Failure mechanism of single-layer steel reticular domes with reinforced concrete substructure subjected to severe earthquakes

This paper performs the research on failure mechanism of single-layer steel reticulated domes with the reinforced concrete substructure subjected to sever earthquakes. Based on ABAQUS, this paper built user-defined material subroutines of the steel and the reinforced concrete, which took material non-linearity and the material damage accumulation into consideration. The failure mechanism of reticulated domes with reinforced concrete substructures under severe earthquakes is studied by the nonlinear dynamic response analysis. Three different failure modes of single-layer reticular domes with different sizes of reinforced concrete substructure are illustrated. Failure criterion is put forward to discriminate the failure modes and to estimate the critical load strength for single-layer reticular domes based on the structural damage theory. It has been found that reinforced concrete substructure has significant impact on the failure behaviors and the critical load of reticulated domes under seismic loads. It is essential to consider the influence of the reinforced concrete substructure upon the failure behaviors in the structural analysis and design process of reticular domes.     

单层球面网壳火灾爆炸动力响应

以K8型单层球面网壳为研究对象,考虑几何非线性和温度对材料性能的影响,完整模拟了单层球面网壳在发生火灾的不同阶段受到爆炸冲击作用时的动力性状。据B-R准则,通过爆炸峰值超压与结构动力特征响应之间的关系,可判定K8型单层球面网壳在不同火灾阶段,爆炸冲击作用下的动力稳定性临界峰值超压。分析了单层球面网壳的矢跨比、屋面荷载、约束布置等参数对其在不同火灾阶段的爆炸冲击动力稳定性的影响。研究表明:火灾对网壳结构在爆炸冲击作用下的动力稳定性有较大影响,当网壳杆件最高温度达500℃以上时,结构的抗爆能力明显降低。矢跨比、屋面质量、约束布置对网壳在火灾不同阶段的抗爆能力均有不同程度的影响。     

基于三向敏感频率的单层球面网壳结构地震动强度参数分析

选择合适的地震动强度参数可减小其与结构响应相关分析结果的离散性。以Kiewitt-8型单层球面网壳结构为研究对象,对算例结构进行谐响应分析,确定结构三个方向的敏感频率;提出基于三向敏感频率的地震动强度参数加速度谱Sa,3d。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对算例结构进行三向地震动作用下的增量动力分析,并对分析结果进行统计分析,从相关性和有效性两个方面对Sa,3d进行评价。结果表明：Sa,3d与单层球面网壳结构的地震响应具有更好的相关性,且具有较好的有效性,建议对单层球面网壳结构,采用Sa,3d 作为地震动强度参数进行增量动力分析。     

Effects of liquefiable soil and bridge modelling parameters on the seismic reliability of critical structural components

This study investigates the sensitivity of seismic fragility estimates for bridge components to variation in structural and liquefiable soil modelling parameters. A rigorous sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the relative importance of 13 random variables that reflect uncertainty in the seismic performance assessment of bridges in regions with liquefiable soils. The results indicate that the fixed and expansion bearings and bent piles tend to be sensitive to the greatest number of modelling parameters for the case study system, while the abutments are less sensitive. The most significant modelling parameters affecting the seismic fragility include such parameters as undrained shear strength of soil, structural damping ratio, soil shear modulus, gap between deck and abutment, ultimate capacity of soil and fixed and expansion bearing coefficients of friction. The 5% and 95% confidence intervals reveal wide bounds on the seismic fragility curves, particularly for more vulnerable bridge components such as the piles or expansion bearings. The results offer insights to improve seismic reliability assessment in liquefaction susceptible regions and provide a basis for efficient bridge network reliability analyses. The findings guide future uncertainty treatment, management of computational resources and investment in refined modelling parameter estimates through field testing or other means.     

杆件初始缺陷对单层凯威特球面网壳地震响应影响研究

为研究杆件初始缺陷对单层凯威特球面网壳地震响应的影响,利用OpenSEES有限元程序,采用多段梁法模拟杆件初始缺陷,给出了OpenSEES模拟空间网格结构圆管杆件滞回的多段梁法建模参数合理取值,基于GB 50017—2003《钢结构设计规范》中压杆稳定系数拟合了圆管等效偏心率和正则化长细比的关系式。考虑杆件初弯曲方向随机分布,建立了不同参数单层凯威特球面网壳模型,对网壳增量动力分析的最大位移进行了比较。结果表明：当网壳处于弹性状态时,杆件缺陷对其地震响应的影响可以忽略;当网壳进入塑性状态后,杆件缺陷对其地震响应的影响不可忽略,不同杆件初弯曲方向的网壳地震响应离散程度随地震动强度提高基本呈增大趋势;地震动强度较大时,考虑杆件缺陷和结构整体缺陷的单层网壳地震响应和仅考虑整体缺陷的单层网壳地震响应差异较大,两者最大位移的相对大小并无规律性,其关键影响因素为地震作用下塑性杆件分布的离散程度。     

Effect of BRBs on the seismic resistance of single-layer reticulated domes

This paper considers the seismic resistance of buckling restrained braces (BRB) in single-layer reticulated domes and their substructures. The method of tracing the full-range dynamic response is used to analyze the seismic response of dome structures with different embedded braces. Based on results relating to critical responses, such as displacement, development of plastic deformation and ultimate load, the effect of BRBs on key design parameters, including core area, yield stress, installing forms etc., is examined. The effect of a dome’s rise-span ratio on the structure is also investigated. It is concluded that BRBs between supporting columns can effectively improve a structure’s seismic performance.     

Seismic performance of column supporting single-layer reticulated domes with friction pendulum bearings

The friction pendulum bearing (FPB) has been widely studied as an effective dry friction sliding isolation device, due to its self-limit and self-reset capability. The refinement finite element models of FPB were applied to column supporting single-layer reticulated domes. The seismic performances of these structures with FPBs were systematically analyzed by finite element software LS-DYNA. Numerical results illustrate that the optimal friction coefficient of FPB increases with increasing earthquake intensity and the optimal range of friction coefficient locates between 0.025 and 0.15. The seismic effects of single-layer reticulated domes with FPBs are strengthened with the increase of curvature radius, while isolation effect of FPBs has no obvious change as the curvature radius exceeds 1.5 m. Additionally, the parameter selection principles of friction pendulum bearings for column supporting single-layer reticulated domes are given by means of investigating the force of the slider of FPBs and dynamic analysis of single-layer reticulated domes with FPBs.     

Elasto-plastic stability of single-layer reticulated domes with initial curvature of members

Initial curvature of members is an inevitable geometrical imperfection for reticulated domes. To investigate the stability of single-layer domes with initial curvature of members, the multi-beam method was presented to simulate the initial curvature of members, and two modeling methods were adopted to introduce the initial curvature of members for reticulated domes by means of ANSYS. First, the random imperfection mode method was introduced according to the randomness of initial curvature of members. The example of a Kiewitt-8 dome was used to explain the method and investigate the influence of angle and amplitude random variables on the stability of reticulated domes. Second, the modified consistent imperfection mode method was obtained, which was an efficient method to evaluate the lowest buckling load of the structure with initial curvature of members. Based on this method, the Kiewitt-6 and Kiewitt-8 single-layer reticulated domes were taken as examples to analyze the stability of structures with initial curvature of members, and the influences of initial curvature of members on the ideal structure and the structure with nodes deviation were obtained quantitatively. The results show that, for the ideal structure and the structure with nodes deviation, initial curvature of members can decrease the buckling load of the structure obviously. Initial curvature of members can change the buckling mode and plasticity development of the structure. The influence of initial curvature of members on the elasto-plastic stability of single-layer reticulated domes cannot be neglected.     

Effect of substructures upon failure behavior of steel reticulated domes subjected to the severe earthquake

This paper presents the study on the influence of substructures on the failure behavior of steel reticulated domes subjected to the severe earthquake. The full-range dynamic response analysis method is applied to investigate the failure characteristics of single-layer steel reticulated domes with substructures subjected to the severe earthquake. The natural vibration properties are studied. Two typical failure modes of steel reticulated domes with substructures are illustrated according to the stiffness of substructures. Failure criterion is proposed to estimate the ultimate load strength for single-layer steel reticulated domes. It is observed that the substructure has great influence on the failure characteristics and the ultimate load strength of steel reticulated domes subjected to the severe earthquake. It is necessary to take substructure into consideration in analysis and design stage.     

基于应变能密度的网壳结构抗震性能参数分析

基于结构应变能密度对单层网壳进行地震响应特性分析,提出了反映结构稳定工作状态特性的新型参数 ,即指数应变能密度和值参数。首先,绘制单层网壳在地震作用下的各种响应分布云图及响应曲线图,展示了既 有的参数形式不能完全地表征结构的整体工作性能,特别是结构进入弹塑性工作阶段,这些参数难以体现结构与 外荷载之间稳定和确切的工作特性。其次,尝试将所有单元的指数应变能密度相加,得到能够表征结构整体受力 状态的指数应能密度和值参数。通过考察该参数在结构弹性和弹塑性工作阶段随地震动强度变化的规律,鉴证了 指数应变能密度和值参数能够反映：结构工作状态的稳定性特征、结构从工作状态到失效状态的突变特征、以及 失效状态的不稳定性特征。最后,根据观察所揭示的单层网壳工作特征,并结合最大节点位移参数,建议单层网 壳动力破坏等级划分及分界指标,为深入进行单层网壳抗震分析和设计规范的改进提供参考。     

Elasto-plastic instability of single-layer reticulated shells under dynamic actions

This paper addresses the issue on dynamic collapse mechanism of single-layer reticulated shells subjected to harmonic load, sudden load and seismic load. The method for failure mechanism has reviewed the relationship between the response of the reticulated shell and the peak acceleration of dynamic action. Besides, the steel damage accumulation is considered in the method by compiling a user subroutine based on the computing program ABAQUS. An example is introduced to describe dynamic instability collapse resulting from geometric nonlinearity of the shell and the other example is presented to describe strength failure resulting from excessive development of plastic deformation, for it is discovered that the structure is not only to be prone to instability collapse in dynamic action. According to the responses of the single-layer reticulated shell under dynamic loads, this study discusses the relationship between the failure model and the corresponding dynamic load parameters. Then, the method for distinguishing failure modes is proposed based on the fuzzy synthetic evaluation theory and the structural responses of sufficient samples at the failure state. The technique feasible to be used to distinguish different failure modes of single-layer reticulated shells under different dynamic loads is validated.     

单层球面网壳的弹塑性稳定性

为了解和掌握单层球面网壳在静力荷载作用下的弹塑性稳定性能,采用有限元软件ANSYS及自编的前后处理程序对典型单层球面网壳结构稳定性能进行对比分析,初步了解了球面网壳弹性与弹塑性稳定性能的主要差异。在此基础上进行了1000余例K8型单层球面网壳弹性、弹塑性全过程分析,同时考虑竖向均布荷载的不对称分布、初始几何缺陷等因素对球面网壳稳定性能的影响,掌握了以上因素变化对球面网壳弹塑性稳定性能的影响规律,并将其定量化。最后,通过对弹性、弹塑性稳定极限承载力的统计分析,提出适用于K8、K6型球面网壳的塑性折减系数,用以表示材料非线性对极限承载力的影响。这些成果的获得为进一步开展网壳结构的弹塑性稳定性能研究以及工程实践提供了理论依据和技术参考。     

基于构形易损性理论的温室单层球面网壳极限承载力分析

温室单层球面网壳的稳定性在设计中起着控制作用,尤其是非对称(半跨均匀)荷载、初始几何缺陷(节点偏差)、矢跨比和拉索预应力等因素对温室单层球面网壳稳定性的影响还有待深入研究。基于构形易损性理论,提出了判断参数对极限承载力影响的指标,即节点构形度的差异系数。利用ANSYS软件对矢跨比分别为1/3、1/5和1/7的K6、K8型温室单层球面网壳进行了整体刚度矩阵的提取,并通过MATLAB自编程序计算得到节点构形度的差异系数,定性分析了各参数对极限承载力的影响与节点构形度的差异系数的关系。研究表明:判定初始几何缺陷和不对称荷载对温室单层网壳结构极限承载力影响的准则是节点构形度的差异系数越小,结构的极限承载力越大;通过对K6型和K8型温室单层球面网壳的稳定承载力进行计算,验证了提出的判别准则的适用性与合理性。提出的判别准则可推广至其他类型的大跨度温室空间结构中。     

近场与远场地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构易损性分析

与远场地震动不同,近场速度脉冲型地震动具有瞬时能量大、幅值大、脉冲周期长等特点,但目前少有学者关注其对网壳结构的影响。以三向网格型单层柱面网壳为研究对象,采用40条近场速度脉冲型地震动及40条远场地震动作为输入,对9例网壳结构进行增量动力分析,基于分析结果建立网壳结构的概率地震需求模型及抗震能力模型,获得网壳结构的易损性曲线,并对比研究两组地震动作用下网壳结构的极限状态失效概率。结果表明：与远场地震动相比,近场速度脉冲型地震动会造成单层柱面网壳结构更为严重的损伤,且损伤指数的离散性更大;近场速度脉冲型地震动作用下单层柱面网壳结构的极限状态失效概率要显著大于远场地震动作用下的极限状态失效概率。     

下部支承结构对网壳结构强震响应的影响研究

总结了关于考虑下部支承影响的网壳结构强震失效研究的最新研究成果。介绍了基于响应的荷载域全过程分析方法;通过建立精细化的数值模型,对考虑下部支承结构的单层球面网壳在强震作用下的特征响应进行了分析,得到了考虑下部支承结构的单层球面网壳在强震作用下的失效特征;通过大规模参数分析,详细地阐述了下部支承结构对网壳结构失效极限荷载的影响;提出了对于耦合体系的简化分析方法并初步研究了非线性下部支承结构对网壳结构失效的影响;讨论了下部支承结构非线性对网壳结构响应的影响。研究表明,非线性材料的支承结构也将明显改变耦合体系的响应规律及失效模式。     

屋面系统对单层球面网壳稳定性及地震响应的影响研究

单层球面网壳的静力稳定性及抗震性能已经取得较为系统的研究成果,但在传统的研究方法中,学者们只考虑结构部分,忽略了屋面板、吊顶、隔墙等非结构构件的影响;其中,屋面系统作为一类非结构构件,其平面刚度较大、在动力荷载下的阻尼也较大的特点会在一定程度上影响结构的受力特性。因此,选取考虑屋面系统的单层球面网壳作为研究对象,开展屋面系统对于单层球面网壳弹塑性稳定性及抗震性能的影响研究。采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS分别建立带屋面系统单层球面网壳和传统单层球壳的数值模型;通过弧长法分别对两种模型进行均布荷载作用下的非线性数值模拟,对比分析屋面系统对单层球面网壳弹塑性稳定承载力的影响;对考虑屋面系统的网壳结构进行不同地震荷载作用下的时程动力分析,采用基于响应的分析方法,考察屋面系统对于网壳结构抗震性能的影响,得到屋面系统会显著提高网壳整体刚度、增强结构抗震能力的结论;本研究可为以后网壳结构的理论研究及工程实践提供一定的参考。     

Effect of support flexibility on seismic responses of a reticulated dome under spatially correlated and coherent excitations

Reticulated domes with substructure system are affected by multiple-support seismic excitations that are spatially correlated and coherent. The influence of the coherency on the seismic responses of such a structure has been investigated but the effect of the spatial correlation and coherency on the responses for the system with different flexibility of the substructure has not been studied. A parametric investigation is carried out to address this issue for a single-layer reticulated dome. For the analysis, sets of records for multiple-support are simulated and used for time history analysis. The statistics of the responses of the dome with substructures of varying degree of flexibility are extracted from analysis, and compared with those obtained under uniform excitations. The results show the importance of considering spatially correlated and coherent excitations, especially as the stiffness of the substructure system increases. They also show that a flexible substructure system for the dome acts as a “base isolation” system for the dome under spatially correlated and coherent multiple-support excitations, and reduces the potential yielding and damage of the structure under large earthquakes. As the stiffness of the substructure system increases the consideration of uniform excitations instead of spatially correlated and coherent excitations can underestimate the seismic load effect by more than 25% for structural members in the reticulated dome and by more than 100% for the columns.     

阶跃荷载作用下单层球面网壳动力破坏研究

针对K 8型单层球面网壳在阶跃荷载下的响应进行了系统分析,综合多项特征响应指标分析了结构响应特点并给出结构破坏定义.在大量参数分析的基础上,讨论了屋面重量、矢跨比、跨度和初始缺陷对结构破坏临界荷载、结构塑性发展、位移延性系数的关系,为网壳动力破坏机理研究提供了大量基础性材料.     

钢结构工业厂房地震灾害风险评估

钢结构是近年来工业建筑较多采用的一种建筑形式,但是一直以来缺乏该类建筑的地震破坏数据。考虑了地震动的随机性和不同场地条件下建筑物震害的差异,给出了一种该类建筑地震灾害风险评估的方法;以上海某机械有限公司单层钢结构车间为例,对其进行了多地震非线性动力时程分析。利用分析的结果,结合地震破坏指标给出结构的震害率曲线。该曲线可以预测同类建筑的震害,为城市抗震防灾政策的制定提供依据。     

Cost-effectiveness of protective measures for single-layer reticulated domes subject to impact loading

Many spatial structures, including some public buildings, were built in the last thirty years, but considerable uncertainty remains with respect to their structural performance under impact loading. This paper focuses on single-layer reticulated domes because they encounter significant safety hazards when subject to terrorist attack. Three kinds of protective measures are proposed for mitigating the probability of global structural collapse under impact loads. The risk reduction measures include Lighter Roofs, Whole Member Strengthening and Strengthening of Key Members. These measures are compared and evaluated with respect to risk reduction. A technique is then used for assessing the cost-effectiveness of these measures. An example of a single-layer reticulated dome subject to airplane impact is used to illustrate when the protective measures are cost-effective, with quantifying costs being useful in the decision-making process.