小孔法测量残余应力时孔边塑性应变的有限元分析及修正

小孔法测量高残余应力时,小孔周围材料接近于屈服状态,由于产生塑性变形而引入塑性附加应变,使得测量结果产生很大的误差。研究了应变释放系数与主应力之间的双轴比、主应力方向与应变花方向夹角以及应力水平之间的关系,通过有限元数值试验的方法对应变释放系数进行标定,使其包含有塑性附加应变的影响,并利用标定后的应变释放系数对焊接残余应力测量结果进行了修正,得到了较好的结果。     

焊接残余应力测试方法的研究

在同一焊接试板同一部位分别用钴孔法及X衍射法测量焊接残余应力,通过分析对比发现钻孔法测试残余应力结果是可信的,而X射线衍射法所测得的残余应力值应减去钢板表面原有的轧制残余应力后才是焊接残余应力。本文还把上述两种方法的测试结果与Masubuchi提出的对接焊缝内纵向残余应力的分布进行比较,提出了工程中估算残余应力的方法。     

LY12铝合金薄板焊接残余应力测试分析

采用切条法和有限元计算,完成了对LY12铝合金薄板焊件焊接残余应力的测试和数值分析,测得的纵向焊接残余应力数值与有限元计算的结果吻合良好,研究结果表明,分析得到的残余应力分布,对LY12铝合金薄板在焊后服役过程中承受的应力状态分析提供了基础理论依据,有着实际的意义。     

焊接残余应力计算、测试与调控的研究进展

随着全球能源结构调整及能源利用效率的提高,石化、核电等承压设备日益朝着大型化方向发展,焊接作为一种传统连接工艺,依然是大型承压设备制造的关键技术.然而,焊接不可避免带来残余应力,是引发应力腐蚀、疲劳、断裂等失效的主要原因之一,对承压设备结构完整性及安全服役产生重要影响.因此,有效调控焊接残余应力是保障大型承压设备结构完整性的关键.而焊接残余应力作为一种"看不见、摸不着"的天生缺陷,其精准的计算方法和可靠的测试手段亦是实现其科学有效调控的基础.基于国内外研究成果以及笔者研究团队的研究工作,系统总结了近半个世纪以来在焊接残余应力计算、测试及调控等方面所取得的研究进展,分析工艺、材料与结构仿真三位一体的焊接残余应力集成计算方法研究现状,详细梳理各类焊接残余应力测试方法,总结其优缺点,而后对残余应力调控方法进行分类阐述,重点阐述了最近新出现的残余应力调控方法,并展望发展趋势.     

焊接接头残余应力分析

利用光弹性模拟试验技术，对常用的几种焊接接头的残余应力分布规律进行了研究，为进一步分析焊接结构的残余应力分布规律打下了基础。     

焊接残余应力对焊接结构的影响

阐述了焊接残余应力产生的原因及其影响因素,分析了焊接残余应力对焊接结构的影响,同时,就如何有效消除焊接残余应力进行了深入的探讨,为焊接残余应力提供了参考依据.     

焊接残余应力的消除

对于在疲劳环境中使用的焊接件,必须重视由使用负载和加工过程产生的应力,章阐述了焊接和打磨残余张应力的产生机理,通过试验数据的分析,介绍采用热处理和喷丸处理消除残余张应力,提高工件抗疲劳性质的途径和效果。     

CF—62钢焊缝残余应力测试

对４４ｍｍ厚的ＣＦ－６２钢宽板和窗形拘束板焊缝的残余应力测试和结果基本代表了球罐的实际焊接残余应力状况，同时通过对宽板和窗形拘束板各种状态下焊接残应力测试表明，焊缝余高打磨、预加载等措施对降低焊接残余应力都有一定作用，而热处理的效果相对较好。     

双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊缝结构微区残余应力数值模拟

运用有限元软件ANSYS对双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊接过程进行了数值分析.采用高斯热源模型模拟手工钨极氩弧焊源,利用APDL编写循环程序实现热源的移动,得到双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊后的变形和残余应力场.从焊缝结构微区的Von Mises等效应力分布云图和节点的残余应力分布曲线可见:整个结构的焊后残余应力均为压应力,其值远小于材料的屈服强度,最大残余应力发生在沿焊缝方向上,从垂直焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线可见,在焊缝处横向残余应力发生跳跃变化.     

Welding residual stress in roots between deck plate and U-rib in orthotropic steel decks

Fatigue cracks have recently been observed at weld roots between the deck plate and U-rib in orthotropic steel decks. Some cracks initiated from the weld roots and then propagated through the deck plate. The welding residual stress at the root appears to have a considerable influence on crack initiation and propagation. However, the stress has not yet been efficiently clarified in previous studies. In this study, the residual stress of model specimens with or without weld penetration and root gap were measured using the cutting method and magnetostriction method. In addition, thermo-elastic-plastic finite element analyses were carried out on parametric models of actual welded joints.     

残余应力引起的铣削变形有限元分析

应用弹性力学理论推导出了二维连续铣削过程中工件内应力再分布及其引起变形的计算递推公式.解决了有限元建模、初始应力加载、变形评估等仿真关键技术,建立了残余应力引起铣削变形的二维有限元仿真模型.最后对实例进行了仿真计算,分析了残余应力引起的加工变形规律,并用解析法对仿真结果的进行了验证.     

薄壁铝合金结构焊接应力变形数值模拟

实际结构焊接过程的三维数值模拟因为计算量大而往往难以进行。为了采用三维热弹塑性有限元方法对薄 壁铝合金结构的焊接过程进行数值模拟,提出了粘贴单元和混和单元两种网格划分技术相结合的单元划分方案进 行有限元建模,通过薄板对接模型试验验证了此方案的可行性,并研究了不同建模方案对计算效率的影响。将这 种单元划分方案应用到实际薄壁筒体结构焊接过程的数值模拟中,对焊接过程产生的残余应力和变形进行了成功 地预测。结果表明:对于薄壁构件,采用粘贴单元和混合单元相结合的单元划分方案可以在保证一定精度的前提 下,可大大减少有限元网格划分工作量,同时可降低计算规模,提高计算效率。     

The effect of plasticity on the ability of the deep hole drilling technique to measure axisymmetric residual stress

Mechanical strain relief covers a class of techniques for measuring residual stress in engineering components. These techniques work by measuring strains or displacements when part of the component is machined away. The assumption is that such strain or displacement changes result from elastic unloading; however, in components containing high magnitudes of residual stress elastic–plastic unloading may well occur. Such elastic–plastic unloading introduces errors into the measurement of the residual stresses and these errors may be large. This paper addresses the performance of the deep hole drilling technique, a mechanical strain relief technique particularly suitable for large section components. First a plane strain analysis is presented that quantifies the errors associated with plasticity for different magnitudes of residual stress. A three dimensional finite element analysis is then carried out that shows larger errors may be obtained than those suggested by the plane strain analysis. A method for reducing the magnitude of the error is investigated. Finally, the results of an experimental measurement of residual stress are presented where substantial plasticity occurs. The work demonstrates the potential vulnerability of mechanical strain relief methods to plasticity and introduces methods for quantifying the resulting errors. It also provides further evidence that modifications to the standard DHD technique can be made to make the technique less susceptible to error when plasticity occurs.     

Nondestructive testing and characterization of residual stress field using an ultrasonic method

To address the difficulty in testing and calibrating the stress gradient in the depth direction of mechanical components, a new technology of nondestructive testing and characterization of the residual stress gradient field by ultrasonic method is proposed based on acoustoelasticity theory. By carrying out theoretical analysis, the sensitivity coefficients of different types of ultrasonic are obtained by taking the low carbon steel(12%C) as a research object. By fixing the interval distance between sending and receiving transducers, the mathematical expressions of the change of stress and the variation of time are established. To design one sending-one receiving and oblique incidence ultrasonic detection probes, according to Snell law, the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) is excited at a certain depth of the fixed distance of the tested components. Then, the relationship between the depth of LCR wave detection and the center frequency of the probe in Q235 steel is obtained through experimental study. To detect the stress gradient in the depth direction, a stress gradient LCR wave detection model is established, through which the stress gradient formula is derived by the relationship between center frequency and detecting depth. A C-shaped stress specimen of Q235 steel is designedto conduct stress loading tests, and the stress is measured with the five group probes at different center frequencies. The accuracy of ultrasonic testing is verified by X-ray stress analyzer. The stress value of each specific depth is calculated using the stress gradient formula. Accordingly, the ultrasonic characterization of residual stress field is realized. Characterization results show that the stress gradient distribution is consistent with the simulation in ANSYS. The new technology can be widely applied in the detection of the residual stress gradient field caused by mechanical processing, such as welding and shot peening.     

W-Fe-Ni合金车削残余应力正交试验研究

采用极差分析法分析基于正交试验的W-Fe-Ni合金车削试验结果。结果表明:加工表面切向残余应力为拉应力,其主要影响因素是切削深度;轴向残余应力为压应力,其主要影响因素是进给量。并讨论了获得较小车削表面残余应力的合理切削条件。     

带有残余应力的关节轴承外圈硬切削有限元仿真研究

针对关节轴承冷挤压装配后,其轴承外圈存在较大的残余应力的问题,对多次硬切削关节轴承外圈对残余应力的影响和轴承内外圈间隙的分布规律进行了研究,对自润滑关节轴承挤压装配过程和冷却回弹过程进行了仿真分析,开展了多次硬切削带残余应力的GCr15轴承钢关节轴承外圈有限元仿真分析,建立了材料本构模型、损伤初始准则及损伤演化准则之间的关系,提出了热力耦合有限元仿真分析的方法。在Abaqus软件上对多次硬切削对应力分布情况和轴承外圈回弹量等进行了评价分析。研究结果表明,有限元仿真分析能够预测硬切削对自润滑关节轴承外圈残余应力大小的影响和轴承内外圈间隙的变化规律,这对于通过硬切削释放残余应力,控制和提高工件质量具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Stress and residual stress distributions in plane strain bending

Stress and residual stress distributions in bending are important in calculating springback and loading capacity of a sheet-metal bending part. Great differences have been found in springback prediction with the same input (benchmark problems) among different researchers. In order to find out the root cause of these differences, stress and residual stress calculation methods in plane strain bending are briefly reviewed or developed. The influence of deformation theory and incremental theory, repeating bending, unbending and re-bending, cyclic material models and springback calculation methods on the stress or residual stress distributions are examined and shown to be large. This emphasizes the importance of careful selection of these variables in a simulation model in addition to other general input variables, such as material properties, tool geometry and friction condition. This fact also helps to explain the great differences among different research results, and presents a challenge to both the programmers and the users of finite element packages.     

Micro-Raman depth analysis of residual stress in machined germanium

Raman spectroscopy has proved to be a useful nondestructive technique for measuring residual stresses in semicondutors. The Raman microprobe is used to investigate the effects of machine parameters on residual stresses in single point diamond turned germanium (Ge). A profiling technique that provides a method of obtaining the residual stress information as a function of depth with depth resolutions of 10.0 nm is discussed. This method is used to analyze the asymmetrically broadened and shifted spectral features in the machined samples. Residual stresses are sampled across ductile feed cuts in (100) Ge wafers, which were single point diamond turned using various feed rates (12.5, 25 nm/rev), rake angles (0°, −10°, −30°), and clearance angles (6°, 16°). In general a region of plastically deformed material that shows slight compressive stresses exist near the surface of the diamond turned sample. The compressive surface stress increases to a maximum at a depth of ≈ 50 nm beneath the surface at which point the stress rapidly changes sign. The rapid sign change is indicative of the transition from plastic to elastic deformation. Deeper probe regions exhibit increasing tensile stresses, which reach a maximum and then relax to zero at greater depths in the sample. A related study of the stress field occurring around Vicker's hardness indents provides a link between theoretical and experimental stress profiles and demonstrates the accuracy of the micro-Raman profiling technique.