杆件初弯曲对网壳结构弹塑性稳定性能影响研究

为研究杆件初弯曲对网壳结构弹塑性稳定性能的影响,采用多段梁法模拟杆件的初弯曲,通过ANSYS软件给出2种建模方法引入网壳结构的杆件初弯曲。根据杆件初弯曲的随机性介绍随机缺陷模态法,以Kiewitt-8型网壳为例解释随机缺陷模态法的模拟过程并考察杆件初弯曲方向角和幅值随机变量对网壳稳定性的影响,由此得到修正的一致缺陷模态法。基于上述方法,分析考虑杆件初弯曲的Kiewitt-6、Kiewitt-8和短程线型单层网壳的稳定性,定量给出杆件初弯曲对不考虑节点偏差结构和考虑节点偏差结构承载力的影响。结果表明：对于不考虑节点偏差结构和考虑节点偏差结构,杆件初弯曲将明显降低结构承载力,并且能够改变结构的塑性发展程度,杆件初弯曲对单层网壳弹塑性稳定性能的影响不可忽略;修正的一致缺陷模态法能够有效评估考虑杆件初弯曲的网壳结构承载力的较小值。     

Stability analysis of prestressed space truss structures based on the imperfect truss element

Prestressed space truss structures have been widely used in various public buildings in recent years. However, because of its large span, the length of its members also increases. Therefore the member initial curvature will probably affect the stability of the structure. This paper focuses on the truss element with initial geometrical imperfection under high axial load. The relation between axial force and deformation, the expression of axial tangent stiffness, and the concept of initial curvature coefficient for truss element are established. With the example of prestressed cable-stayed arch-truss structure, the influence of member initial curvature on nonlinear stability performance of the structure under various prestress values is studied. The result indicates that member initial curvature has little influence on global stiffness of the structure before buckling, but has great influence on the performance of the structure after buckling and on limit load of the structure. Under different prestress values, the limit load-member initial curvature curves are parallel and almost linear. The proposed method in this paper can be widely applied into nonlinear stability analysis of various prestressed space truss structures with large span, so that the influence of member initial curvature on structural stability can be estimated.     

直接分析设计法中的受压构件等效初始缺陷研究

在GB 50017-2017《钢结构设计标准》中,仅对考虑材料弹性阶段的直接分析设计法中的构件初始缺陷取值作出了规定,对考虑材料弹塑性发展的直接分析设计法中未给出构件初始缺陷取值的具体数值.为此,基于钢结构塑性稳定理论,利用轴心受压构件稳定系数反向推导其等效初始缺陷,包括初始几何缺陷和残余应力.根据不同的截面类型和钢材...     

杆件初弯曲对半刚接单层柱面网壳稳定承载力的影响研究

为了系统地研究杆件初弯曲对半刚接单层柱面网壳稳定承载力的影响,对5种矢跨比的半刚接网壳进行了双重非线性全过程分析。首先阐述了焊接球节点刚度及随机杆件初弯曲的确定方法,然后深入研究了杆件初弯曲对5种矢跨比的半刚接网壳稳定承载力的影响程度,最后探讨了具有杆件弯曲的半刚接网壳的破坏过程。研究结果表明,杆件初弯曲对半刚接网壳稳定承载力的影响程度与网壳矢跨比和初弯曲分布形式有关。如杆件初弯曲对矢跨比为1/3、1/4半刚接网壳的影响甚微,对矢跨比为1/5半刚接网壳的影响较为明显。矢跨比为1/6半刚接网壳的承载能力对个别杆件的弯曲形式较为敏感,而对某些杆件的初弯曲形式不敏感;随着矢跨比的减小,具有杆件初弯曲的半刚接网壳的极限荷载的离散性先增大后减小;网壳达到极限状态之后,失稳区域的竖向位移、杆件的弯曲应力和节点的转角迅速增大,网壳的受力状态转变为弯曲应力状态,当失稳区域的位移较大时,会引起该区域部分杆件丧失稳定,最终导致网壳发生整体失稳。     

Assessment of the Progressive Collapse Resistance of Double-Layer Grid Space Structures Using Implicit and Explicit Methods

A double-layer grid space structure is a conventional long span structure used where large column-free areas are required. Due to its’ large indeterminacy and the redundancy of its structural configuration, it is normally considered in design practice, that progressive collapse will not be triggered when the loss of an individual member occurs. However, research and several prior accidents have shown that progressive collapse could occur following the loss of some critical members when the structures are subject to abnormal loading such as heavy snow. To investigate the structural behavior of this type of structure, a 3D finite element model of a double-layer space structure grid was built by the authors, several collapse scenarios have been investigated using an implicit method which follows the alternative path method defined in GSA. In addition, case studies have been made using the explicit method which is to simulate the whole process of the structural collapse. In the analysis, different members failure or support collapses were studied. The response of the structure was investigated and the correspondent potential of progressive collapse was discussed in detail. Methods to mitigate the progressive collapse of this type of space structure have also been recommended.     

Elasto-plastic stability of single-layer reticulated domes with initial curvature of members

Initial curvature of members is an inevitable geometrical imperfection for reticulated domes. To investigate the stability of single-layer domes with initial curvature of members, the multi-beam method was presented to simulate the initial curvature of members, and two modeling methods were adopted to introduce the initial curvature of members for reticulated domes by means of ANSYS. First, the random imperfection mode method was introduced according to the randomness of initial curvature of members. The example of a Kiewitt-8 dome was used to explain the method and investigate the influence of angle and amplitude random variables on the stability of reticulated domes. Second, the modified consistent imperfection mode method was obtained, which was an efficient method to evaluate the lowest buckling load of the structure with initial curvature of members. Based on this method, the Kiewitt-6 and Kiewitt-8 single-layer reticulated domes were taken as examples to analyze the stability of structures with initial curvature of members, and the influences of initial curvature of members on the ideal structure and the structure with nodes deviation were obtained quantitatively. The results show that, for the ideal structure and the structure with nodes deviation, initial curvature of members can decrease the buckling load of the structure obviously. Initial curvature of members can change the buckling mode and plasticity development of the structure. The influence of initial curvature of members on the elasto-plastic stability of single-layer reticulated domes cannot be neglected.     

杆件初始缺陷对单层凯威特球面网壳地震响应影响研究

为研究杆件初始缺陷对单层凯威特球面网壳地震响应的影响,利用OpenSEES有限元程序,采用多段梁法模拟杆件初始缺陷,给出了OpenSEES模拟空间网格结构圆管杆件滞回的多段梁法建模参数合理取值,基于GB 50017—2003《钢结构设计规范》中压杆稳定系数拟合了圆管等效偏心率和正则化长细比的关系式。考虑杆件初弯曲方向随机分布,建立了不同参数单层凯威特球面网壳模型,对网壳增量动力分析的最大位移进行了比较。结果表明：当网壳处于弹性状态时,杆件缺陷对其地震响应的影响可以忽略;当网壳进入塑性状态后,杆件缺陷对其地震响应的影响不可忽略,不同杆件初弯曲方向的网壳地震响应离散程度随地震动强度提高基本呈增大趋势;地震动强度较大时,考虑杆件缺陷和结构整体缺陷的单层网壳地震响应和仅考虑整体缺陷的单层网壳地震响应差异较大,两者最大位移的相对大小并无规律性,其关键影响因素为地震作用下塑性杆件分布的离散程度。     

On the fire resistance of structural steel elements derived from standard fire tests or by calculation

Due to high costs, a fire resistance test of a load-bearing structural element is usually limited to one test specimen — in a few countries, to two test specimens. Accordingly, there are no possibilities of evaluating the test results statistically.For a single test specimen, the actual quality of the structural material represents a random sample from a wide variety. This applies also to the initial imperfections of the structural elements. In consequence of this, a standard fire resistance test is generally carried out on a test specimen with a load-bearing capacity which is greater — most often significantly greater — than the load-bearing capacity related to the characteristic values of the mechanical material strength and of the imperfections of the structural member. In current practice, no corrections of the test results with respect to this are made.In a conventional analytical design, a determination of the load-bearing capacity of a structure at room temperature conditions is based on the characteristics values of the strength and imperfections. Extended to a structural fire engineering design, this procedure will give an analytically determined fire resistance of a load-bearing structural element which is lower — normally essentially lower — than the corresponding value derived from a standard fire resistance test.Available methods for a simplified calculation of the temperature of fire exposed steel structures are, as a rule, based on the assumption of a uniformly distributed temperature structure at each time of fire exposure. The ECCS Recommendations for an analytical design of steel structures exposed to a standard fire follow this kind of approach. For certain types of steel structures, for example, beams with a slab on the upper flange, a considerable temperature variation arises over the cross section as well as in the longitudinal direction during a fire resistance test. A simplified, analytical method, which neglects this influence, gives a further underestimation of the fire resistance in relation to the corresponding result obtained in a standard fire resistance test.The described discrepancies between an analytical and an experimental determination of the fire resistance are further discussed and analysed in Sections 2 and 3, with particular reference to different types of steel structures. The discussion is focussed on the loading and restraint conditions, the scatter of material properties and geometrical imperfections, and the temperature variation over the structure or structural element. The discussion is summarized in Section 4 and alternative methods of correction are outlined briefly for obtaining an improved consistency between the analytical and the experimental approaches.In Section 5, one of these methods is further developed to a design basis which can be applied easily in practice. Principally, the method is characterized by a correction of the analytically determined load-bearing capacity, based on the characteristic value of the structural material properties, the characteristic value of the imperfections of the structure, and a uniformly distributed steel temperature across and along the structure. Two different sequences of the design procedure are dealt with, defined according to Figs. 10 and 11. The resultant correction factors, ? and κ, belonging to the respective sequences, are given by Figs. 8 and 12 for columns, isostatic beams, and hyperstatic beams. The straight line curves in Figs. 9 and 13 show corresponding, simplified relationships for the ? and κ factors.The derived method of correction must be characterized as an approximate approach. This is in consequence of the present state of knowledge, which does not allow a solution of high accuracy. The task to develop a correction procedure which leads to improved consistency between an analytically and an experimentally determined fire resistance, should also be seen in the context of the inadequate reproducibility of the standard fire resistance test.     

Collapse fragility assessment of steel roof framings with force limiting devices under transient wind loading

Steel structural frame is a popular structural form to cover large-span roof space and under high winds. Either part of the roof enclosure or the entire roof structure can be lifted off a building, particularly for low sloped roofs subject to wind-induced suction force. Collapse of roof could cause severe economic loss and poses safety risk to residents in the building. The buckling of members in a steel roof frame structure, which may lead to progressive collapse, may be dynamic in nature. This paper presents a fragility analysis of the collapse of steel roof frame structures under combined static and transient wind loading. Uncertainties associated with wind load change rate and member imperfections are taken into account in this study. A numerical example based on a Steel Joist Institute (SJI) K series joist was used to demonstrate the use of force limiting devices for collapse risk mitigation. For the presented fragility assessment of steel roof collapse, a Monte Carlo method combined with response surface approach was adopted, which greatly reduces the computation time and makes the Monte Carlo simulation feasible for probabilistic collapse analysis of steel roof frame structures.     

Dynamic analysis methodology for progressive failure of truss structures considering inelastic postbuckling cyclic member behavior

Over the years, several catastrophic collapses of truss structures have been reported. Sudden failure or reduction in member capacity of a single member in a truss structure gives rise to dynamic force redistribution in the remaining members and may lead to progressive collapse of the entire structure. During failure, truss members can undergo inelastic cyclic behavior (including postbuckling in compression and yielding in tension) that may not have existed in the intact structure. This paper presents a methodology to incorporate the inelastic cyclic member force-deformation behavior in the dynamic analysis of truss structures and at the same time incorporates the possible dynamic effects arising from the sudden change in load carrying capacity of a member due to failure or buckling/postbuckling. The method tracks and generates the force-deformation characteristics of every member of the truss at each incremental time step. The continuous change in the load-carrying capacity and the stiffness of members during the nonlinear force-deformation history has been incorporated in the analysis scheme using the Pseudo-force approach. The solution methodology for obtaining the dynamic response of the structure is based on the finite element technique and considers elasto-plastic material and large deformation geometric nonlinearities. The methodology is applied to a two-dimensional three-member toggle redundant truss subjected to external static, quasi-static, and dynamic (sinusoidal and ramp) loads. Results delineating the effects of the inelastic cyclic axial force-deformation relation of each member and the time variation of joint displacements and member forces are presented for each loading condition. The results show that there exist cases where modeling a compression member with its actual postbuckling behavior, which although has some reserve load carrying capacity, are more critical than the case where the same member is considered to suddenly lose its full load carrying capacity at its buckling load.     

Multi-indicator evaluation method of important members of truss string structures

During the past decade, the progressive collapse of structures has received growing attention, and the study of member importance is a key step for investigating the progressive collapse resistance. However, traditional methods for evaluating the member importance usually employ a single indicator, and when multiple indicators are involved, different indicators may generate different member rankings. Moreover, the truss string structure is a multiple super-stationary structure with many members, and the current studies mainly focus on cable failure, which does not mean that other members are not important. In this study, the initial selection of important members is first performed based on concept evaluation, and then, the alternate path method is used to analyze the progressive collapse resistance of truss string structures; the slope degradation coefficient γ of incremental dynamic analysis curve, load capacity degradation coefficient β, and nested load capacity degradation coefficient β′ are introduced; and the sensitivity coefficient SI_j and fragility coefficient VI_i are defined with axial force as the structural response. Based on the above five indicators, two cases are conducted to evaluate the member importance. The analysis results show that the cable and the bottom chord member at the support are evaluated as the first-level important members. Through the analysis of different indicators, it is found that the regularity of the coefficient of each member is inconsistent for different indicators. The results could be one-sided if the important members were evaluated by a single indicator only. In addition, the second-level important members of truss string structures are evaluated by multi-indicator analysis. Finally, the nominal progressive collapse resistance of truss string structures is given based on the importance coefficient of the first- and second-level important members.     

考虑杆件屈曲的网壳结构的稳定性

为了了解杆件屈曲对网壳结构稳定性的影响,关键问题就是如何区分网壳结构中的杆件屈曲并得出其辨别方法。以一个Kiewitt-8型球面网壳为实例,研究杆件屈曲的特性和传播规律。同时,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS对一个球状网壳结构模型的测试结果进行分析和比较,得出对杆件屈曲的判定结果和其对结构的影响。判定结果与试验数据完全吻合。从杆件屈曲方面考虑,对材料非线性,初始几何缺陷以及杆件型号对杆件和网壳结构稳定性的影响进行研究。结果显示,所采用的方法可以有效地判定网壳结构的杆件屈曲问题;杆件屈曲和其扩散会直接影响到整个结构的稳定性。     

Stability of reticulated shells considering member buckling

In order to understand the influence of member buckling on the stability of reticulated shells, a key problem of how to distinguish the member buckling for reticulated shell structures was pointed out, and judgment methods of member buckling were obtained. Using a Kiewitt-8 dome as an example, the buckling characteristic and propagation rule of member buckling were studied. Meanwhile, a reticulated dome model tested was analyzed and compared by using the finite element software ANSYS. Judgment results of member buckling and the influence of member buckling on the structure were obtained. The judgment results accorded well with the test. Then taking the member buckling into consideration, the effect of material nonlinearity, initial geometrical imperfections, and member size on the stability of the members and the reticulated shell structures were investigated. The results show that the methods adopted can judge the member buckling for reticulated shell structures effectively; the member buckling and its propagation can affect the stability of the structure directly.     

Collapse behavior of single-layer space barrel vaults under non-uniform support settlements

Single-layer space barrel vaults are appropriate structures for covering extensive spaces with large spans for which non-uniform support settlement is considered as a great concern. This can affect the stability and collapse behavior of these structures. Accordingly, in this paper, the collapse behavior of the barrel vaults with different slope angles is investigated under various types of the non-uniform support settlement. Both material and geometrical nonlinearity are taken into account while studying the effects of the settlements on the collapse progression in barrel vaults. Finally, the optimum slope angles of the structures are determined so that it minimizes the destructive effects of the support settlement. Moreover, the allowable values of the non-uniform support settlements provided by several code provisions have been investigated in detail.     

地震作用下钢框架结构抗竖向连续倒塌可靠度分析

为了对偶然荷载作用下结构的抗连续性倒塌进行可靠度研究,采用OpenSEES软件建立钢框架连续倒塌分析数值模型,考虑到钢框架结构材料和荷载的不确定性,使用拉丁超立方抽样方法生成钢框架结构随机样本,并采用随机Pushover算法对钢框架结构进行分析,计算得到X、Y两个方向不同地震水平下各钢柱承载能力及变形能力的可靠度指标,根据抗震可靠度相关理论确定目标可靠度指标,通过比较各柱的可靠度指标和目标可靠度,对结构在地震作用下最可能失效构件进行识别。基于所识别的最可能失效构件,结合所生成的100组钢框架结构随机样本,采用拆除构件法对钢框架结构在单柱失效和多柱失效等工况下进行抗连续倒塌IDA分析,得到随机IDA分析曲线。通过结构连续倒塌极限状态方程,计算得到损伤结构发生连续倒塌的概率及连续倒塌条件可靠度指标。采用基于风险的结构连续倒塌概率表达式,分析地震作用下钢框架结构发生局部破坏后的连续倒塌全概率可靠度,为准确评价钢框架结构在地震作用下的抗连续倒塌能力提供依据。     

大矢跨比单层球面网壳动力试验模型弹塑性稳定分析

为了解水平地震作用下具有不同失效机制的单层球面网壳结构在静力荷载作用下的弹塑性稳定性能,利用有限元软件ANSYS,对两个矢跨比为1/2的单层球面网壳结构试验模型进行双重非线性全过程分析,获得结构的弹塑性极限承载力,比较二者的失稳模态,初步了解二者之间的差异。考察结构杆件屈曲、初始缺陷等因素对结构稳定性能的影响,并分析各因素对结构极限承载力的影响规律。结果表明,地震作用下,具有强度破坏特征的网壳结构在静力下的失稳模式表现为结构的整体失稳,而发生动力失稳破坏的结构则表现为局部失稳破坏。杆件失稳和初始缺陷使结构的临界荷载大幅度降低,且地震作用下属于强度破坏的单层球面网壳结构在静力下对初始缺陷的敏感性大于动力失稳破坏结构。     

Stability problems of steel structures in the presence of stochastic and fuzzy uncertainty

General ideas and problems of probability approach and its utilization in the verification of structural design procedures of EUROCODES are mentioned. The paper is aimed at the probability study of the ultimate limit state of a steel compressed member designed economically according to EUROCODE 3. The theoretical failure probability (reliability index) vs. ratio of permanent to variable load action is calculated by means of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The misalignment of the failure probability according to EN1990 is analysed. Initial imperfections are generally considered as random variables and random fields. The non-linear beam FEM is used. The influence of initial curvature shape and size variability of the member axis on the variability of load-carrying capacity is investigated. The probabilistic analysis is supplemented with the fuzzy analysis of the influence of uncertainties on the failure probability.     

Simulation of geometric imperfections in cold-formed steel members using spectral representation approach

In this paper, a summary of the available imperfection measurements for cold-formed steel members is presented. Three methods to simulate imperfection fields are introduced: the first is the classical approach employing a superposition of eigenmode imperfections, but scaled to match peaks in the measured physical measurements. The second is a method based on the multi-dimensional spectral representation method, in which imperfections are considered as a two-dimensional random field and simulations are performed taking a spectra-based approach. The third is a novel combination of modal approaches and spectral representation that directly considers the frequency content of the imperfection field, but employs a spectral representation method driven by the cross-sectional eigenmode shapes to generate the imperfection fields. The effect of these different approaches on the simulated strength and collapse behavior of members is investigated using material and geometric nonlinear finite element collapse modeling. The third imperfection generation method, termed the 1D Modal Spectra Method, provides an intriguing new tool in the simulation of thin-walled members.     

不同开启角度双层圆柱拱壳体系抗震性能的数值分析及试验研究

通过薄壁钢管模型对不同开启角度双层圆柱拱壳体系的抗震性能进行数值分析及试验研究。圆柱拱壳分析模型包含了6种开放角度和4种基本频率。利用MIDAS软件建立了24种双层圆柱拱壳结构模型,施加阻尼比为5%的3种不同的地震作用。研究了水平和垂直地震作用下分析模型在X、Y、Z三个方向上的动力响应特性。此外,对缩尺薄壁钢管模型进行了振动台试验。将试验结果和数值分析结果进行对比,二者加速度反应分布情况相似。水平地震作用下,数值分析和试验均在1/4和3/4节点处出现最大值,在中心节点处出现较小值。研究结果显示,圆柱拱壳模型最佳开启角度为90°。