醋酸纤维素类渗透功能膜的研究进展

随着膜法水处理技术的迅猛发展,对渗透功能膜制备及应用技术的要求日益提高。与常规渗透膜制备所采用的主流膜材料聚酰胺相比,醋酸纤维素(CA)及其衍生物由于兼具无可比拟的资源优势和独特的耐氧化性等优势而备受关注。围绕醋酸纤维素类渗透膜在纳滤、反渗透和正渗透等领域的应用,简要介绍了该类膜材料的制备方法和改性方法,回顾了其在海水淡化、油水分离、重金属脱除、手性分离等领域的应用进展,并在分析醋酸纤维素类渗透膜产品在应用领域的技术和性能优势的基础上,指出了醋酸纤维素类渗透膜进一步发展需要重点关注的研究方向。     

再生醋酸纤维素微球的制备及表征

采用反向悬浮分散法制备再生醋酸纤维素微球,以醋酸纤维素/1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体(AmimCl)溶液为原料,以再生醋酸纤维素微球粒径分布范围的大小为考察目标,研究了醋酸纤维素含量、搅拌速度、反应温度和连续相(液体石蜡)用量对微球粒径分布范围的影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对再生醋酸纤维素微球进行表征,结果表明:再生醋酸纤维素微球的最佳制备条件为:醋酸纤维素含量4%(wt,质量分数),搅拌速度650r/min,反应温度80℃,制得的再生醋酸纤维素微球的峰度系数为0.042,平均粒径为7.280μm。     

CAC增强膜孔结构特征及孔径测定

本文对醋酸纤维素-纤维素(CAC)增强膜的孔结构特征以及干、湿增强膜,增强膜与非增强膜,增强膜整体与膜表皮层孔尺寸的变化规律进行了研究。     

钛醋酸纤维素合成及膜性能研究

研究了各种反应条件对钛纤维素合成的影响。进行了钛醋酸纤维素合成,得到了不同含钛量的钛醋酸纤维素。X—射线衍射显示,钛醋酸纤维素为无定形固体。热重分析表明,钛醋酸纤维素的热稳定性比醋酸纤维素有所提高。用甘油—正丙醇为添加剂,丙酮为溶剂,制得了在20kg/cm~2压力下,脱盐率达96—97%,水通量达1.0—1.8ml/cm~2·h 的钛醋酸纤维素反渗透膜。与醋酸纤维素膜相比较,钛醋酸纤维素膜可在较高温度下使用,具有一定的耐热性。     

三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜制备过程中影响因素的研究

以三醋酸纤维素为膜材料,以1,4-二氧六环和丙酮为溶剂,乳酸为添加剂.采用相转化法制备三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜.研究了不同支撑材料以及膜制备过程中溶剂挥发时间和添加剂的含量对正渗透膜性能的影响.结果表明,在原料液为0.1 mol/L NaCl,汲取液为4 mol/L葡萄糖,原料液面向分离层,室温的测试条件下,采用180目(80 μm)的筛网为支撑体材料,挥发时间为180 s,乳酸含量为6.6%所制备的三醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的水通量为6～7 L/(m2·h),NaCl截留率在95%以上.     

聚丙烯腈／二醋酸纤维素共混体系流变性能的研究

探讨了聚丙烯腈／二醋酸纤维素共混溶剂的选择、体系的相容性和流变性，结果表明，二甲基亚砜是体系的较好溶剂，体系表现出切力变烯性质；并随着二醛纤维素／聚丙烯腈共混比的增加，总固含量的及温度的降低，共混溶液的非牛顿指数降低、结构粘度指数上升，且剪切弹性模量和最大松弛时间增大，为进一步制备聚丙烯腈／二醋酸纤维素膜提供了合适的认为和热呼参数。     

高取代度氰乙基纤维素与二醋酸纤维素共混中空纤维纳滤膜的研制

采用高取代度氰乙基纤维素与二醋酸纤维素共混为膜材料,丙酮、二氧六环混合溶剂,以有机醇为主、加入适量其他添加剂为致孔剂,通过冰水凝胶浴干湿法纺丝,制得性能良好的中空纤维纳滤膜,该膜在给水质量浓度1 800 mg/L、操作压力为0.6 MPa、水温25℃条件下,对二价盐CaCl2、一价盐NaCl的水溶液的脱盐率分别大于90%和小于60%,水通量均大于3.5 mL/(cm2.h).还讨论了膜液的组成和纺丝条件对膜性能的影响.     

膜的氧化清洗再生方法研究

应用于啤酒除菌的醋酸纤维超滤膜研究对象，通过试验，得出了氧化清洗再生的方法及最适工艺条件，膜清洗再生效果良好。     

壳聚糖—醋酸纤维互共混膜的制备及其渗透汽化性能

研究了壳聚糖（ＣＳ）与醋酸纤维素（ＣＡ）渗秀汽化共混膜的制膜条件，测定了该膜对乙醇－水混合液的渗透汽化性能及平衡溶解吸附性能、实验表明，壳聚糖－醋酸纤维素共混膜对乙醇质量分数为５０－９５％的乙醇－水溶液具有良好的渗透汽化分离性能。     

CAC增强膜孔结构特征及孔径测定

本文对醋酸纤维素—纤维素(CAC)增强膜的孔结构特征以及干、湿增强膜,增强膜与非增强膜。增强膜整体与膜表皮层孔尺寸的变化规律进行了研究。     

聚丙烯腈/醋酸纤维素共混超滤膜的研制与改性

研究了聚丙烯腈 /二醋酸纤维素 (PAN/CA)共混超滤膜的性能与聚合物共混比、聚合物质量分数等的关系 .结果表明 ,加有氯化锂 (LiCl)的二甲基乙酰胺 (DMAC)是PAN/CA共混体系的良溶剂 .当聚合物的质量分数为 14 % ,PAN/CA共混比为 5 0 / 5 0时 ,所制得的共混超滤膜的性能较好 .对共混超滤膜进行水解改性的实验发现 :膜的截留率上升 ,水通量下降 .用酱油、药酒为料液的超滤实验表明 :共混膜和水解改性膜的耐污染性能优于聚丙烯腈 (PAN)、聚砜 (PS)和磺化聚砜 (SPS)膜     

聚偏氯乙烯超滤膜的辐照接枝改性研究

聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜经Ｃｏ－６０辐照，接枝乙烯基单体，再经磺化，成为磺化聚氟乙烯超滤膜。研究了辐照剂量、接枝时间对接枝率的影响和磺化反应的条件等。试验表明，改性后膜的亲水性和抗污染性增强。此外，还讨论了膜改性的机理。     

Cellulose Acetate and Polyetherimide Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes, I: Preparation, Characterization, and Application

Ultrafiltration (UF) techniques have particular advantages for simultaneous purification, concentration, and fractionation of macromolecules. In this study, polymeric blend ultrafiltration membranes based on cellulose acetate and polyetherimide were prepared by phase inversion technique and characterized in terms of compaction time, pure water flux (PWF), water content, membrane hydraulic resistance, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The blend membranes prepared were subjected to the separation of macromolecular proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), egg albumin (EA), pepsin, and trypsin. The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of blend membranes obtained from the protein separation studies is also presented. Toxic heavy metal ions such as copper, nickel, zinc, and cadmium were subjected to separation by the blend membranes by complexing them with the polymeric ligand polyethyleneimine. The separation and permeate flux efficiencies of the blend membranes are compared with those of pure cellulose acetate membranes.     

Cellulose acetate membranes for transdermal delivery of scopolamine base

Transdermal delivery is one of the most convenient drug administration routes. In this study, the cellulose acetate membranes were cast with acetone as a solvent at 22 and 40 °C. Polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 600) was used as a pore-forming agent. The in vitro release rates of scopolamine base as a model drug through the membranes were evaluated in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) at 32 °C. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was observed that the drug permeation through the cellulose acetate membranes was obviously affected by the incorporated PEG content and formed membrane morphology. There was no drug flux from the cellulose acetate membranes prepared without PEG. An increased PEG content resulted in a faster scopolamine release due to a more porous structure created. Both the membrane fabrication temperature and the PEG content can affect the thermal, mechanical and morphological properties of the resultant membranes. With the optimized fabrication conditions, linear in vitro release profiles of scopolamine over 3 days were achieved. The membranes developed would be useful for transdermal delivery of drugs.     

Purification of oily wastewater by ultrafiltration

Investigations have been carried out for purification of oily wastewater by a combination of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis processes. A tubular ultrafiltration system using cellulosic and non-cellulosic membranes was tested with typical oily wastewater collected from harbour and simulated emulsion without any pretreatment. Both membrane types produced a permeate with an oil content generally less than 10 mg/dm³. Rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is 80% for ultrafiltration treatment. The permeate is generally of acceptable quality for direct sewer discharge. For further treatment of UF permeate, reverse osmosis was applied with tubular B1 PCI modules using cellulose acetate membranes. The rejection of COD after ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis treatment increased up to 98.5% and total dissolved solids (TDS) to 95.7%. Reverse osmosis treatment will permit reuse of the treated water as process water.     

再生纤维素分离膜制备方法研究进展

再生纤维素分离膜具有高度亲水性,良好耐污染性,尤其是在环境中具有生物可降解性,对发展我国膜工业和保护环境都具有重要意义,介绍了近年来国内外再生纤维素分离膜测备过程的研究状况,主要针对制膜过程中采用的溶剂,添加剂,凝胶工艺以及改性方法进行了综述。     

AOPAN/RC纳米纤维膜的制备及对金属离子吸附性能

采用静电纺丝技术制备聚丙烯腈/醋酸纤维素(PAN/CA)纳米纤维膜,通过化学改性制备偕胺肟化聚丙烯腈/再生纤维素(AOPAN/RC)纳米纤维膜,研究了纳米纤维膜对单一金属离子(Fe~(3+))和混合金属离子(Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Fe~(3+))的吸附性能。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线能谱仪等测试对纳米纤维膜进行了表征,并通过静态接触角测定纳米纤维膜亲水性能。研究表明,改性后制备的AOPAN/RC纳米纤维膜的亲水性能得到较大改善,同时纳米纤维膜能够高效吸附溶液中的金属离子,纳米纤维膜对单一组分Fe~(3+)的饱和吸附可达411.21mg/g,对于混合金属离子溶液,纳米纤维膜对其吸附能力顺序为Fe~(3+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+),而且纳米纤维膜具备优良的重复使用能力。     

Zeolite-filled regenerated cellulose membranes for pervaporative dehydration of glycerol

Regenerated cellulosic membranes were prepared by dissolving linter pulp in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) solution with four different cellulose concentrations (3, 5, 8 and 10 wt. % cellulose) at three different coagulation temperatures (5, 25 and 50 °C). Zeolite 13 X with an average particle size of 310 nm and Zeolite 4A with an average particle size of 270 nm were added during dissolution. The resulting composite membranes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Pervaporation performances of the zeolite filled and unfilled regenerated cellulose membranes were tested for glycerol/water mixture.Chemically and thermally stable regenerated cellulose membranes could be prepared by using submicron sized zeolite loading maximum of 50%. The SEM pictures showed that the zeolite particles in polymer phase were uniformly distributed. It was concluded that the zeolite filled regenerated cellulose membranes have minimum degradation during membrane preparation obtained from NMMO and could be used as pervaporation membranes. At 30 °C and with the addition of 20 wt. % Zeolite 13 X to the cellulose membrane, the flux and selectivity was obtained 65 gm⁻²h⁻¹ and 1681 for 90 wt% glycerol aqueous solution, respectively.     

Synthesis and characterisation of TiO2 nanofibre/cellulose acetate nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane

ABSTRACT

Nanofibres of TiO₂ were synthesised by hydrothermal routine. Cellulose acetate/TiO₂ nanofibre composite membranes were synthesised via blending TiO₂ nanofibre in cellulose acetate solutions in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In order to study the effect of addition of nanofibre, membranes with various composition were synthesised, first by keeping cellulose acetate to 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone ratio constant and second by decreasing cellulose acetate concentration with increasing addition of TiO₂ nanofibre. The membranes were characterised using scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Hydrophilicity of the membranes was evaluated in terms of contact angle measurements and water uptake study. Permeation characteristics were determined in terms of pure water flux and bovine serum albumin rejection. Antifouling property was studied in terms of flux recovery after rejection. Remarkable improvement in membrane flux and antifouling properties is achieved by the addition of TiO₂ nanofibres.     

Toxic metal ion separation by cellulose acetate/sulfonated poly(ether imide) blend membranes: effect of polymer composition and additive

Toxic heavy metal ion removal from industrial effluents are gaining increased visibility owing to environmental concern and saving precious materials. In this work, an attempt has been made to remove the valuable metal ions using modified ultrafiltration (UF) blend membranes based on cellulose acetate (CA) and sulfonated poly(ether imide) (SPEI) were prepared in the presence and absence of additive, poly(ethylene glycol) 600 (PEG600) in various compositions. Prepared membranes were characterized in terms of pure water flux (PWF), water content and membrane hydraulic resistance. High flux UF membranes were obtained in the range of 15-25 wt% SPEI and 2.5-10 wt% PEG600 in the polymer blend. The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the blend membranes were determined using protein separation studies found to vary from 20 to greater than 69 kDa. Surface morphology of the blend membranes were analysed with scanning electron microscopy. Studies were carried out to find the rejection and permeate flux of metal ions such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) using polyethyleneimine as the chelating ligand. On increasing the composition of SPEI and PEG600, the rejection of metal ions is decreasing while the permeate flux has an increasing trend. These effects are due to the increased pore formation in the CA/SPEI blend membranes because of the hydrophilic SPEI and polymeric additive PEG600. In general, it was found that CA/SPEI blend membranes displayed higher permeate flux and lower rejection compared to pure CA membranes. The extent of separation of metal ions depends on the affinity of metal ions to polyethyleneimine to form macromolecular complexes and the stability of the formed complexes.