低相噪超多频段VCO宽带锁相环的研究

为了解决宽带锁相环设计中相位噪声和输出频率范围的矛盾,分析并设计了一种基于超多频段压控振荡器(VCO)锁相环的方案。该方案通过降低VCO的频率灵敏度和每个VCO 配置LC矩阵等效多个VCO的方法,使VCO在保证输出的频率范围的同时,优化了相位噪声。实验结果发现,该方案可以使锁相环在保证较大的输出频率范围前提下拥有更低的相位噪声。     

基于锁定时间分析的锁相环频率合成器

提出了一种新的针对采用二阶无源滤波器的锁相环频率合成器锁定时间的估算公式,并通过仿真软件及实测结果对该公式进行了验证。基于该估算公式,设计了一种具有快速锁定功能的锁相环频率合成器。实验结果表明该锁相环频率合成器锁定时间小于7μs,具有快速锁定的功能。同时该锁相环还具有良好的相位噪声性能,对于32GHz输出信号相位噪声为-72dBc/Hz@1kHz以及-90dBc/Hz@1MHz。     

Digital-only PLL with adaptive search step

In this paper, an all-digital phase-locked loop (PLL) with adaptively controlled up/down counter serves as the loop filter is presented, and it is implemented on a field-programmable gate array. The detailed circuit of the adaptive up/down counter implementing the adaptive search algorithm is also given, in which the search step for frequency acquisition is adaptively scaled down in half until it is reduced to zero. The phase jitter of the proposed PLL can be lowered, yet keeping with fast lock-in time. Thus, the dilemma between the low phase jitter and fast lock-in time of the traditional PLL can be resolved. Simulation results and circuit implementation show that the locked count, phase jitter and lock-in time of the proposed PLL are consistent with the theoretical predictions.     

基于DDS 与PLL 的C 波段宽带线性扫频源

利用直接数字频率合成(DDS)和锁相环(PLL)技术相结合的混合频率合成方案,研制了一种C波段宽带、高频率分辨率、快速线性扫频的频率源。为了给PLL 提供低相位噪声的宽带扫频参考信号,选用ADI 的DDS芯片AD9914,并利用阶跃恢复二极管(SRD)高次倍频电路结合二倍频器产生高达3400 MHz 的时钟信号。通过上位机配置AD9914 内部频率调谐字和数字斜坡发生器,产生512.5-987.5MHz 的扫频参考信号,其频率分辨率可精细到赫兹量级。选用低附加噪声的鉴相器和宽带VCO 芯片设计C 波段锁相源,在宽带工作频率范围内对DDS 扫频信号进行快速跟踪,并有效抑制杂散信号。实测结果表明,该扫频源工作频率为4. 1- 7. 9 GHz,在频率分辨率配置为0. 38 MHz 时,单向扫频周期为1 ms,扫频线性度为1. 58×10-6 。单频点输出时相位噪声优于-114 dBc/ Hz@ 10 kHz和-119 dBc/ Hz@ 100 kHz,杂散抑制优于69 dBc。     

基于锁相环的光纤通信用10 MHz频率源设计

为得到符合工程实际、性能优良的光纤通信设备频率源,基于锁相环原理设计一款10MHz的频率合成器。首先根据频率源系统的要求提出技术指标,接着选定系统总体结构和组成,在详细分析系统的工作原理基础上进行元件的选型,然后用ADS仿真分析方案的可行性,并用ADIsimPLL仿真辅助设计系统的电路。结果表明,该频率合成器输出频点、相位噪声、锁定时间、相位裕度等均达到设计指标要求。     

2.488 Gbit/s时钟数据恢复电路的设计

利用Cadence集成电路设计软件,基于SMIC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS工艺,设计了一款2.488 Gbit/s三阶电荷泵锁相环型时钟数据恢复(CDR)电路.该CDR电路采用双环路结构实现,为了增加整个环路的捕获范围及减少锁定时间,在锁相环(PLL)的基础上增加了一个带参考时钟的辅助锁频环,由锁定检测环路实时监控频率误差实现双环路的切换.整个电路由鉴相器、鉴频鉴相器、电荷泵、环路滤波器和压控振荡器组成.后仿真结果表明,系统电源电压为1.8V,在2.488 Gbit/s速率的非归零(NRZ)码输入数据下,恢复数据的抖动峰值为14.6 ps,锁定时间为1.5μs,功耗为60 mW,核心版图面积为566 μm×448μm.     

Angle Modulation Limits of a Noise-Free Phase Lock Loop

Methods are presented for determining the modulation limits of phase lock loop (PLL) FM demodulators. These limits establish the maximum deviation that the PLL can support (i.e., remain "inlock") based on the loop design parameters. The modulation limits are derived from experimental data on first and second order loops using sinusoidal and Gaussian noise modulation. The analysis of each PLL is broken into two regions, low frequency and high frequency modulation. It is shown that the deviation limit remains constant with modulation frequency for a first order loop in the low frequency region. In the high frequency region the deviation limit increases with increasing modulation frequency for both first and second order loops. The deviation limit in a second order loop increases with decreasing modulation frequency in the low frequency region and is a function of the loop damping.     

PLL频率合成器中有源环路滤波器的设计与仿真

为提高PLL频率合成器的性能,简化环路滤波器的设计过程,提出了PLL频率合成器中有源环路滤波器的一种设计方法。首先给出一种实用的三次特性的有源环路滤波器结构,根据电路结构求出其频率特性,结合PLL频率合成器中鉴相器-VCO-分频器的相位传递函数,确定使系统稳定的相位最大返回处频率,合理分配滤波器的零、极点,进而综合出环路滤波器的设计方法,以及电路中各元件的计算公式。文中给出了设计实例并进行了PSPICE仿真,结果表明其性能完全能达到设计要求。     

一种新数字锁相环

设计了一种用于通信系统载波同步的新数字锁相环.新锁相环在传统的锁相环基础上添加了一条由快速付立叶变换、频率估计、频率电压转换构成的支路,在必要时这条支路会强制调节压控振荡器的振荡频率.试验结果表明,与传统的锁相环相比,新锁相环的揣获时间缩短了,同步带也增宽了.新数字锁相环适合于有微处理器的数字电路实现.     

Design of a PLL with improved locking range and its biomedical applications

This paper describes a phase locked loop employing a low voltage VCO using modified ECL inverter cells. The VCO circuit employed, features a positive feed back scheme to improve the operating frequency. The phase detector used in the PLL also uses a positive feedback scheme to improve the locked range and to reduce supply voltage of operation of the entire circuit. An improvement of locked range of around 35% was obtained from circuit simulation (using PSPICE) as well as from practical circuit, using discrete components. The minimum supply voltage required here is 2.5 volts. Some biomedical applications of this PLL are also proposed.     

基于注入锁定技术的非接触式免校准脉搏检测传感器

为了实现手腕脉搏检测系统的免校准脉冲检测,提出了一种基于注入锁定原理的邻近耦合射频传感器。该传感器由两个主要部分组成,包括谐波振荡器和具有压控振荡器的锁相回路（PLL）合成器。谐波振荡器由具有两个端口的微带谐振器（叉指电极机构）制成的,该微带谐振器可将桡动脉的膨胀或收缩转换为阻抗变化。然后,PLL合成器通过锁相振荡器将频率变化转换为直流电压内的变化。测量结果表明,由于桡动脉的变化,谐振器的阻抗变化会导致谐波振荡器产生高达0.68 MHz的频率变化。在脉搏的一个周期内,测得的电压峰间值为10-15mV。证明了提出传感器可用于有效的非接触式手腕脉搏检测系统。     

有线数字电视用CMOS锁相环及其相位噪声分析

论文设计了一个满足有线数字电视接收的CMOS锁相环集成电路。针对DVB-C接收标准,细化了电荷泵锁相环的相位域模型,根据该模型推导了各模块噪声的传输函数;对锁相环各模块的噪声特性进行了分析,根据相位误差优化目标,提出了优化重点。测试结果表明,在整个电视接收带宽内根据分析结果来优化的锁相环相位误差小于3.9°。内含该锁相环的电视调谐器实现了对DVB-C64QAM数字电视信号清晰接收。     

一种针对压缩域信号的新型锁相环技术

针对通信信号压缩采样获得的压缩域信号频率、相位提取问题,提出了一种基于压缩感知的新型锁相环技术。通过深入研究压缩域的信号估计问题,提出了压缩域锁相环路,可以直接在压缩域同步跟踪信号频率和相位变化,不再需要高复杂度的信号重构处理。分析了环路模型及其估计性能,并针对该锁相环可行性和性能分别进行了仿真实验。仿真结果不仅验证了压缩域锁相环的可行性,同时表明该环路能够实现高动态信号的高精度频率提取。压缩域锁相环的应用潜力较大,例如可以作为压缩感知通信接收机的同步解调方法。     

Synchronization for IR‐UWB System Using a Switching Phase Detector‐Based Impulse Phase‐Locked Loop

Conventional synchronization algorithms for impulse radio require high‐speed sampling and a precise local clock. Here, a phase‐locked loop (PLL) scheme is introduced to acquire and track periodical impulses. The proposed impulse PLL (iPLL) is analyzed under an ideal Gaussian noise channel and multipath environment. The timing synchronization can be recovered directly from the locked frequency and phase. To make full use of the high harmonics of the received impulses efficiently in synchronization, the switching phase detector is applied in iPLL. It is capable of obtaining higher loop gain without a rise in timing errors. In different environments, simulations verify our analysis and show about one‐tenth of the root mean square errors of conventional impulse synchronizations. The developed iPLL prototype applied in a high‐speed ultra‐wideband transceiver shows its feasibility, low complexity, and high precision.     

A Low‐Spur CMOS PLL Using Differential Compensation Scheme

This paper proposes LC voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) phase‐locked loop (PLL) and ring‐VCO PLL topologies with low‐phase noise. Differential control loops are used for the PLL locking through a symmetrical transformer‐resonator or bilaterally controlled varactor pair. A differential compensation mechanism suppresses out‐band spurious tones. The prototypes of the proposed PLL are implemented in a CMOS 65‐nm or 45‐nm process. The measured results of the LC‐VCO PLL show operation frequencies of 3.5 GHz to 5.6 GHz, a phase noise of –118 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, and a spur rejection of 66 dBc, while dissipating 3.2 mA at a 1 V supply. The ring‐VCO PLL shows a phase noise of –95 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, operation frequencies of 1.2 GHz to 2.04 GHz, and a spur rejection of 59 dBc, while dissipating 5.4 mA at a 1.1 V supply.     

Acquisition and Tracking Performance of a PLL Using a Class of Nonlinear Filters

A class of nonlinear filters was proposed in [1] as an alternative loop filter of a PLL. This paper examines further aspects of the performance of a PLL incorporating such a nonlinear filter. The acquisition performance due to frequency offsets and the steadystate tracking performance in the presence of noise and frequency offsets are analyzed and compared with experimental and simulation results. The noise analysis is based on techniques using the FokkerPlanck equation. The effect of the nonlinearity in the loop filter is approximated using a quasi-linearization approach. A modification to the original nonlinear filter structure is proposed in order to obtain the best noise performance in the presence of frequency offsets. The overall improvement in performance of a PLL with a nonlinear filter is evaluated and compared with a conventional PLL and other methods of improved acquisition performance such as the sweep method. The necessary graphs and formulas are presented for the design of a PLL with a nonlinear filter. The extra available design parameter enables the compromise between acquisition and noise performance to be overcome to a significant degree.     

Analysis and Software Implementation of a Robust Synchronizing PLL Circuit Based on the pq Theory

This paper presents the analysis and software implementation of a robust synchronizing circuit, i.e., phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit, designed for use in the controller of active power line conditioners. The basic problem consists of designing a PLL circuit that can track accurately and continuously the positive-sequence component at the fundamental frequency and its phase angle even when the system voltage of the bus, to which the active power line conditioner is connected, is distorted and/or unbalanced. The fundamentals of the PLL circuit are discussed. It is shown that the PLL can fail in tracking the system voltage during startup under some adverse conditions. Moreover, it is shown that oscillations caused by the presence of subharmonics can be very critical and can pull the stable point of operation synchronized to that subharmonic frequency. Oscillations at the reference input are also discussed, and the solution of this problem is presented. Finally, experimental and simulation results are shown and compared     

一款低相位噪声分谐波采样锁相振荡源的设计

现介绍了一种低相位噪声锁相振荡源，以分谐波采样式鉴相取代传统的分频式鉴相。这种方案除了压控振荡器是高频微波部件外，其余都可以用集总参数的电路构成，系统的结构较简单，便于实现小型化，突出优点在于它的灵活性，一个宽带取样鉴相器可对各个频段的压拉振荡器直接进行取样鉴相和锁相。在同等条件下，分谐波采样式锁相源比分频式锁相源的相位噪声更低。     

应用于移动通信的DDS频率合成器

随着数字技术的发展 ,近十几年来 ,直接数字频率合成 ( DDS)技术发展很快 ,已发展成为主要的频率合成技术之一。现代许多频率合成器在设计中采用了 DDS和 PLL的混合式频率合成技术 ,可以将 DDS的高分辨率及快速转换时间特性与 PLL的输出功率高、寄生噪声和杂散低的特点有机地结合起来。文中研究了应用于正交频分复用 ( OFDM)通信系统的 DDS+ PPL混合式频率合成器设计 ,给出了系统方案、电路实现及测试结果 ,输出信号功率为 -5 d Bm,带内相位噪声可以达到 -76d Bc/Hz@1 k Hz,频率分辨率为 1 Hz,跳频速度可以达到 1 0 4 跳 /秒的数量级 ,实验表明其性能指标满足 OFDM通信系统的要求。