Strength of tubular welded joints of roof trusses in Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center

Static strength of multi-planar welded joints with seven brace members and one chord member made of circular hollow sections is investigated in the paper, based on the engineering practice of moveable roof trusses of Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center. Firstly, comparative experiments were carried out on two model joints with a scale of 1:3. One joint was not reinforced, whereas the other was reinforced with ring stiffeners inside the chord member. Failure mode, stress distribution, plastic-zone development and ultimate load capacity of the joints were investigated, and effects of the ring stiffeners on the joint behavior were observed through the experiments. Secondly, finite element analysis of both the tested model joints was performed. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the numerical analysis was quite effective. Finally, the strategy for enhancing strength of the complicated joint is discussed. Parameters study on the constructional details of ring stiffeners was carried out using FE method. The present research shows the multi-planar circular hollow section joint with high ratio of diameter to thickness of the chord and multiple braces is liable to chord plasticity under axial tension and compression on the braces. For the design of the joint, it is suggested that the ring stiffeners are installed insider the chord to meet needs of enough stiffness and strength. Both position and number of the stiffeners should be carefully determined based on the axial forces on the braces and their diameters. The stiffener thickness should not be less than the chord thickness, and the diameter of the hole at the center of the stiffener should not be greater than half of the chord diameter.     

Strength of tubular welded joints of roof trusses in Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center

Static strength of multi-planar welded joints with seven brace members and one chord member made of circular hollow sections is investigated in the paper, based on the engineering practice of moveable roof trusses of Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center. Firstly, comparative experiments were carried out on two model joints with a scale of 1:3. One joint was not reinforced, whereas the other was reinforced with ring stiffeners inside the chord member. Failure mode, stress distribution, plastic-zone development and ultimate load capacity of the joints were investigated, and effects of the ring stiffeners on the joint behavior were observed through the experiments. Secondly, finite element analysis of both the tested model joints was performed. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the numerical analysis was quite effective. Finally, the strategy for enhancing strength of the complicated joint is discussed. Parameters study on the constructional details of ring stiffeners was carried out using FE method. The present research shows the multi-planar circular hollow section joint with high ratio of diameter to thickness of the chord and multiple braces is liable to chord plasticity under axial tension and compression on the braces. For the design of the joint, it is suggested that the ring stiffeners are installed insider the chord to meet needs of enough stiffness and strength. Both position and number of the stiffeners should be carefully determined based on the axial forces on the braces and their diameters. The stiffener thickness should not be less than the chord thickness, and the diameter of the hole at the center of the stiffener should not be greater than half of the chord diameter. __________ Translated from Journal of Building Structures, 2007, 28(1): 36&2-42 [译自: 建筑结构学报]     

上海旗忠网球中心屋盖支座圆管节点强度研究

以上海旗忠网球中心可开闭屋盖支座节点为工程背景,探讨了由7根支管和1根主管焊接而成的复杂空间多支管节点静力强度。首先进行了两个1∶3的缩尺模型节点静力对比试验,一个节点的主管中不设置加劲板,另一个节点在主管内设置了环向加劲板。试验研究了节点的破坏模式、应力分布、塑性发展、承载能力,观察了加劲板对节点性能的影响。其次,应用有限元方法对两个所试验的模型节点受力性能进行了数值分析,将计算结果与试验结果作了比较,表明有限元数值分析有效可靠。最后,讨论了增强复杂管节点强度的措施,进行了环向加劲板构造参数的有限元分析。研究表明主管径大壁薄、多支管的空间圆管节点在支管有拉有压的情况下很容易发生主管屈服破坏,设计时建议在主管内布置环向加劲板来保证节点刚度和强度,须根据支管轴力大小、拉压性质、支管与主管相交位置等因素来精心设计加劲板的位置和数量。加劲板的厚度不宜小于主管的壁厚,加劲板中心开孔的直径不宜大于0.5倍的主管直径。     

N形方主管圆支管相贯节点受力性能试验研究

对10个N形方主管圆支管相贯节点进行了静力性能试验研究。试验节点包括6个内隐蔽部分不焊接的搭接节点、2个内隐蔽部分焊接的搭接节点和2个零间隙节点。分析了节点的受力性能、破坏模式和承载力,并对内隐蔽部分焊接情况、支管轴力性质、节点两侧主管轴压力、支管搭接情况等对节点承载力的影响进行了研究。结果表明：内隐蔽部分焊接与否对被搭接支管受拉的节点承载力影响较大,焊缝断裂是内隐蔽部分未焊接节点常见的破坏模式;在试验几何参数条件下的内隐蔽部分未焊接搭接节点在被搭接支管受压情况下的节点承载力较被搭接支管受拉时大很多;节点两侧主管均有轴压力时的搭接节点承载力较仅一侧主管有轴压力时要小;被搭接支管受拉的搭接节点承载力远远高于相应的零间隙节点。研究表明：国内外现行规范中的N形方主管圆支管搭接节点承载力计算公式对发生主管局部屈曲破坏模式的情况并不适用,而且公式也未考虑内隐蔽部分焊接与否、支管轴力性质和主管轴力等因素的影响,还有待完善。     

Mechanical behavior research on multi-planar steel tubular joints with inner plate

通过对内置加强板的空间DKYY型圆钢管相贯节点的足尺试验和有限元模拟,分析节点应力和变形的发展过程。结果表明：节点在1.3倍设计荷载作用下保持弹性工作状态,具有较高的安全度,可以满足设计承载力需求,有限元分析较好地模拟了加载试验过程,有效弥补了节点试验测点较少的不足,可用于节点受力性能的全面评估。另外,选取较小的主管径厚比和内置加劲板可提高其径向刚度,确保节点破坏时主管处于弹性工作状态;支管加劲板对支管的弹性刚度没有影响,对其承载能力的影响不大,但可以减小支管的径向变形,局部改变支管的应力分布。该节点的构造设计是合理的,其在设计荷载作用下的受力是安全的。     

Experimental investigation and design of round ended elliptical steel tubular T-joints under axial compression

圆端形椭圆钢管是一种融合圆形和矩形截面特征优势的构件，其圆端部分可以提供良好约束，矩形部分可实现快捷连接，在桁架结构中有着良好的应用前景，然而目前尚缺乏有关圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的受力性能研究。为此，通过对13根圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点开展轴压性能试验，研究相贯类型、主支管径比、主支管夹角和是否填充混凝土等对其破坏模式、承载力、初始刚度和延性等力学性能的影响，明确圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点在支管受压作用下相较圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的承载特征差异，揭示相贯节点的受力机理，提出圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的轴压承载力计算式。研究结果表明，圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点表现出良好的轴压性能；支管与主管圆弧段连接的相贯节点轴压承载力分别为圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的1.07~1.66倍，具有明显的承载优势；主管填充混凝土可使圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力和初始刚度分别提高75.5%~103.4%和11.9%~60.6%；通过试验结果验证，提出的轴压承载力计算式可较准确地评估圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力。     

圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点轴压性能试验研究与承载力计算

圆端形椭圆钢管是一种融合圆形和矩形截面特征优势的构件,其圆端部分可以提供良好约束,矩形部分可实现快捷连接,在桁架结构中有着良好的应用前景,然而目前尚缺乏有关圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的受力性能研究。为此,通过对13根圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点开展轴压性能试验,研究相贯类型、主支管径比、主支管夹角和是否填充混凝土等对其破坏模式、承载力、初始刚度和延性等力学性能的影响,明确圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点在支管受压作用下相较圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的承载特征差异,揭示相贯节点的受力机理,提出圆端形椭圆钢管相贯节点的轴压承载力计算式。研究结果表明,圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点表现出良好的轴压性能;支管与主管圆弧段连接的相贯节点轴压承载力分别为圆形或矩形钢管相贯节点的1.07～1.66倍,具有明显的承载优势;主管填充混凝土可使圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力和初始刚度分别提高75.5%～103.4%和11.9%～60.6%;通过试验结果验证,提出的轴压承载力计算式可较准确地评估圆端形椭圆钢管T形相贯节点的轴压承载力。     

基于微观断裂机制的XK型相贯节点极限承载力分析

采用基于微观断裂机制的空穴扩张模型（VGM）和应力修正应变模型（SMCS）对XK型相贯节点进行断裂预测,分析了有限元模型中考虑焊缝构型与否对断裂预测结果的影响。通过与试验结果的对比,证明了合理考虑焊缝构型在相贯节点断裂预测中的重要性,验证了VGM模型用于预测相贯节点在单调荷载作用下延性断裂的适用性。分析了XK型相贯节点在腹杆轴力作用下的破坏模式和极限承载力。结果表明,XK型相贯节点可能在受拉腹杆与弦杆之间的焊缝处发生断裂,这种破坏模式属于强度破坏,节点极限承载力应取该断裂荷载|XK型相贯节点也可能在受压腹杆与弦杆相交处因过大的塑性变形而破坏,此时,节点极限承载力应取荷载-弦杆变形曲线的峰值荷载。XK型相贯节点的破坏模式与节点几何构造和腹杆受力状态有关。     

Failure mechanisms of tubular CHS joints with complete overlap of braces

This paper presents the experimental and numerical results of the ultimate load behaviour of tubular circular hollow section (CHS) joints with complete overlap of braces. A completely overlapped tubular CHS joint specimen is tested to failure under lap brace static incremental axial loading. The failure behaviour of the joint is carefully observed and the test result is used for the verification of finite element (FE) model. A detailed parametric study is subsequently conducted based on 1296 FE models to examine the failure modes and the load-deformation characteristics of the joint. The analytical results showed that there are four possible failure modes of the joint under lap brace axial compression namely the through brace wall plastification, the lap brace yielding, the lap brace local buckling and the lap brace member failure. A combination of these failure modes can be occurred depending on the geometrical parameters of the joints. Among these failure modes, the through brace wall plastification in contact with the lap brace is found to be the most common type of failure behaviour for joints with complete overlapped of braces at high lap brace-to-through brace wall thickness ratio.     

具有内加劲肋的空间多支管的圆管节点性能研究

以上海旗忠网球中心可开闭屋盖的关键节点为工程背景,对主管内部具有加劲肋的空间多支管的焊接节点性能进行了试验研究和数值分析。探讨了复杂管节点试验的加载方法,描述了节点的塑性应变、破坏形式和机理以及加劲肋的构造效应。节点具有较高的承载力,主管内加劲肋的设置有效提高了节点刚度和强度,改变了节点破坏的形式。增加加劲肋的数量或者厚度有助于增强节点强度,但合理安排加劲肋的位置比增加数量更为重要,随着加劲肋数量增多,厚度的作用减弱。     

覆板加强的方钢管T形节点轴向滞回性能试验研究

为研究采用覆板加强的冷弯方钢管T形节点的轴向滞回性能,对2组支管与主管的截面宽度比β分别为0.4和0.8的方钢管直接焊接节点和采用覆板加强的方钢管T形节点进行了轴向往复加载试验。详细介绍了试验节点的设计、试验过程及破坏形态,并对节点试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能和延性等性能进行了分析。试验中,试验节点经历了主管屈服、初始开裂、裂纹闭合、裂缝扩展、裂缝贯通五个主要阶段,但各试件的开裂位置并不相同。加强覆板阻止了裂缝向主管管壁发展,有效避免了主管管壁的撕裂破坏,使开裂后支管的受压荷载继续上升,因而节点开裂后受拉能力较未加强节点的好。支管与主管截面宽度比越小,试件的耗能能力和延性越好。但覆板加强处理降低了试件的耗能能力,且支管与主管宽度比越小其耗能能力的降低越明显。受拉裂缝会降低试件的延性,故轴拉循环的延性较对应的轴压循环的差。在β=0.8时,覆板加强对试件的抗震延性有所改善,但β=0.4时加强节点试件的位移延性系数低于未加强节点。覆板加强节点在支管轴向往复荷载作用下的拉压不均衡问题应引起重视。     

不同焊接方式下圆钢管节点力学性能的试验比较

对两个不同焊接方式的空间KTT型圆管搭接节点进行了静力试验,一个节点是所有腹杆沿节点相贯线全周焊接,另一个节点是被搭接的腹杆沿相贯线的部分周长焊接.综合比较了两种节点在破坏模式、荷载-位移曲线、荷载-应变曲线、Mises应力分布和节点承载力等方面的差异.研究结果显示不同的焊接方式没有引起节点承载力的显著差别,但引起节点破坏模式的不同.这初步表明对非直接承受动力荷载的圆管搭接节点,被搭接的腹杆可考虑采用部分周焊.     

Square hollow section (SHS) T-joints with concrete-filled chords subjected to in-plane fatigue loading in the brace

In recent years, there has been an increased use of concrete-filled composite tubular joints in bridge construction. The reliability of these joints under fatigue therefore need to be investigated to avoid any catastrophic failures. In this paper, hollow section T-joints made up of square hollow section (SHS) chords and braces are investigated. The chords of the SHS–SHS T-joints were concrete-filled thereby forming welded composite tubular T-joints. The SHS–SHS T-joints with concrete-filled chords were strain gauged and tested under static loading to determine stress concentration factors (SCFs) at hot spot locations, where cracks are likely to propagate. Fatigue tests of the welded composite joints were also carried out under cyclic in-plane bending in the brace to obtain stress range vs. number of cycles (S–N) data. The maximum stress concentration factor (SCF) at hot spot locations in a welded composite tubular T-joint was found to be generally lower than the maximum SCF in an empty (or called unfilled) hollow section SHS–SHS T-joint. Fatigue failure in welded composite tubular T-joints occurred through the initiation and propagation of cracks at weld toes in either the chord or brace member, with the majority of tests exhibiting the first visual crack at weld toes in the chord. The welded composite tubular T-joints were found to have better fatigue strength compared to the empty hollow section SHS–SHS T-joints. Design rules are recommended for the SHS–SHS T-joints with concrete-filled chords through analysis of fatigue test data using the hot spot stress method.     

支管灌混凝土平面X形圆钢管节点轴压性能试验研究

为研究支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点的轴压性能,对6个不同截面几何参数的支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点进行了单调加载试验。介绍了节点试验方案,揭示了节点破坏模式,给出了加载点荷载 端位移曲线、支管轴力-主管壁变形曲线以及节点区域折算应变分布曲线,并将支主管外径比β、主管径厚比γ和支主管壁厚比τ对节点轴压承载力和弹性轴压刚度的影响进行了分析。试验研究结果表明：节点试件均表现出较好延性;所有试件的主管壁最大竖向变形位移都大于0.03倍主管直径,在判定该类圆钢管节点轴压承载力时应该采用极限变形准则;节点轴压承载力与弹性轴压刚度都随着β和τ的增加以及γ的减小而提高;所有试件的支管根部测点都未进入塑性且主管都是鞍点和冠点之间的中间测点首先进入塑性;在试验参数条件下,支管灌混凝土对X形圆钢管节点轴压承载力提高不明显,甚至会降低其轴压承载力。目前GB 50017-2003《钢结构设计规范》公式不能较好地计算支管灌混凝土X形圆钢管节点轴压承载力。     

国家体育场焊接方管桁架双弦杆KK型节点试验研究

正在建设的国家体育场两两斜交的主桁架构成了许多双弦杆焊接方管KK型节点,该节点连接焊缝密集,构造极其复杂。本文对这种在管结构中较为独特的节点进行了1∶4的缩尺模型承载力试验研究,详细介绍了节点的试验方法和结果,讨论了节点的受力性能、破坏模式以及节点内部加劲肋的作用。研究表明该节点的构造措施较完善可靠,节点具有较高的承载力。节点的薄弱部位处在受压腹杆端部,发生局部屈曲。弦杆内部纵横向加劲肋的设置有效地增强了节点强度和刚度。腹杆端部的局部放大改善了腹杆向弦杆的传力,降低了应力集中。     

钢管混凝土T形相贯节点应力集中系数研究

通过对钢管混凝土T形相贯节点的试验和有限元分析,研究了在轴向荷载和平面内弯矩作用下节点的应力集中系数。结果表明：轴向荷载作用下钢管相贯节点的应力集中系数分布不均匀,而钢管混凝土相贯节点分布较均匀,主管内填混凝土有效降低了相贯节点的应力集中系数,同时也将热点的位置由鞍点变为冠点;平面内弯矩作用下钢管相贯节点主管的应力集中系数分布不均匀,而钢管混凝土相贯节点主管分布较均匀,主管内填混凝土有效降低了主管的应力集中系数,两者支管相差不大;主管轴力对节点的应力集中系数影响较大,进行轴向压力和平面内弯矩作用下节点的应力集中系数计算时,应考虑到主管轴压比的影响;现行规范对于钢管相贯节点应力集中系数的计算公式并不适用于钢管混凝土相贯节点。基于强度等效的原则,提出了改进的应力集中系数计算公式,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好。     

Research on mechanical behaviour of overlapped CHS-to-SHS welded N-joints

An experimental programme and associated parametric analysis of overlapped CHS-to-SHS welded N-joints were carried out. Two partially overlapped CHS-to-SHS welded N-joints were tested to failure under overlapping brace axial compression and chord axial loading. Elastic-plastic large deflection finite element analysis (FEA) of the experimental joints was performed and the FEA results for the failure mode and ultimate capacity are found to be in good agreement with the tests results. A detailed parametric study is subsequently conducted to examine the failure modes and to study the effect of geometric parameters and chord forces on the ultimate bearing capacity of the joints. The analytical results show that there are four possible failure modes of the joint under overlapping brace axial compression. It also reveals that brace-to-chord width ratio, chord width-to-its thickness ratio and brace-to-chord thickness ratio have a large effect on the failure mechanism and ultimate bearing capacity of overlapped CHS-to-SHS N-joints. Furthermore, the effect of chord compression force on the ultimate bearing capacity of the joints cannot be neglected.     

Study on spatial effect of concrete-filled steel tubular KK-joints

为研究钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的空间效应,通过精细化有限元模拟对钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的受力性能进行了研究。建模时考虑了材料非线性、几何非线性、钢管与混凝土之间的接触非线性,建立了钢管混凝土KK形相贯节点的精确有限元模型,研究了空间效应对节点承载能力和破坏模式的影响。结果表明：钢管混凝土空间相贯节点的承载力远高于钢管空间相贯节点;钢管混凝土空间相贯节点和平面相贯节点的破坏模式相同,破坏模式有两种,一种是主管管壁冲剪破坏和受压支管屈服联合破坏,发生在支管管壁较薄的情况,另一种是主管管壁冲剪破坏;空间效应对钢管和钢管混凝土相贯节点承载力的影响不同,对于钢管混凝土相贯节点,支管空间夹角60°的节点承载力较平面节点有所降低,在设计时应该考虑空间效应的影响;空间效应对钢管混凝土空间相贯节点刚度影响不大。     

Y形直接焊接矩形钢管节点滞回性能试验研究

对钢管结构中常用的Y形矩形钢管节点进行了试验研究。通过对支管施加轴向往复荷载,共对10个直接焊接Y形矩形管节点进行拟静力试验。为研究钢管加工及节点焊接过程中产生的残余应力对节点性能的影响,对其中2个节点进行了去应力退火处理。通过分析节点的承载力、延性比和能量耗散系数,对此种节点的滞回性能进行了深入研究。试验表明：在支管承受轴向往复荷载作用时,总是在支弦管连接焊缝外边缘沿支管侧壁方向切断弦管上壁面,从而导致节点性能的劣化。在弦管上壁面拉裂之前节点耗能性能良好,且退火节点在弦管上壁面拉裂之后仍然有较大的耗能潜力。节点的滞回性能较好,这为在抗震区推广使用管结构提供了有力支持。     

Strain and stress concentration of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints under basic loadings

A completely overlapped tubular circular hollow section (CHS) joint specimen is tested under lap brace axial loading (AX), in-plane (IPB) and out-of-plane bending (OPB) to determine the strain concentration factor (SNCF) at the intersection of members for the verification of a finite element (FE) model. The experimental results showed that the strain distribution on the outer surface of members near the weld toe of the joint is fairly linear. The maximum SNCF of the joint occurs at the through brace saddle near the lap brace under AX and OPB and at the lap brace crown heel under IPB. The SNCF at the intersection of the chord and through brace for the joint under IPB and OPB is negligible. For the FE analysis, the comparison of SNCF between the test specimen and the 8-node thick shell FE model under AX, IPB and OPB load cases shows reasonably good agreement with average differences of 7.9%, 10.6% and 5.8% respectively. The comparison of stress concentration factor (SCF) revealed that the existing T/Y-joint equations are not suitable for predicting the SCF of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints. The SCF of completely overlapped tubular CHS joints can effectively be reduced by proper control of its geometrical properties.