工程结构的SMA超弹性减振技术及其应用研究

介绍了形状记忆合金 (SMA)超弹性减振技术的减振机理 ,研制一种性能良好的SMA超弹性阻尼器 ,介绍了其工作原理及性能测试试验结果。将该阻尼器安装在斜拉桥模型上 ,进行了斜拉桥模型振动试验。试验结果表明 ,该阻尼器的耗能效果明显 ,在工程结构振动控制方面具有比较好的应用前景     

Application of shape memory alloy dampers in the seismic control of cable-stayed bridges

This paper focuses on introducing and investigating the performance of a new passive seismic control device for cable-stayed bridges made with shape memory alloys (SMAs). The superelasticity and damping capability of SMAs is sought in this study to develop a supplementary recentering and energy dissipation device for cable-stayed bridges. Three-dimensional long-span bridge model, including the effect of soil-structure interaction is developed and utilized in the study. SMA dampers are implemented at the bridge’s deck-pier and deck-tower connections. The bridge is subjected to three orthogonal components from two historic ground motion records. The effectiveness of the SMA dampers in controlling the deck displacement and limiting the shear and bending moment demands on the bridge towers is assessed. Furthermore, a study is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the bridge response to the hysteretic properties of the SMA dampers. The analytical results show that SMA dampers can successfully control the seismic behavior of the bridge. However, the effectiveness of the new dampers is significantly influenced by the relative stiffness between the dampers used at the deck-tower and deck-pier connections. The results also show that the variation in the SMAs’ strain hardening during phase transformation has a small effect on the bridge response compared to the variation in the unloading stress during reverse phase transformation.     

形状记忆合金阻尼器在斜拉桥地震控制中的应用

着重介绍和研究一种用在斜拉桥上由形状记忆合金制成的被动抗震控制装置的性能。对形状记忆合金的超弹性和阻尼能力进行探寻,以建立辅助确定中心和能量耗散装置。建立包括土-结构之间的相互作用三维长跨桥模型,并应用在本研究中。形状记忆合金阻尼器被置于桥的桥面板-桥墩和桥面板-塔的连接处。桥受到来自两个历史记录波、三个正交分量的作用,对形状记忆合金阻尼器在控制桥面板位移的效果以及对桥塔上剪力和弯矩限制的作用进行评估。而且,对形状记忆合金阻尼器的滞回特性进行研究,以确定桥响应的敏感性。研究显示:形状记忆合金阻尼器能有效地控制桥的抗震性能,然而,这种新型阻尼器受桥面板-桥墩和桥面板-塔的连接处的相对刚度影响大。研究结果也显示,与逆相变阶段,卸荷应力的变化相比,在相变期间,形状记忆合金阻尼器应变硬化的变化对桥响应的影响较小。     

形状记忆合金被动阻尼器及结构地震反应控制试验研究和分析

利用形状记忆合金(ShapeMemoryAlloy,简称SMA)的超弹性特性,本文提出了一种新型SMA阻尼器,将其安装在结构层间,抵抗结构地震作用。通过对阻尼器的构造设计,使其中的NiTi丝在结构振动过程中始终处于受拉状态,避免了合金丝的受压屈曲。文中首先针对一种直径为1.2mm的NiTi丝的超弹性特性进行了性能试验。试验结果表明,NiTi丝的超弹性滞回特性受其加载频率及循环圈数的影响,但当加载频率大于2Hz,加载循环圈数大于15圈后,该丝的超弹性滞回曲线趋于稳定。然后,将本文提出的SMA阻尼器安装在一个5层钢框架结构模型上进行了地震模拟振动台试验,验证了该SMA阻尼器可以有效减小结构的地震反应。最后,采用自回归(ARX)模型对无控和有控结构建模,分别采用最小二乘法和Kalman滤波法识别得到了无控结构和有控结构的ARX模型的参数,并由此进一步分析得到了无控和有控结构的各阶模态参数。     

Natural Rubber Bearing Incorporated with Steel Ring Damper (NRB-SRD)

The present paper is aimed to investigate the behavior of Natural Rubber Bearing incorporated with steel ring damper (NRB-SRD). These types of dampers are integrated of several steel rings which are considered with two configurations namely, continual steel ring damper and separate steel ring damper and are inserted between top and bottom plates. The performance characteristics of the system such as effective horizontal stiffness, energy dissipation, equivalent viscous damping and residual deformation are calculated and then compared with the results of high damping rubber bearings and also shape memory alloy (SMA)-lead core rubber bearing (SMA-LRB). The results show that the energy dissipation in steel rings are mainly based on plastic deformation due to flexural behavior of the rings. NRB-SRD shows better performance in energy dissipation comparing to SMA-LRB and HDRB. These additional dampers show higher stability and energy dissipation in low shear strains due to developing of link between structure and substructure having desirable initial stiffness under weak earthquakes and wind loads and also in higher shear strains due to creation of higher energy dissipation, stability and secondary stiffening.

     

设置超弹性SMA阻尼器的框架结构地震反应分析

将超弹性形状记忆合金 (SMA)阻尼器应用于框架结构的被动控制中。给出了超弹性形状记忆合金简化的本构模型 ,建立了结构 -阻尼器体系的力学分析模型及其一般方程 ,通过模型结构在地震作用下的控制仿真分析和对比 ,验证了SMA阻尼器用于结构被动控制所具有良好的控制效果     

SMA超弹性及阻尼器减震效果的数值模拟

总结了基于形状记忆合金(SMA)超弹性的各种阻尼器的形式、作用机制、特点及其在结构被动控制中的应用情况;并将SMA阻尼器布置在钢框架结构中,用计算机模拟了合金相变参数值、合金的尺寸、预应变、合金在结构中放置方式及位置等变化对结构减隔震效果的影响.研究结果表明,装有SMA的框架结构顶层位移明显减小,SMA的相变参数越高,长度越长,减震效果越理想;有预应变的减震器效果更好.     

Parametric study of seismic performance of super-elastic shape memory alloy-reinforced bridge piers

One of the important measures of post-earthquake functionality of bridges after a major earthquake is residual displacement. In many recent major earthquakes, large residual displacements resulted in demolition of bridge piers due to the loss of functionality. Replacing the conventional longitudinal steel reinforcement in the plastic hinge regions of bridge piers with super-elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) could significantly reduce residual deformations. In this study, numerical investigations on the performance of SMA-reinforced concrete (RC) bridge bents to monotonic and seismic loadings are presented. Incremental dynamic analyses are conducted to compare the response of SMA RC bents with steel RC bents considering the peak and the residual deformations after seismic events. Numerical study on multiple prototype bridge bents with single and multiple piers reinforced with super-elastic SMA or conventional steel bars in plastic hinge regions is conducted. Effects of replacement of the steel rebar by SMA rebar on the performance of the bridge bents are studied. This paper presents results of the parametrical analyses on the effects of various design and geometric parameters, such as the number and geometry of piers and reinforcement ratio of the RC SMA bridge bents on its performance.     

含形状记忆合金自复位阻尼器隔震结构的地震反应分析

为了使隔震结构体系能够同时获得良好的隔震特性及震后自复位能力,本文利用形状记忆合金(SMA)材料在相变伪弹性阶段具有较好阻尼性能这一特点,采用SMA自复位阻尼器与常规叠层橡胶垫组合成自复位隔震装置。根据SMA材料相变伪弹性的本构模型,对SMA自复位阻尼器在反复循环荷载下的力学行为进行了数值模拟,得到了相应的滞回耗能曲线。提出了一种针对SMA自复位阻尼器的分段线性化恢复力模型,并依据剪切型层模型理论,编制了设有SMA自复位阻尼器隔震结构在地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析程序,对设有这种新型隔震装置工程结构进行地震反应分析。分析结果表明,这种隔震装置不仅可以大大减轻地震对上部结构的影响,而且还具有很好的震后复位能力,因此具有较好的工程应用前景。     

大尺寸超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金螺旋弹簧滞回性能

利用2种镍钛形状记忆合金(SMA)研制了大尺寸超弹性螺旋弹簧,对其进行了单轴反复荷载作用下的滞回性能试验,研究了超弹性SMA螺旋弹簧的恢复力特性与耗能能力,分析了加载频率、位移幅值对2种SMA螺旋弹簧滞回曲线以及等效刚度、单位循环耗能、等效阻尼比和残余位移等力学性能参数的影响;采用刚弹性模型和Bouc-Wen模型,建立了适用于整体结构分析的SMA螺旋弹簧简化恢复力模型,并利用该模型进行了数值模拟。结果表明:超弹性SMA螺旋弹簧具有稳定的滞回曲线,且具有良好的复位性能和大变形能力,可用于结构自复位控制装置的研发;数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了简化恢复力模型的正确性。     

SMA复合摩擦阻尼器在网架结构中的减振效果分析

将SMA复合摩擦阻尼器用作空间网架结构的耗能减振装置,探讨了其在空间结构中的减振控制分析方法。介绍了SMA复合摩擦阻尼器的工作原理和理论模型,建立了网架结构减振控制的运动方程。地震作用下某网架结构减振控制的数值模拟结果表明,SMA复合摩擦阻尼器可有效降低结构地震响应,较之纯摩擦阻尼器和纯SMA阻尼器,减振效果更为优良。     

自锚式悬索桥磁流变阻尼器减震控制研究

为了减小自锚式悬索桥的地震响应,基于桥梁结构地震动力方程及磁流变阻尼器力学模型,建立桥梁结构—磁流变阻尼器减震系统并将其程序化,对某主跨350 m的独塔自锚式悬索桥进行减震控制研究,讨论了磁流变阻尼器输入电流、数目及安装位置对减震效果的影响。研究结果表明:采用磁流变阻尼器能够有效地减小自锚式悬索桥的纵向地震响应;随安装在塔梁之间顺桥向的磁流变阻尼器输入电流的增大及数目的增加,塔顶和主梁的纵向位移逐渐减小,结构的内力响应也得到有效控制;将全部磁流变阻尼器安装在塔梁之间顺桥向时减震效果最佳。     

Shape memory alloy bending bars as seismic restrainers for bridges in seismic areas

In general, shape memory alloy (SMA) cables do not resist in compression and, thus, their applications are limited. This study suggests a superelastic SMA bar in bending to be used to overcome the above problem. The objectives of this study are to analyze the characteristics of the bending behavior of an SMA bar and to prove its seismic applicability, especially to restrain openings in bridges. Single and double bending tests are conducted with varying loading speeds and maximum displacements. The loading and the unloading stiffness are estimated from the force-displacement curves, and the equivalent damping ratio of each test is assessed. The SMA bar shows the same stiffness hardening, during bending and under tension which appears to be due to stress-induced-martensite hardening. Increasing the loading speed does not influence the stiffness of the SMA bar with a single bend, but the stiffness of the double bending bar is about five times that of the single bending bar. This study also introduces the use of SMA bending bars as a seismic restrainer for bridges. The SMA bars are assessed as seismic restrainers for a three-span-simply-supported bridge in a zone of moderate seismic activity. The bars reduce the openings at the internal hinges and the pounding force on abutments. Thus, the SMA bending bars are assessed to prevent the unseating at internal hinges and cracks on abutments. This study shows the applicability of the SMA bending bars as a seismic restrainer.     

Implementation of shape memory alloy dampers for passive control of structures subjected to seismic excitations

Different crystallographic phases of shape memory alloy (SMA) materials were used in a damper in order to produce an effective behavior device capable of dissipating energy, while containing the recentering capability. Different methodologies were applied in the four proposed damper systems in order to optimize their implementation into the earthquake resistant structural systems. To compare the structural system performance by using the different devices, the idea of damage indicator was utilized with certain modifications. The structural damage, non-structural damage, and the damage to the contents of different systems with the permanent deformations of the systems were considered at different ground acceleration histories. The comparisons were made with the buckling restrained steel bracing system. The effectiveness of the implementation of SMA dampers in reduction of the residual deformations on the structure is presented even after very high ground motions.     

基于高强钢碟簧和复合摩擦材料的自复位消能减震阻尼器受力性能与试验研究

为提高建筑结构抗震韧性,实现震时响应可控,震后易修复的性能目标,提出一种基于高强钢碟簧和复合摩擦材料的自复位消能减震阻尼器,给出一种基本构造方案,分析阻尼器不同阶段的工作原理,理论推导滞回曲线及各阶段刚度、承载力计算公式。通过多次往复加载试验,对碟簧和摩擦片的基本性能,以及多次地震作用下阻尼器的滞回性能和低周疲劳性能进行了考察。试验结果表明,高强钢碟簧性能稳定,复合摩擦材料耗能能力优异;基于两者组合的自复位消能减震阻尼器具有良好的可调节刚度、承载力以及优异的自复位性能;阻尼器滞回耗能稳定,可实现震后功能恢复,低周疲劳性能好。提出的阻尼器工作过程中各阶段刚度及承载力计算公式与试验结果吻合较好,可为工程设计提供参考。     

高速铁路简支箱梁桥的概率地震需求模型及易损性分析

基于已建成高速铁路桥结构类型统计数据,以典型预应力混凝土简支箱梁桥为对象进行易损性研究。考虑5个不确定性参数,基于拉丁超立方抽样的反复试验法建立桥梁样本。采用"装箱法"选择地震动记录,与桥梁样本配对后进行非线性时程分析得到结构响应。定义各构件的损伤状态,通过对构件需求能力比进行二次回归建立桥梁各构件的概率地震需求模型,并生成构件易损性曲线,运用二阶单一边界法生成全桥易损性曲线。结果表明:二次回归分析产生的概率需求模型比线性回归方法更可靠;在地震作用下,此类桥梁构件中的墩柱、活动支座较易损伤,二阶单一边界法能较好地评估全桥系统易损性,在应用上二阶单一边界法比一阶上下边界法简洁方便。     

Seismic response control of high arch dams including contraction joint using nonlinear super-elastic SMA damper

In this study, the shape memory alloy (SMA) restrainer bars utilized to reduce the seismic response of arch dams with vertical contraction joints were investigated. The SMA damper model and the nonlinear behavior of arch dams affected by contraction joint opening/closing during earthquakes were simulated in ANSYS. Moreover, the nonlinear damping control principle and method were discussed. The effectivity of the SMA restrainer bars in arch dams was assessed through comparing with a traditional measure of reinforced steel across contraction joints. The SMA restrainer bars were effective in limiting the relative openings of the contraction joints and reducing the seismic acceleration. In addition, the new SMA vibration damper devices of arch dams are simple and easy to install.     

Computational studies on the seismic response of the State Route 99 bridge in Seattle with SMA/ECC plastic hinges

This paper reports a computational study on the seismic response of a three-span highway bridge system incorporating conventional and novel substructure details for improved seismic performance. The bridge has three continuous spans supported by two single-column piers and integral abutments founded on drilled shafts. It will be the first full-scale highway bridge to use superelastic shape memory alloy bars (SMA) and engineered cementitious composite (ECC) to mitigate column plastic hinge damage and minimize residual displacements after a strong earthquake. A three-dimensional computational model capturing the nonlinear constitutive response of the novel materials and the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction was developed to assess the seismic response of the bridge in finite-element software OpenSees. Two versions of the same bridge were analyzed and compared, one with conventional cast-in-place reinforced concrete columns, and the other with top plastic hinges incorporating Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) SMA reinforcing bars and ECC. The novel SMA/ECC plastic hinges were found to substantially reduce damage and post-earthquake residual displacements in the bridge substructure, but led to larger maximum drifts relative to the bridge with conventional reinforced concrete plastic hinges. The analysis results suggested that the novel plastic hinges could lead to improved post-earthquake serviceability of bridges after intense earthquakes.     

Smart damper using sliding friction of aramid brake lining and self-centering of rubber springs

The purpose of this study is to develop a smart damper with flag-shaped behavior by using the sliding friction of aramid brake lining and the restoring capacity of pre-compressed rubber springs. For this purpose, the friction force of aramid brake lining pressed by bolts was used along with polyurethane rubbers, each with a length of 80 mm, a diameter of 95 mm, and a circular hole of 37 mm. In the experiments, loading frequency and torque force were considered. The loading frequency varied from 0.1 to 2.0 Hz, and frictional force was controlled by variable bolt torque force. The tests were conducted to demonstrate that the clamping force by the bolts could provide normal force to frictional material. The friction force by the aramid brake lining sliding was tested, followed by the pre-compressed rubber springs' behavior. Afterward, a damper combining the two components was tested to verify flag-shaped behavior by using a dynamic actuator, and the damping ratios were evaluated from the hysteretic curves. The behavior of the damper closely matched flag-shaped behavior, resulting in self-centering and energy dissipation capacity.     

Application of shape memory alloy bars in self-centring precast segmental columns as seismic resistance

The objective of this study is to investigate analytically the performance of self-centring precast segmental bridge columns with shape memory alloy (SMA) starter bars under nonlinear static and lateral seismic loading. For this purpose, a 3D finite element model for hybrid post-tensioned bridge column has been developed. The precast post-tensioned segmental bridge columns possessing a central tendon and adequate transverse confinement provided by the steel tube jacketing as self-centring bridge columns have an undesirable high lateral seismic demand due to their low energy dissipation. In order to eliminate this deficiency while keeping the residual displacement small, SMA starter bars are applied in this system. The effect of post-tensioning (PT) forces of the central strands and SMA bar size are investigated. The results indicate that in high seismicity zones, bridge columns with SMA bars at a higher level of PT forces have a superior performance against earthquake loading.