C3 has been studied. A criterion to judge when the transformation of M23C6 to M7C3 is over and M7C3 precipitates directly has been given in simulated calculation. By applying the model, the carburization of HK40 steel has been calculated by means of finite difference computation techniques. The pack carburization tests for the HK40 steel have been carried out at 1273 K. The comparison between the experimental and the calculated results show acceptable agreement.     

Reactive deposition of tungsten and titanium carbides by induction plasma

A study is reported on the use of induction plasma technology for the preparation of dense free-standing deposits of tungsten carbide and titanium carbide from metallic powders and methane. Phase analysis by X-ray diffraction indicates that primary carburization of the particles takes place in-flight giving rise to the formation of W₂C and TiC_1–x . Secondary carburization occurs in the deposits resulting in the formation of tungsten and titanium carbides. Microstructures revealed by optical and scanning electron microscopy show uniform small grains of the carbides. The reactive plasma spray-formed tungsten carbide shows transgranular fracture, while pure tungsten deposits show intergranular fracture.     

Mechanism of carburization of high-temperature alloys

An investigation of the mechanism of gaseous carburization in a reducing environment was conducted for selected Fe- and Ni-base alloys. Carburization kinetics were measured as functions of temperature in the range 870–980 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, analytical electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were employed for microstructural characterization and microchemical analysis. Changes in mechanical strength produced by carburization were determined from microhardness and tensile property measurements. Kinetic studies indicated that the carburization reaction followed a parabolic rate law. Depending upon the nature of surface scale formed in the presence of a carburizing environment, the rate-determining step of the reaction varied from C diffusion into the alloy in the presence of a carbide scale to that in the presence of an oxide scale. Under reducing carburizing conditions, alloys inherently protected by Cr₂O₃-base scale were found to develop a surface carbide scale which allowed C to penetrate into the alloy with relative ease and, thus, the carburization kinetics was accelerated. In contrast, an alloy capable of forming Al₂O₃ developed and maintained a protective surface oxide scale which acted as an effective barrier to C diffusion into the alloy. Degradation of mechanical strength due to precipitation of carbides in the alloy was correlated with the rate of attack and consequently the nature of the surface scale.     

Heat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel

The effects of Cr and Ni on low carbon steel was observed. Undissolved carbide particles refine the austenite grain size. In the presence of nickel, chromium carbide is less effective in austenite grain refinement than chromium carbide in absence of nickel at temperature below 975°C. Nickel does not produce any austenite grain refinement but presence of nickel promotes the formation of acicular ferrites. It was also found that Ni and Cr as chromium carbide also refines the ferrite grain size and morphology. Cr as chromium carbide is more effective in refining ferrite grain size than nickel.     

正火回火14Ni3CrMoV锻钢微观组织的TEM研究

利用透射电镜 (TEM)研究了 1 4Ni3CrMoV锻钢正火 +回火后的微观组织。结果表明 ,该钢在正火过程中形成的以贝氏体为主的组织在高温回火过程中发生了明显变化。碳化物大量析出 ,分布均匀 ,大部分仍保持一定的方向性 ,显示原贝氏体铁素体板条的位向。局部存在铁素体 +球化碳化物类组织。回火后没有发现块状残余奥氏体     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr–Ni–Mo–Nb steel

Abstract

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a medium carbon Cr–Ni–Mo–Nb steel in quenched and tempered conditions were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray analysis, and tensile and impact tests. Results showed that increasing austenitisation temperature gave rise to an increase in the tensile strength due to more complete dissolution of primary carbides during austenitisation at high temperatures. The austenite grains were fine when the austenitisation temperature was <1373 K owing to the pinning effect of undissolved Nb(C,N) particles. A tensile strength of 1600 MPa was kept at tempering temperatures up to 848 K, while the peak impact toughness was attained at 913 K tempering, as a result of the replacement of coarse Fe rich M₃C carbides by fine Mo rich M₂C carbides. Austenitisation at 1323 K followed by 913 K tempering could result in a combination of high strength and good toughness for the Cr–Ni–Mo–Nb steel.     

Thermal aging of 16Cr – 5Ni – 1Mo stainless steel Part 1 – Microstructural analysis

Abstract

Specimens of 16Cr - 5Ni - 1Mo stainless steel were solution treated at 1050 ° C for 1 h followed by heating in the temperature range 400 - 750 ° C for different holding times (1 - 16 h). After heat treatment, optical microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction examinations were conducted. The microstructure of all aged specimens was found to consist of martensite with variable fractions of δ ferrite and reversed austenite. Very fine precipitates of Mo carbides were revealed in the specimens aged at 475 ° C. The specimens aged at 625 ° C showed a decrease in the dislocation density and a high volume fraction of austenite and precipitation of Fe₂Mo Laves phase was detected by X-ray analysis. Above 625 ° C, Cr₂₃C₆ and TiC became the predominate carbides heterogeneously precipitated in the martensitic matrix. Partial transformation of reversed austenite to unaged martensite was observed at temperatures above 625 ° C.     

真空分级淬火对8Cr4Mo4V钢组织和性能的影响

在真空条件下对航空轴承用8Cr4Mo4V钢进行不同温度的分级淬火并采用扫描电镜观察其微观组织、用XRD谱进行相分析并测试洛氏硬度、冲击性能和旋转弯曲疲劳性能,研究了真空分级淬火对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,真空分级淬火后的8Cr4Mo4V钢其微观组织由下贝氏体、马氏体/残余奥氏体和碳化物组成;随着分级淬火温度的提高,淬火和回火态钢中析出碳化物的数量增加,残余奥氏体的含量降低。分级淬火温度为580℃时淬火态钢中贝氏体的含量最高(达到13.87%),残余奥氏体的含量为28.59%。回火后析出碳化物的含量和洛氏硬度均为所有分级温度中的最大值,分别为4.37%和62.38HRC。真空分级淬火能提高8Cr4Mo4V钢的综合力学性能。与未分级真空淬火相比,进行580℃×10 min真空分级淬火的8Cr4Mo4V钢的冲击韧性提高了23.3%,旋转弯曲疲劳极限提高了110 MPa。     

16Cr-2.5Mn高铬白口铁的亚临界热处理研究

研究了亚临界热处理对16Cr-2．5Mn高铬白口铁组织转变和性能的影响，并利用TEM、SEM、XRD和M200磨损试验机分析了其硬化机制和对耐磨性的影响．研究表明：过饱和奥氏体中固溶的Cr和C在亚临界热处理时会以（Cr，Fe）23C6形式析出，残余奥氏体发生了马氏体相变，使合金产生二次硬化；亚临界热处理中，保温时间过长，将导致（Cr，Fe）23C6向M3C原位转变发生，基体组织发生珠光体转变，导致硬度和耐磨性能不同程度降低；残余奥氏体含量为10％左右时，合金获得最高硬度和最佳耐磨性能．     

Cr含量降低对H13钢组织与力学性能的影响

对比了Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢与Cr含量为5%的传统H13钢性能的差异,利用SEM、TEM、XRD进行微观组织与相组成分析,研究了Cr对H13钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,Cr含量的降低明显提高了H13钢的回火稳定性与高温强度,其原因主要与回火组织中马氏体的回复程度及二次析出碳化物的种类有关。传统H13钢在650℃回火时,马氏体基本回复完全,基体强度明显下降,并在原马氏体板条界和晶界上析出了较多的尺寸为120nm左右的近球形Cr7C3和M6C型碳化物,第二相强化效果降低;而Cr含量降低为3%的3Cr-H13钢在650℃回火后,基体依然为板条马氏体,板条内保持较高的位错密度,同时板条内析出的大量细小弥散的短棒状VC,在起到弥散强化作用的同时还钉扎位错,推迟了马氏体的回复,从而提高了高温性能。     

三维原子探针表征淬回火Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢的元素分布

将Cr-Mo-V-Ni中合金钢在1 030℃奥氏体化保温0.5h后油淬,在600℃回火2次,每次2h。结合光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM),采用三维原子探针(3DAP)技术分析了淬火态和回火态各元素原子的三维空间分布以及碳化物内部和碳化物/基体界面处元素分布和成分变化。结果表明,淬火试样中C原子由于自回火和短程扩散出现了较为明显的片状偏聚,而其他合金原子Cr、Mn、Mo、Si、V和Ni基本分布均匀;回火试样中C、Cr、Mo和V发生共偏聚形成厚度约10nm的合金碳化物M23C6,Si原子形成一层薄薄的偏聚层包裹着M23C6,而Ni又包裹着Si原子而偏聚于最外层。