浅谈建设项目全寿命周期成本控制

建设项目全寿命周期成本控制就是站在全社会的角度,对建设项目的全寿命周期成本控制对象,通过一定的技术和方法对建设项目寿命周期各个阶段成本、各要素成本之间的相互关系进行分析,采用相应的措施,实现建设项目全寿命周期成本最优,建设项目全寿命周期成本控制的目标是实现建设项且全寿命周期成本最优,建设项目全寿命周期成本的内涵有广义和狭义之分,广义的建设项目全寿命周期成本,即是基于全社会的角度,在建设项目的寿命周期内（从构思、决策、土地获取、设计、施工、使用、维护、翻修、拆除的整个寿命周期）生产者、消费者以及公众所发生的一切费用。狭义的建设项目全寿命周期成本是指一个建设项目在其全寿命周期内自身的折现货币成本。     

浅谈建设项目全寿命周期成本控制

阐述了建设项目全寿命周期成本控制的意义,对全寿命周期成本控制的内涵、目的、性质、手段、内容等作了探讨,比较分析了全寿命周期成本控制与传统的决策、控制理论与方法的区别,指出了全寿命周期成本控制的措施。     

绿色建筑全寿命周期成本控制管理研究

本文对绿色建筑全寿命周期的影响因素进行了全面分析,探讨了绿色建筑全寿命周期成本控制管理的方法,提出了加强绿色建筑全寿命周期成本控制管理的政策建议,为全面推广绿色建筑全寿命周期成本控制管理奠定了基础。     

政府工程采购的全寿命周期成本分析

全寿命周期成本为政府采购提供了全新的视角,它要求政府采购应追求产品的全寿命周期成本最小,尤其应该关注环境成本和社会成本,以提高整体社会效益。介绍了全寿命周期成本概念,分析了政府工程采购的全寿命周期成本构成,提出了全寿命周期成本估算方法,介绍了估算中有关参数的确定方法。     

轨道交通全寿命周期成本控制的探讨

从城市轨道交通建设成本及运营成本出发,通过对全寿命周期成本的定位及影响因素的分析,尝试构建轨道交通全寿命周期成本估算的数学模型,并结合实例详细探讨了轨道交通全寿命周期成本估算的分析方法和步骤,提出了全寿命周期各阶段的造价控制措施和相关建议,具有一定的实际意义。     

基于全寿命周期理论的建设项目造价控制

论述了全寿命周期理论及建设项目全寿命周期成本理论的内涵,提出了建设项目全寿命周期成本理论的基本原则以及全寿命周期各阶段造价控制的重点和控制措施,指出树立建设项目全寿命周期成本理论,重视在建设项目全过程各阶段综合考虑项目成本,立足于项目的全寿命周期成本最小化,可有效提升建设项目的管理水平,使建设资金创造出更大的经济效益。     

空调冷热源系统全寿命周期成本计算软件开发

本文从建筑空调系统节能的角度出发,讨论了采用全寿命周期方法进行成本评价的必要性和目前全寿命周期成本评价方法所存在的问题.而后,提出了结合TRNSYS软件平台开发空凋系统全寿命周期成本评价软件的构想,以常规空调系统为例,开发了空调冷热源系统全寿命周期成本评价软件,并给出了应用实例.利用该软件可以方便地实现以空调系统全寿命周期成本最低为目标的优化设计.在此基础上进行拓展,可对其它空调系统形式进行全寿命周期评价.     

费用效率法在工程项目全寿命周期成本评价中的应用

工程项目全寿命周期成本分析秉承可持续发展思想,从项目全寿命周期来考虑成本问题,涉及项目的初始投资、运行维护和报废回收以及社会环境效益等多方面的因素。本文介绍了当前我国工程项目全寿命周期成本研究的基本情况,并结合实例应用费用效率法对某工程项目方案进行评选,结合其结果说明全寿命周期成本分析方法可以对工程项目全寿命周期成本进行有效控制,从而实现工程项目的经济性与合理性,为投资者决策提供参考意见。     

城市轨道交通车辆全寿命周期成本分析

城市轨道交通已经成为现代城市交通体系的重要组成部分,并且正在逐渐融入我国的各个大中城市。车辆是城市轨道交通工程中的核心组成部分。目前城市轨道交通车辆采购招标比选时,仅仅考虑车辆采购价格,并不包括车辆全寿命周期各个阶段发生的成本,因此做出的决策只是局部最优,并不是整体最佳。论文对城市轨道交通车辆全寿命周期的阶段进行划分,并对城市轨道交通车辆全寿命周期成本进行了成本分解,在此基础上构建了城市轨道交通车辆全寿命周期成本模型。最后将城市轨道交通车辆全寿命周期成本模型应用于地铁A型车辆进行实例分析,得出结论为:车辆购置成本占车辆全寿命周期成本的51.68%,所以进行城市轨道交通车辆选型时应从车辆的全寿命周期出发。     

建设项目全寿命周期成本控制

阐述了工程建设项目全寿命周期成本控制的概念、目标,对项目全寿命周期过程中影响工程成本的因素进行了分析,就如何控制工程建设项目全寿命周期的工程成本进行了探讨,旨在提高工程的经济效益和社会效益.     

Quality evaluation of lightweight cellular concrete by an ultrasound-based method

The accuracy of subgrade quality evaluation is important for road safety assessment. Since there is little research work devoted to testing lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) by an ultrasound-based method, the quantitative relation between ultrasonic testing results and the quality of LCC subgrade is not well understood. In this paper, the quality of LCC subgrade was evaluated with respect to compressive strength and crack discrimination. The relation between ultrasonic testing results and LCC quality was explored through indoor tests. Based on the quantitative relation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength of LCC, a fitting formula was established. Moreover, after the LCC became cracked, the ultrasonic pulse velocity and ultrasonic pulse amplitude decreased. After determining the lower limiting values of the ultrasonic pulse velocity and ultrasonic pulse amplitude through the statistical data, it could be calculated whether there were cracks in LCC subgrade. The ultrasonic testing results showed that the compressive strength of the LCC subgrade was suitable for purpose and there was no crack in the subgrade. Then core samples were taken from the subgrade. Comparisons between ultrasonic testing results of subgrade and test results of core samples demonstrated a good agreement.     

基于ISO15686-5国际标准的建筑生命周期成本(LCC)与建筑全生命成本(WLC)研究

该文针对国际标准化组织所公布的ISO 15686-5(房屋和建筑资产:工作寿命计划第5部分:生命周期成本)中建筑生命周期成本(LCC)与建筑全生命成本(WLC)部分展开研究。该文的研究目的主要在于说明ISO15686-5在建筑领域LCC研究当中的重要性,明确LCC和WLC的概念,明晰LCC与WLC之间的区别和联系,进而探讨WLC所涉及的变量。通过在ISO15686-5框架内对LCC和WLC的分析和比较,可以发现两者的区别主要体现在外部性、非建筑成本和收益这三个组成部分方面。WLC所覆盖的成本范围当中包含了LCC,它相当于LCC与其他外部成本的合计。     

LCC 分析技术在炼油项目管理中的应用 ——以千万吨炼油扩建项目为例

为了实现炼油项目可持续发展,在项目寿命周期内达到总体的经济目标最优化,提出了在炼油项目管理中应用LCC 分析技术。介绍了LCC 分析的一般做法,包括设置LCC 分析协调员,进行LCC 分析培训,确立通用统一的数据源和假设条件,将LCC 分析纳入各类合同框架。以千万吨炼油扩建项目为例,说明了项目寿命周期各阶段LCC 分析的重点以及取得的成果。提出了在千万吨炼油扩建项目管理应用LCC 分析的实践中加强顶层推动和机构组织保障,建立内部管理程序,完善基础数据库建设等建议。     

Practical valuations on the effect of two type uncertainties for optimum design of cable-stayed bridges

A procedure for the optimum structural design of cable-stayed bridges is proposed based on minimum expected life-cycle cost (LCC); the procedure is illustrated with the optimum design of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to static and earthquake loads. Reliability analysis of the bridge is performed taking into account the two types of uncertainty in the capacity and loads. The capacity of the bridge is assumed to be determined by its critical members; this is tantamount to the assumption that the capacities and load effects of the structural members are highly correlated. Various designs of a cable-stayed bridge are considered; namely, a standard design, plus several that are weaker as well as several that are stronger than the standard design. For the different alternative designs, the member sections are decreased or increased relative to those of the standard design. The LCC of a particular design is formulated assuming that the cost components (including the maintenance and social costs) are respectively fractions of the initial cost. Reliability of a design associated with the aleatory uncertainties is assessed for each design, and the corresponding expected LCC and safety index are evaluated. The results of the various designs provide the information, safety index vs expected LCC, for determining the design with the minimum expected LCC which can be presented graphically. Because of the epistemic type of uncertainty, the LCC as well as the safety index of the optimum design are random variables; the respective histograms are also generated, from which the various percentile values can be obtained. Especially, the 75% and 90% values of the LCC may be specified to minimize the chance of underestimating the actual LCC of the optimum design; similarly the 75% and 90% values of the safety index may be specified for a conservative design of the cable-stayed bridge.     

A model for earthquake risk management based on the life-cycle performance of structures

Over 50 years of design life, buildings are exposed to different magnitudes and frequencies of earthquakes that require consideration of life-cycle cost (LCC). The LCC entails quantifying the building performance under seismic hazard and investments throughout the life of the structures. Traditional LCC utilises probabilities of being in different damage states. However, for buildings with inherent irregularities (e.g. vertical irregularity and plan irregularity), these probabilities are not readily available. In this paper, a system-based approach, utilising fuzzy set theory, is used to quantify the possibility of being in different damage states. The analysis is limited to study the effect of seismic exposure on the building LCC. The proposed method is illustrated with two case studies, a six-storey reinforced concrete (RC) building located in Vancouver, Canada, and vulnerability of an urban centre with 1000 RC buildings. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is carried out to highlight the impact of different building performance modifiers on the LCC.     

Simplified seismic life cycle cost estimation of a steel jacket offshore platform structure

The purpose of the present paper is to develop a simple methodology for seismic life cycle cost (LCC) estimation for a steel jacket offshore platform structure. This methodology accounts for accuracy of LCC modelling as well as simplicity of application. Accuracy is maintained through incorporating the effect of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in the LCC estimation framework. Simplicity is achieved by using equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (ESDOF) system instead of the full structure and by eliminating full incremental dynamic analysis and fragility analysis. Instead, an approximate fragility curve and a localised incremental dynamic analysis curve are used along with a probabilistic simple closed-form solution for loss estimation. In the design of model structures, different bracing systems are used for the seismic design of the offshore platform, such as conventional and buckling-restrained braces. The proposed LCC methodology is validated through comparison with the results from a more rigorous method. It is found that even though the proposed methodology results in a slightly different solution compared to the reference method, the method can be used as an efficient tool for preliminary LCC evaluation of structures.     

Influence of construction-induced damage on the degradation of freeze–thawed lightweight cellular concrete

During the construction of lightweight cellular concrete (LCC), material damage frequently occurs, causing the degradation and deterioration of the mechanical performance, durability, and subgrade quality of LCC. The construction-induced damage can be more significant than those from the service environment of LCC, such as freeze–thaw (F–T) action in cold regions. However, the effect of construction-induced damage on LCC during F–T cycles is often ignored and the deterioration mechanisms are not yet clarified. In this study, we investigated the factors causing damage during construction using a sample preparation method established to simulate the damage in the laboratory setting. We conducted F–T cycle tests and microstructural characterization to study the effect of microstructural damage on the overall strength of LCC with different water contents under F–T actions. We established the relationship between the pore-area ratio and F–T cycle times, pore-area ratio, and strength, as well as the F–T cycle times and strength under different damage forms. The damage evolution is provided with the rationality of the damage equation, verified by comparing the measured and predicted damage variables. This study would serve as a guide for the construction and performance of LCC in cold regions.     

Economic analysis of a shopping center in seismic zone

Life cycle cost (LCC) is an important factor in economic analysis in order to cover all expected costs and benefits for an economic life. If a decision has to be made for investment purposes then damage cost incurred due to an earthquake should also be taken into account. Therefore, the total LCC of a structure in a seismic zone should be evaluated in terms of, not only its initial cost, expenditure and income but also earthquake damage cost. This paper provides an LCC analysis for economic evaluation of a shopping center located in a seismic zone. The effects of monthly income, recovery periods, initial cost, discount rate and occurrence time of an earthquake on total LCC are observed throughout the analysis period.     

Uncertainties related to financial variables within infrastructure life cycle costing: a literature review

Life cycle costing (LCC) is commonly undertaken deterministically, even though uncertainty is acknowledged to be present and acknowledged that it should be incorporated. However, no systematic review has been undertaken to explore how uncertainty might be dealt with in LCC. This paper reviews different approaches that acknowledge uncertainty within LCC, and in particular how such approaches treat uncertainty in the underlying financial variables of cash flows, interest rates, timing of cash flows, and LCC analysis duration. The approaches are categorised according to the use of, for example, frequency and probability distributions, fuzzy sets, moments, Markov chains, Bayesian thinking, artificial neural networks, pedigree matrices and composite and specialist approaches to characterise the variables. It is seen that: the most commonly used approaches for dealing with uncertainty in all LCC financial variables are probability distributions and fuzzy sets; some approaches are seen to be specific to one financial variable – the mechanistic-empirical approach for the timing of cash flows, and the gamma process for the duration; while two financial variables, namely cash flows and interest rates, attract the most attention from researchers. With no existing reviews solely exploring uncertainty within LCC or dealing with uncertainty in a systematic way, the paper fills a knowledge gap. The paper will be of interest to those involved with infrastructure LCC.     

谈钢桥设计的新型方法-寿命周期成本

主要针对钢桥有效的寿命周期成本(LCC)的优化设计中实际产生的LCC进行了简要的描述和规定。一般钢桥优化设计的LCC模型中,包括钢结构桥梁的初始成本和直接/间接的修复成本,维修/更换成本,材料损坏或者疲劳损失,道路使用者的成本,间接的经济损失。因此,论文着重介绍一般配方的模型和适合实际操作的钢桥有效的LCC系统模型设计。