直接浸渍冷冻草鱼块冻藏过程中品质变化研究

探讨直接浸渍冻结(immersion chilling and freezing,ICF)对食品冻藏品质的影响。以氯化钠、乙醇和丙二醇3种组分构成的多元载冷剂为冷冻介质(溶液温度－40℃)条件下草鱼块冻藏过程中品质的变化情况,并与空气鼓风式冻结(空气温度－ 40℃、风速6m/s)进行比较。结果表明：直接浸渍冻结其冻结速率是相同介质温度下空气鼓风式冻结的1.5 倍;冻结后的草鱼块中NaCl、乙醇和丙二醇的吸收量及总吸收量分别为0.14%、0.17%、0.63%、0.94%;相同冻藏条件下,直接浸渍冻结后的样品和传统的鼓风冻结后的样品相比,前者盐溶性蛋白含量高于后者,并且脂肪氧化程度、汁液流失和干耗均低于后者,直接浸渍冻结更有利于草鱼块冻藏过程中质构特性的保持。综合各指标说明直接浸渍冻结后的样品冻藏品质优于空气鼓风冻结。     

速冻方式对杏鲍菇品质特性的影响

为评价速冻杏鲍菇的品质特性,试验研究了不同速冻方式对杏鲍菇冻结和冻藏过程中品质特性的影响。结果表明:-40℃静止空气冻结、-60℃静止空气冻结和液氮浸渍冻结的杏鲍菇汁液流失率分别为3.43%, 0.54%和18.57%(p0.05),总色差分别为4.78, 2.79和4.39 (p0.05)。说明速冻方式对速冻过程中杏鲍菇品质影响显著,-60℃静止空气冻结更有利于保持杏鲍菇品质。另外对比冻藏期内三种速冻方式加工杏鲍菇的汁液流失率、色泽、总糖含量后发现,在-18℃冻藏条件下,速冻方式对长冻藏期内杏鲍菇的品质影响较小。     

干冰冻结对大黄鱼冻藏期间冰晶及品质的影响

目的:考察冻结方式及冻藏温度对大黄鱼贮藏过程中品质的影响。方法:采用干冰冻结和-40℃空气冻结新鲜大黄鱼鱼片至中心温度-18℃,然后分别置于-40,-18℃冰柜贮藏。测定大黄鱼冻结后和冻藏过程中冻结曲线、冰晶形态、pH值、挥发性盐基氮、K值、Ca²⁺-ATP酶活性、总巯基、羰基、蛋白降解、质构特性等理化指标。结果:干冰冻结通过最大冰晶生成带的时间为40 min,是-40℃空气冻结的1/6,干冰冻结鱼肉样品初始冰晶横截面积和当量直径分别为(96.12±1.61)μm²和(11.06±1.43)μm,显著低于空气冻结的鱼肉样品。结论:冻藏温度对鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白的影响要大于冻结温度，且冻藏温度越低，鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白降解程度越低。干冰冻结后-40℃贮藏有利于保持大黄鱼的鲜度和品质稳定性。     

冷冻及冻藏对春卷质构及感官品质的影响

研究了冷冻和冻藏条件对春卷感官品质的影响。以春卷皮的开裂、失水、炸制后的质构特性、感官评价等品质为指标,分析了冻藏温度及时间等条件的影响。结果表明:对于以红豆沙为馅料,尺寸约为60 mm×20 mm×25 mm,质量为(15~20)g的春卷,-40℃冻结30 min后,春卷中心温度降至-21.0℃,平均冷冻速率为1.58℃/min。在-18℃下冻藏的52 d期间内,春卷的干耗与时间呈线性相关;质构特性均随冻藏时间的延长呈现明显的下降趋势;春卷的感官品质与质构变化趋势相同。     

不冻液冻结乌鳢块冻藏过程中品质变化

为了研究不冻液冻结对乌鳢块冻藏过程中冰晶及品质的影响,采用不同冻结温度（－20、－30、－40 ℃）的不冻液和空气冻结乌鳢块,以冰晶大小、盐溶性蛋白含量、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值和持水性等为指标,考察了乌鳢块冻藏（－18 ℃）过程中的品质变化。结果表明：采用－20、－30、－40 ℃不冻液冻结的乌鳢块通过最大冰晶生成带的时间分别为310、226 s和125 s,生成冰晶的面积分别为308.8、142.4 μm2和86.5 μm2,分别显著短于和小于空气冻结方式下乌鳢块通过最大冰晶生成带的时间（3 412 s）和生成冰晶的面积（939.6 μm2 ）（P＜0.05）。另外,在－18 ℃冻藏过程中,经不冻液冻结的乌鳢块的盐溶性蛋白含量均明显高于空气冻结组,而形成冰晶大小、pH值、TBA值、TVB-N含量、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率均明显低于空气冻结组,其中－40 ℃不冻液冻结后的乌鳢块在冻藏过程中品质变化最小。综合以上结果,不冻液冻结比空气冻结能够更好地保持冻藏过程中乌鳢块的品质,且不冻液的冻结温度越低,冻结速率越高,形成冰晶越小,越有利于鱼肉品质的保持。     

不同冷冻方式对真空解冻猪肉品质的影响

以猪肉为研究对象,将猪肉以不同冷冻方式(-35℃、-25℃空气式,-35℃、-25℃浸渍式)冻结,并记录冻结速率。猪肉冻结后使用真空解冻(压力100 Pa,温度15℃),以解冻猪肉的保水性(解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、pH值、电导率)、质构性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼度、黏聚性、胶着度、回复性)等为检测指标,探究不同冻结方式对真空解冻猪肉品质的影响。结果表明,浸渍式冷冻速率高于空气式冷冻速率,且微冻液的温度越低,冻结速率越快;不同冷冻方式处理的猪肉,用真空解冻后,均有较好的保水性和质构性,其中浸渍冷冻优于空气式冷冻,并且浸渍温度越低,猪肉品质越好。因此,-35℃的浸渍式冷冻猪肉更适合用真空解冻法进行解冻,解冻后猪肉有更好品质。     

液浸速冻番木瓜浆冻藏色泽变化研究

以番木瓜浆为研究对象,测定色泽参数(L、a、b、ΔE)、番茄红素及β-胡萝卜素含量,研究液浸式速冻对番木瓜浆冻藏色泽变化的影响。结果表明:冻藏过程中,液浸式速冻番木瓜浆色泽稳定性优于空气对流冻结;番茄红素的降解是导致冻藏番木瓜浆色泽变化的主要原因;相比空气对流冻结,液浸式速冻能提高番茄红素降解活化能近2倍,有利于抑制番茄红素的降解损失,保持色泽稳定。     

不同冻藏温度下镀冰衣处理对鲶鱼品质的影响

将鲶鱼样品分为镀冰衣组和对照组,以持水力、p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、质地多面剖析(Texture Profile Analysis,TPA)为指标,研究鲶鱼在-18℃、-25℃冻藏90d内品质的变化规律。随着冻藏时间的增加,各组鲶鱼样品的p H、持水力、硬度、弹性都有不同程度的降低,TVB-N值逐渐升高;在相同处理条件下,样品在-25℃冻藏下比-18℃各指标变化幅度小;在相同冻藏温度下,镀冰衣组样品各指标变化幅度小于对照组;综合各项指标结果,冻藏温度对鲶鱼冻藏的品质有明显影响,镀冰衣处理能有效延缓鲶鱼的腐败变质,镀冰衣和降低冻藏温度联合运用能更好保持鲶鱼的品质。     

冻结方式对鮰鱼片品质的影响

以汁液流失、质构特性、色泽、p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)和硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值等为指标,研究了静止空气冻结、鼓风冻结、液氮浸渍冻结3种冻结方式处理的鮰鱼片在-18℃冻藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,鮰鱼片的汁液流失增多,质构劣变,冻藏16周后,硬度分别下降了67.99%(静止空气冻结)、63.80%(鼓风冻结)、58.13%(液氮冻结),其中静止空气冻结方式处理的鮰鱼片下降速度最快,液氮冻结方式处理下的最慢;而p H值整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势。3种冻结方式处理的鮰鱼片TVBN、TBA值均随时间的延长而增加,液氮冻结处理的鮰鱼片TVBN、TBA值增加较缓慢,液氮冻结能够延缓TVBN、TBA值的增加,更有利于保持鮰鱼片良好的品质。     

不同冻藏状态下南美白对虾品质与微观结构的变化

本文研究了不同冻藏状态,即玻璃态（T冻藏温度Tm?）：-18 ℃条件下冻藏6个月,对南美白对虾品质与微观结构的影响。结果表明-80 ℃（玻璃态）冻藏下南美白对虾的色差（△E值）、汁液流失率、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量、以及pH值最小,分别为5.33、4.80%、15.35 mg N/100 g以及7.22;硬度,弹性和咀嚼性、SPP含量和感官评分最高,分别为652.86%,65.76%和184.90、80.04 mg/g和7.40,显著优于部分冻结浓缩态以及橡胶态下冻藏的南美白对虾（p<0.05）,并且-80 ℃冻藏下南美白对虾组织中的冰晶比其他条件尺寸较小、分布更均匀。而-60 ℃和-40 ℃仅在pH值无显著差异（p>0.05）,-18 ℃下南美白对虾品质最差。随着冻藏时间延长,即使在玻璃态下虾的品质也仍在变化,但与其他状态相比,玻璃态下南美白对虾的品质下降最缓慢。本文表明,玻璃态冻藏能有效抑制南美白对虾冻藏过程中的品质劣变,较好地保持冷冻虾的品质。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press