浓硫酸中304不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀行为的电化学研究

为了给应用于浓硫酸工业生产的304不锈钢管道的防护提供指导,采用电化学阻抗谱法与动电位扫描法研究了304不锈钢焊接接头各个区域在质量分数为98%的浓硫酸中不同温度下的腐蚀行为。结果表明:304不锈钢焊接接头在浓硫酸中的腐蚀形式以点蚀为主。在相同条件的浓硫酸介质中,焊接接头各区域耐蚀性优劣依次为:基材、焊缝、热影响区,焊接过程对不锈钢的腐蚀起到促进作用。随着硫酸介质温度的逐渐升高,基材的钝化膜比较稳定,而焊缝与热影响区的钝化膜会发生破裂;并且各区域的自腐蚀电流与腐蚀速率会逐渐增大,耐腐蚀性逐渐下降。     

Annealing temperature effects on superduplex stainless steel UNS S32750 welded joints. II: pitting corrosion resistance evaluation

This study deals with the effect of the annealing temperature on the pitting corrosion resistance of UNS S32750 submerged-arc welded joints. In a companion article (Part I), the influence of post-weld annealing temperature on microstructure evolution and chemical composition of austenite and ferrite was analyzed; this study can thus be considered directly connected with the previous one. The pitting corrosion resistance of the heat-treated welded joints was evaluated by using both electrochemical measurements and ASTM G48 standard gravimetric tests; examinations of initiation sites of pitting attack were carried out in order to correlate the experimental data obtained in this study with the predicted pitting corrosion behavior obtained by using the results described in Part I. Generally, the post-weld annealing treatment enhances the pitting corrosion resistance of UNS S32750 welded joints. By using PREN analysis of single phases, a correlation between the chemical composition evolution of ferrite and austenite and the experimental pitting behavior of the welded joints was found, in relation to welding and post-welding heat treatment temperature. In particular, an exponential relationship between PREN of weaker phase and pitting potential in 3.5% NaCl solution at 80 °C for the weld metal was obtained. The most favorable annealing temperature for the analyzed welded joints was found to be 1100 °C.     

高铁不锈钢焊接接头在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为

为了提高高铁的行车安全,通过现场暴露试验,采用数码显微镜、能量色散谱、拉曼光谱及电化学测量方法研究了高铁不锈钢焊接接头在万宁海洋大气环境中暴露2a后的腐蚀行为规律。结果表明:暴晒2a后不锈钢焊接接头的腐蚀类型以点蚀为主,蚀坑密度较高;腐蚀产物主要有Fe3O4、α-Fe2O3、γ-Fe2O3、α-FeOOH,β-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH,不锈钢焊接试样在3.5%NaCl溶液中阳极行为存在一定钝化特性;各区域点蚀电位高低排序为筋板母材区〉底板母材区〉焊缝区。     

焊接对304SS钢腐蚀行为的影响规律

采用304SS制作水浴式汽化器时需对304SS进行焊接加工,但此步骤会影响其耐蚀性能,并且距离焊点不同的位置,焊接对材料的影响不同。为了进一步确定焊接对304SS腐蚀影响规律,采用电化学阻抗和电化学噪声等技术研究了304SS钢的大管径盘管与小管径插管的承插焊接对其耐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明:较高的焊接热可引起304SS钢中的γ相向α相的转变,而适度的(热处理)温度则可提高304SS钢中γ相的相对含量;在承插过程的形变应力和焊接高温热的共同作用下,304SS钢的初期点蚀作用增强,盘管的耐蚀性能按紧邻焊接点区域、未热处理区域、次邻焊接点区域的顺序依次增大,而插管的耐蚀性能按紧邻焊接点区域、次邻焊接点区域、未热处理区域的顺序依次升高。     

Achieving ultra-high strength friction stir welded joints of high nitrogen stainless steel by forced water cooling

The microstructure and properties of water-cooled and air-cooled friction stir welded (FSW) ultra-high strength high nitrogen stainless steel joints were comparatively studied. With additional rapid cooling by flowing water, the peak temperature and duration at elevated temperature during FSW were significantly reduced. Compared to those in the air-cooled joint, nugget zone with finer grains (900 nm) and heat affected zone with higher dislocation density were successfully obtained in the water-cooled joint, leading to significantly improved mechanical properties. The wear of the welding tool was significantly reduced with water cooling, resulting in better corrosion resistance during the immersion corrosion test.     

6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微区腐蚀行为

国内外有关铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)接头腐蚀性能的研究主要涉及接头的宏观腐蚀行为,对焊缝微区腐蚀行为的报道很少。通过电化学测试、静态失重试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等试验手段研究6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的耐腐蚀性能,发现搅拌摩擦焊接试样在焊缝中间区域的耐腐蚀性能最好,其次依次是搅拌针后方和搅拌针前方,母材的耐腐蚀性能最差。6082-T6铝合金母材、搅拌针前方和搅拌针后方发生腐蚀的类型主要为晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀,随着时间增加,晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀程度加剧,焊缝中间区域基本不发生腐蚀。母材和搅拌针前方晶内沉淀相为针状沉淀相,在晶界附近存在沉淀无析出相;晶界析出相富含Mg和Si元素,晶界析出相和沉淀无析出带之间以及晶内基体与沉淀无析出带之间存在腐蚀原电池,导致腐蚀较严重;搅拌针后方和焊核区由于受到轴肩和搅拌针作用,焊后位错减少,组织细化,降低形成局部腐蚀原电池倾向,导致耐腐蚀性能较好。通过对腐蚀后FSW接头铝合金的微观组织形貌观察,结合试验所得到的微观组织,确定了影响接头腐蚀行为的原因和相应的腐蚀机理,为拓展6082-T6铝合金的运用范围提供理论依据。     

焊接电流对X80钢低温焊接接头组织与性能的影响

通过显微组织分析、硬度测试、拉伸试验、冲击试验、腐蚀试验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等实验手段,研究了焊条电弧焊(SMAW)不同焊接电流对X80钢低温焊接接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明:随着焊接电流增加,热影响区(HAZ)晶粒粗化,并且软化现象更加明显;焊接电流在180~190A的接头综合力学性能最佳,但当电流增加到190~200A时,接头的综合力学性能显著降低;各组接头腐蚀速率相差不大,范围在0.14~0.19g/(m2·h),腐蚀膜具有较好的致密性,能够阻止腐蚀介质对基体继续进行腐蚀,从而达到较好的耐腐蚀效果。     

Predicting tensile strength,hardness and corrosion rate of friction stir welded AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA6061-T₆ aluminium alloy (Al–Mg–Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. The friction stir welding (FSW) process and tool parameters play major role in deciding the joint characteristics. In this research, the tensile strength and hardness along with the corrosion rate of friction-stir-butt welded joints of AA6061-T₆ aluminium alloy were investigated. The relationships between the FSW parameters (rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter and tool hardness) and the responses (tensile strength, hardness and corrosion rate) were established. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the tensile strength and minimize the corrosion rate were identified and reported here.     

Annealing temperature effects on super duplex stainless steel UNS s32750 welded joints. I: microstructure and partitioning of elements

Welding of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels is a crucial operation and all the materials and parameters used in this process must be optimized in order to obtain the suitable corrosion and mechanical properties. Since a great part of super duplex stainless steels is used in very aggressive environment, their corrosion resistance, referred in particular to pitting and crevice corrosion, is an all-important facet in production and processing of this type of steels. Pitting corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steels welded joints depends on several aspects: microstructure of the bead, elemental partitioning between ferrite and austenite, and the possible presence of secondary phases. For these reasons, a post-weld annealing is generally performed to homogenize the microstructure. The annealing temperature is the most important parameter to be optimized in this heat treatment. In the present work, a comparison between the as-welded and solution-treated joints is carried out. An effort has been made to correlate the main factors that affect pitting corrosion of the welded joints (microstructure, secondary phases, chemical composition of single phases) with the experimental data obtained from corrosion tests. In this first part of the work the results regarding microstructure and partitioning of elements are presented. The phase balance and the austenite morphology are locally upset during submerged-arc welding of UNS S32750. In the fusion zone, the two phases (ferrite and austenite) result to have approximately the same composition regarding Cr, Mo, and Ni content, while nitrogen is heavily concentrated in austenite. After annealing treatment, the austenite volume fraction increases and the partitioning ratios of elements reach the equilibrium values. The base material results to be less sensitive to annealing treatment than the fusion zone, and the partitioning of elements in the base material is in agreement with previous works reported in the literature.     

热输入对Q1100钢焊接接头低温韧性及耐蚀性能的影响

采用10 kJ/cm和15 kJ/cm两种焊接热输入对Q1100超高强钢进行熔化极气体保护焊,研究焊接接头的组织性能及局部腐蚀行为。结果表明：两种热输入焊接接头的焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量的粒状贝氏体,粗晶区组织均为板条贝氏体,细晶区组织均为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,临界相变区组织为多边形铁素体、马奥岛和碳化物的混合组织。两种热输入焊接接头中电荷转移电阻均为母材>热影响区>焊缝区,母材耐蚀性最好,热影响区次之,焊缝区耐蚀性最差。在腐蚀过程中,焊缝区作为阳极最先被腐蚀,当腐蚀一定时间后,腐蚀位置发生改变,阳极腐蚀区域转移到母材区,而焊缝区作为阴极得到保护。热输入为10 kJ/cm时,焊接接头具有更好的低温韧性和耐蚀性,其焊缝和热影响区-40℃冲击功分别为46.5 J和30.2 J。     

热模拟2205DSS焊接HAZ的点蚀实验研究

采用热模拟法模拟焊接热过程,研究了2205双相不锈钢(DSS)的模拟焊接粗晶区的耐点蚀性能和金相组织的关系,探讨了冷却时间t8/5对模拟热影响区(HAZ)组织与点蚀性能的影响.结果表明:冷却时间t8/5对组织及点蚀性能有较大的影响,随冷却时间t8/5的增加,铁素体含量减少,奥氏体含量增加,模拟HAZ的点蚀率和点蚀相对面积降低,但仍大于母材,而最大点蚀深度增大,但低于母材.当冷却时间t8/5为100s左右时,模拟HAZ的抗点蚀性能接近母材的抗点蚀性能.     

几种超级不锈钢在模拟烟气脱硫环境中的点蚀行为

目前,针对904L,254s Mo和2507等几种主要备选超级不锈钢在烟气脱硫环境中的耐点蚀性能缺乏系统研究。在温度分别为20、40、70℃的死亡绿液溶液中,利用循环伏安曲线和扫描电镜(SEM)法,对316不锈钢和超级不锈钢904L、254s Mo及2507的极化行为和点蚀形貌进行了研究。结果表明:在该环境中,升高温度可降低4种不锈钢表面钝化膜稳定性并提高其点蚀敏感性;在不同温度环境下,316不锈钢均有严重的点蚀现象发生,而254s Mo和2507不锈钢表面均无明显点蚀迹象;在20℃时,904L不锈钢表面无明显点蚀迹象,40℃时,其表面出现典型的点蚀形貌,但点蚀坑尺寸较小,在70℃的高温下,其点蚀坑尺寸明显增大,点蚀损伤严重;254s Mo和2507均适合作烟气脱硫设备材料,而316、904L在该环境中需谨慎使用。     

焊接热输入对06CuNiCrMoNb钢HAZ组织与性能的影响

研究了热输入对06CuNiCrMoNb钢焊接热影响区不同部位组织和性能的影响,重点分析了粗晶区的韧性与组织之间的关系。结果表明,模拟焊接热影响区没有出现"软化"现象,但是当线能量大于30kJ/cm情况下,粗晶区低温韧性迅速下降。对粗晶区的分析显示,线能量17kJ/cm条件下贝氏体铁素体呈细小板条状,在板条间存在着残余奥氏体薄膜,随线能量的增大,块状的铁素体数量增多,并且出现不规则片状M+A组元。     

Failure Analysis of AISI 321 Austenitic Stainless Steel Water Piping in a Power Plant

The objective of this work was to analyze a reported pitting damage mechanism in water piping of a power plant. The investigated material was a longitudinal-seam welded pipe which was made of AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel. Pitting occurred on the internal surfaces of the pipe and adjacent to the girth welds. Optical emission spectrometry, metallography, and electrochemical testing were the techniques employed to analyze the failure. The investigation showed that the flowing water contained chloride ions in which AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel is not immune against pitting corrosion. In addition, the polarization data showed the susceptibility of the material to pitting corrosion in the service conditions. Furthermore, the result of double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests showed that the material was sensitized during welding. It was found that the damage was due to pitting corrosion in chloride-containing water. Thus, it was recommended to replace the pipe with material having higher pitting resistance equivalent number to be more resistant against pitting corrosion.     

Identification of the pin offset effect on the friction stir welding (FSW) via Taguchi – Grey relational analysis: A Case study for AA 7075 – AA 6013 alloys

The aim of this work is to present a case study relating to the dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) ability of AA 7075‐T651 and AA 6013‐T6 by applying pin offset technique. An orthogonal array L18 was conducted to perform the overlapped weld seams using three different values of pin offset, welding speed and tool rotational speed along with two different pin profiles determine the impact of welding parameters on the tensile properties of friction stir welded joints. The nugget zone for each of overlapped weld seams exhibited a complex structure and also, the pin offset and profile also were found to have a great impact on the microstructural evolution of the nugget zone. The ultimate tensile strength, elongation at the rapture and bending strength of welded joints were measured in the ranges of 194–215 MPa, 1.79–3.34 % and 203–352 MPa. From the Taguchi based Grey relational analysis, the optimum welding condition was determined for the welded joint performed using a single fluted pin profile with the zero pin offset, tool rotational speed of 630 min^?1 and welding speed of 63 mm/min. Microstructural and macro‐structural observations revealed that welded joints exhibiting lower tensile strength are consistent of various types of defects (e. g. cracks, tunnels and cavities). The fracture location of welded joints was found to be on the heat affected zone and between the heat affected zone and AA 6013‐base metal. The tool and pin wear was not observed during the welding applications     

Effect of Tool Pin Profile and Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061 Aluminium Alloy

AA6061 aluminium alloy (Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Compared to many of the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the joint properties. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of rotational speed and tool pin profile on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, and square) have been used to fabricate the joints at five different tool rotational speeds (800-1600 RPM). Tensile properties, microhardness, and microstructure of the joints have been evaluated. From this investigation it is found that the joints fabricated using square pin profiled tool with a tool rotational speed of 1200 RPM exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to other joints.     

Failure analysis of austenitic stainless steel pipes in amine liquid regeneration unit of a desulfurizer

Failure investigation was carried out on the austenitic stainless steel pipes of an amine liquid purification unit. The authors investigated the causes of the pipe failure by analyzing chemical compositions of materials and corrosion products, observing microstructures, and testing the pitting corrosion resistance of materials. The results showed that the failure was caused by pitting corrosion due to the presence of chlorine ions in the working medium. Another important cause of pitting corrosion was the decrease of corrosion resistance of welds owing to the microstructural changes taken place during welding. A large amount of sulfate ions in the working medium accelerated the pits growth. At the same time, proposals were put forward to the user of the failure pipes.     

Influence of carbon dioxide shielding gas on microstructure and corrosion property of welds

The microstructures and corrosion properties of weld joints are studied during 10 kW high power fiber laser welding of 304 stainless steel with shielding gases of 100 % argon, 80 % argon containing 20 % carbon dioxide and 100 % carbon dioxide, respectively. As the content of carbon dioxide in argon shielding gas increases from 0 % to 20 % then to 100 % during 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the interdendritic δ‐ferrite in weld joints changes from lathy, short strip and trivial structures to thick‐long strip with short secondary dendrite arms then to skeletal‐network structure. Oxide inclusions, observed in 100 % carbon dioxide shielded weld, promote the formation of the skeletal‐network structure of δ‐ferrite and the homogenization of chromium and nickel in weld joint. The 100 % argon shielded weld joint has a highest initial corrosion current density, the 80 % argon containing 20 % carbon dioxide shielded weld has a lowest pitting potential, while the 100 % carbon dioxide shielded weld has a highest initial corrosion potential. The microstructures and element distribution play important role in determining the corrosion properties of the weld joints.     

Corrosion resistance of girth joints of pipes made by contact butt welding

We establish that welded joints made by contact butt welding of ferritic-austenitic steel are not susceptible to general, intercrystalline, and pitting corrosion, and the mechanical properties of the joints of pipes comply with the requirements of the ISO API-1104 standard. The base metal and welded joints are subjected to corrosion cracking in a boiling 42% MgCl₂ solution and NACE solution. E. O. Paton Institute of Electrical Welding, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 107–108, January–February, 1999.     

Effect of aging on the corrosion resistance of 2101 lean duplex stainless steel

The microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of a 2101 lean duplex stainless steel aged at 700 °C were investigated. The results showed that changes in the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel, due to the formation of precipitates, affected its pitting corrosion resistance. The values of the pitting potential and the critical pitting temperature dropped drastically before aging time up to 30 min. The potentiostatic pitting corrosion measurement indicated more sensitive to the small amount of precipitates compared to the potentiodynamic test. Pitting nucleated mainly in the ferrite phase for the solution-annealed specimen, while the initiation of pitting corrosion for the aged specimen took place at Cr-depletion area around the precipitates, i.e. in the newly formed secondary austenite phase.