Stability — The key to effective high expansion foam,part II

In Part I, the author reviewed the fundamentals of high expansion foam and examined the findings of tests made to evaluate it. In this, the concluding part of the paper, he discusses the effects of automatic sprinklers on high expansion foam. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. Note: References 1–8, Tables 1 and 2, and Figures 1 and 2 will be found in Part I of the article published inFire Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Feb. 1970), pp. 39–51.     

Calculation of performance of fire retardant ceiling systems

With equations, Part I describes the thermal behavior of a composite system consisting of a noncombustible ceiling board suspended below a concrete floor slab. Part II shows how the equations have been successfully adapted to digital computer operation. The computed results agree with experimental measurements for two specific systems exposed to a standard test furnace heated at a prescribed rate. Note: References 1 through 11, Table 1, and Figures 1 and 2 will be found in Part I of this paper published inFire Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, November 1969, on pages 323–331.     

Application of CMA program to wood charring

Experiments were conducted to test the ability of a computer program to describe the charring of ovendried wood. Note: Mr. White is a Forest Products Technologist and Dr. Schaffer is a Supervisory Research Engineer at the Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory. The Laboratory is maintained at Madison, Wisconsin in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. Note: The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Simulation des dichteabhängigen Stofftransportes im Grundwasser und Verifizierung am Beispiel der Saltpool-Experimente

Kurzfassung Die Saltpool-Experimente von OSWALD (1998) und OSWALD & KINZELBACH (2004), im Jahre 1998 an der ETH Zürich ausgeführt, sind exzellente Benchmark-Tests für numerische Simulationsprogramme der dichtevariablen Strömung. Zahlreiche Autoren haben Ergebnisse dazu veröffentlicht. Die kritischen Probleme hierbei sind sowohl die zu dicke Übergangszone von hoher Konzentration an der Sohle der Versuchsbox zum Süßwasser am Top der Box in der Injektionsphase und in der Ruhephase als auch die extrem langen Rechenzeiten.Die Untersuchungen von HÄFNER & BOY (2003a) wurden fortgeführt mit dem erweiterten Code MODCALIF-MST (MODular Flow and CALIbration with Front Limitation algorithm—Multi Species and Temperature). Insbesondere werden Methoden zur Rechenzeitbeschleunigung diskutiert und verifiziert. Durch Nutzung eines algebraischen Multigrid- Gleichungslösers konnte die Rechenzeit um den Faktor 4 verringert werden. Zur Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit von MODCALIF-MST wurden die Saltpool Experimente, case 1 und case 2, nachsimuliert und Gitterkonvergenzstudien sowie eine Modellkalibrierung durchgeführt.

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Simulation of density-dependent solute transport in groundwater and verification with saltpool experiments

Abstract The Saltpool experiments by OSWALD (1998) and OSWALD & KINZELBACH (2004), carried out in 1998 at the ETH Zurich, are an excellent benchmark test for numerical simulation programmes of the variable-density flow. Numerous authors published results on this subject. Here, critical problems are the thick transition zones from high concentration at the bottom to fresh water at the top of the box in the injection phase and the rest phase (phases 1–2) as well as the extremely long computing time.We have continued the investigations by HÄFNER & BOY (2003a) with the extended code MODCALIF-MST (MODular Flow and CALIbration with Front Limitation algorithm—Multi Species and Temperature) in double porosity porous media. Especially, the methods for code acceleration are discussed and verified. By incorporating the algebraic multigrid package as linear equation solver, computing times could be reduced by a factor of about 4. Simulations, a grid convergence study and a model calibration were carried out for the experiments case 1 and case 2 with MODCALIF.

     

Fire and high buildings

The time necessary to evacuate today’s high-rise buildings in a fire emergency is unsatisfactory from the standpoint of the development of untenable smoke conditions. The Division of Building Research has been working on the problem for several years and suggests several approaches to controlling smoke movement in buildings. Note: Mr. Wilson is Assistant Director of the Division of Building Research, and Mr. Shorter is Head of the Fire Research Section. Note: The authors presented this paper at the 74th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in Toronto on May 20, 1970. It is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division.     

A cryogenic line leak detector

On-site detection speeds response to flammable cryogenic gas leaks. Note: This paper was presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in Chicago, Illinois, May 13, 1975.     

The effect of humidity,air temperature,and wind speed on fine fuel moisture content

A controlled environmental chamber was used to study the effects of relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed on moisture content of tobosa grass. Prediction equations were developed to show rates of change in fine fuel moisture content and equilibrium fine fuel moisture content for both absorption and desorption. Note: Mr. Britton is a Research Associate at Texas Tech University; Mr. Countryman, a Project Leader, Forest Fire Laboratory, Riverside, California; Dr. Wright, Associate Professor of Range Management, Texas Tech University; and Dr. Walvekar, Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University. Mr. Britton’s current address is Range Science Department, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. Note: This paper is College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University Contribution No. T-9-111.     

Surface flammability assessment,part II—Validity and application of major current test methods

The authors discuss the detailed application of surface flammability assessment theory to the major test methods available in North America. Note: Dr. Campbell is with the Ontario Research Foundation, and Mr. McGuire is a consultant to the Foundation.     

Flammability tests, 1975: A review

The author identifies the numerous tests designed to describe the flammability characteristics of materials and discusses some of the more widely used ones. Note: The author now holds the title Research Professor in the Institute of Chemical Biology of the University of San Francisco.     

Life support without combustion hazards

Consider the possibilities of a habitable atmosphere in which ignition cannot occur. The author reports on some investigations aimed at this very objective. Note: Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in St. Louis, MO on May 16, 1973.     

An overview of the fire behavior of polymers

A review of the literature dealing with investigations of the fire behavior of plastics. Note: The author presented this paper at the Second Combustion Symposium on the Thermal and Oxidative Properties of Plastics sponsored by the American Chemical Society in April 1973.     

Characteristics of invisible particles generated by precombustion and combustion

The author discusses a series of tests designed to study the generation and behavior of submicron-sized particles and gases released by heated materials. Note: This paper was presented at the NFPA annual meeting in St. Louis, Missouri on May 17, 1973.     

Qualification test of smoke detectors

To improve the quality and reliability of fire detection and alarm, the author calls for internationally agreed upon test specifications that will not hinder future development. Note: The author delivered this paper at the NFPA Fall Meeting in Montreal, Canada, November 1978.     

LNG facilities — Engineered fire protection systems

Dry chemical fire extinguishers used in conjunction with high expansion foam have been used successfully in tests to extinguish LNG spill fires. Note: This paper was presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association, May 1975, Chicago, Illinois.     

Advances in protection of polar-type flammable liquid hazards

Universal Foam overcomes many of the limitations of conventional fire fighting foam products. Note: This paper was presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association at Miami Beach, Florida in May 1974.     

Halon 1301 flow in pipelines

An understanding of the mechanism of flow of Halon 1301 is necessary for the proper design of piping systems. Note: The author presented this paper at the 79th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association held in Chicago, Illinois, May 1975.     

Considerations on arcing as a fire cause

It has been concluded in this study that the evidence of arcing is not a sufficient reason to blame electricity as the cause of fire. Note: Dr. Béland is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Sherbrooke.     

Flame propagation of burning solid material with moisture

The author has developed an analytical model in an effort to determine the effect of moisture on flame propagation. To some degree, the study clarifies the fire controlling mechanism of liquids. Note: Mr. Ying is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences.     

Mathematical model for analyzing the trade-offs in aircraft hangar deluge sprinkler systems design

The author explores the use of simple mathematical models in optimizing the design of fixed protection systems by testing the cost sensitivity of an aircraft hangar foam-water deluge system to variations in semi-arbitrarily fixed design parameters. Note: The author is a doctoral candidate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.     

The role of thermal feedback in compartment fires

A response to P. H. Thomas’ comments. Note: This paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division.