Soil Erosion Assessment in a Hilly Catchment of North Eastern India Using USLE, GIS and Remote Sensing

In the present study, soil erosion assessment of Dikrong river basin of Arunachal Pradesh (India) was carried out. The river basin was divided into 200 × 200 m grid cells. The Arc Info 7.2 GIS software and RS (ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 image processing software) provided spatial input data and the USLE was used to predict the spatial distribution of the average annual soil loss on grid basis. The average rainfall erositivity factor (R) for Dikrong river basin was found to be 1,894.6 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ year⁻¹. The soil erodibility factor (K) with a magnitude of 0.055 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹ is the highest, with 0.039 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹ is the least for the watershed. The highest and lowest value of slope length factor (LS) is 53.5 and 5.39 respectively for the watershed. The highest and lowest values of crop management factor (C) were found out to be 0.004 and 1.0 respectively for the watershed. The highest and lowest value of conservation factor (P) were found to be 1 and 0.28 respectively for the watershed. The average annual soil loss of the Dikrong river basin is 51 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. About 25.61% of the watershed area is found out to be under slight erosion class. Areas covered by moderate, high, very high, severe and very severe erosion potential zones are 26.51%, 17.87%, 13.74%, 2.39% and 13.88% respectively. Therefore, these areas need immediate attention from soil conservation point of view.     

Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Using GIS at Catchment Scale

A GIS-based method has been applied for the determination of soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed in Mun River basin, Thailand. The method involves spatial disintegration of the catchment into homogenous grid cells to capture the catchment heterogeneity. The gross soil erosion in each cell was calculated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by carefully determining its various parameters. The concept of sediment delivery ratio is used to route surface erosion from each of the discritized cells to the catchment outlet. The process of sediment delivery from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by the topographical characteristics of the cells. The effect of DEM resolution on sediment yield is analyzed using two different resolutions of DEM. The spatial discretization of the catchment and derivation of the physical parameters related to erosion in the cell are performed through GIS techniques.     

Estimation of Soil Erosion for a Himalayan Watershed Using GIS Technique

The fragile ecosystem of the Himalayas has been an increasing cause of concern to environmentalists and water resources planners. The steep slopes in the Himalayas along with depletedforest cover, as well as high seismicity have been major factors in soil erosion and sedimentation in river reaches. Prediction ofsoil erosion is a necessity if adequate provision is to be madein the design of conservation structures to offset the ill effects of sedimentation during their lifetime.In the present study, two different soil erosion models, i.e. theMorgan model and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model, have been used to estimate soil erosion from a Himalayan watershed.Parameters required for both models were generated using remotesensing and ancillary data in GIS mode. The soil erosion estimated by Morgan model is in the order of 2200 t km^-2 yr^-1 and is within the limits reported for this region.The soil erosion estimated by USLE gives a higher rate. Therefore, for the present study the Morgan model gives, for area located in hilly terrain, fairly good results.     

侵蚀产沙模型研究进展和GIS应用

近年来随着地理信息系统 (GIS)技术的发展 ,侵蚀产沙模型与GIS的结合成为必然 ;作者阐述了近年来国际上流行的基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型 :RUSLE、WEPP、ANSWERS等模型的主要内容、特点及适用范围 ,并对我国以陡坡为代表基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型进行了介绍和评述 ;提出了目前侵蚀产沙模拟研究中存在的主要问题 ,并对基于GIS的侵蚀产沙模型的研究工作进行了展望。能反映侵蚀产沙时空过程的、基于GIS的分布式侵蚀产沙模型成为研究的重点     

基于GIS的粤北青莲水流域水土流失成因分析

随着人类社会经济活动的加强,水土流失有持续恶化趋势,青莲水流域内土壤肥力下降,河道泥沙淤积,影响河流行洪安全。本文选用通用土壤流失方程,利用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析等功能,分别计算分析研究区内与土壤侵蚀相关的降雨、土壤、植被、地形、土地利用等因子,经叠加分析后生成流域水土流失现状图。结果表明,地形地貌因子和土地利用因子是影响流域水土流失的关键因子,研究结果可为广东省中小流域治理提供水土保持方面的理论支撑。     

基于RS和GIS的乌东德水电站坝址区土壤侵蚀预测研究

 选取乌东德水电站坝区一典型区为试验示范区,以通用土壤流失方程（USLE）为评价模型,运用GIS和RS对各指标因子赋值,对试验区的土壤侵蚀量进行估算与分析。结果表明,试验区平均土壤侵蚀模数为6 088.58t/(km2·a),属于强度侵蚀。试验区中度以下的侵蚀面积占总面积的57.91%,土壤侵蚀量的贡献率仅为8.85%;而91.15%的侵蚀泥沙来自于面积42.09%的强度侵蚀以上的区域,其中,占11.53%的剧烈侵蚀区域贡献了43.83%的侵蚀泥沙。     

成都市土壤侵蚀定量评价研究

成都市是我国西南地区的政治、经济、文化和人口集聚中心,加强成都市土壤侵蚀研究,建设“生态成都”、“美丽成都”对我国西南地区水土保持生态文明建设具有标杆作用。利用四川省土壤流失方程(SCSLE)对成都市的土壤侵蚀状况进行定量评价分析。评价结果表明成都市土壤侵蚀状况总体上不严重,土壤侵蚀各项指标均低于四川省平均水平;成都市土壤侵蚀主要分布在东部的龙泉山脉和西部的龙门山脉、邛崃山脉,龙泉山脉土壤侵蚀比龙门山脉、邛崃山脉严重;受“5\512”汶川地震强烈扰动的龙门山脉局部地区土壤侵蚀强度高,在遭遇强降雨条件下极易发生突发性水土流失灾害,应重点加强这些区域强震诱发土壤侵蚀的监测和预警。     

基于GIS技术的贵州省土壤侵蚀危险性评价

针对目前喀斯特区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度研究相对薄弱的现状,以典型喀斯特区贵州省为研究对象,获取研究区土地利用类型、岩性、基岩裸露率等专题因子。基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术,在非喀斯特区和喀斯特区分别采用《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》和《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术标准》解译出研究区土壤侵蚀强度等级分布图。并根据土壤允许流失量和土壤抗蚀年限,利用土壤侵蚀潜在危险度指数(SEPDI)对贵州省土壤侵蚀潜在危险度进行评价,为喀斯特区土壤侵蚀防治提供参考。结果显示:贵州省水土流失面积为47 831.73 km²,以轻度侵蚀为主,侵蚀模数为341 t/(km²·a),SEPDI为2.52,潜在危险等级较高。贵州25.3%行政村的SEPDI位于2~3之间,其中六盘水、黔西南市和毕节市危险度最高,建议将水土流失防治工作纳入SEPDI指标而非单从水土流失强弱等级进行治理,特别加强对SEPDI高但水土流失等级弱的区域的关注。     

Estimation of Potential Soil Erosion for River Perkerra Catchment in Kenya

River Perkerra catchment with an area of 1207 km² is drained by River Perkerra, which is one of the rivers flowing into Lake Baringo whose drainage area is 6820 km². The lake is in a semi-arid area of Kenya. Its depth has reduced from 8 m in 1972 to 2.5 m in 2003 due to siltation resulting from high erosion rates in the catchment. The entire catchment is characterised by very steep slopes on the hillsides and gentle slopes in the middle and lower reaches where the surface is bare with very little undergrowth. Interventions to control soil erosion in this fragile ecosystem have been limited partly because of lack of data on erosion and its spatial distribution. In the present study, Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used in conjunction with GIS Arc/Info and Integrated Land and Water Information Systems (ILWIS) to estimate potential soil loss from River Perkerra catchment. Various physical parameters of the equation were derived by analysing spatial data and processing Landsat TM satellite imagery of the catchment. The estimated potential soil erosion from the catchment was 1.73 million tonnes/year while the sediment yield at the catchment outlet was found to be 1.47 million tonnes/year. The sediment delivery ratio derived using an empirical equation was 0.83. This figure indicates that a higher proportion of sediments generated in the catchment is delivered at the outlet. The use of GIS enabled the results of erosion potential to be mapped back onto the catchment. This is useful in identifying priority areas that require urgent management interventions in controlling soil erosion.     

水土流失治理效率的DEA评价

基于DEA方法，构建投入产出指标体系，对中国典型的水土流失治理情况进行测度、评价。结果表明，随着时间的推移，治理综合效率有所提高，但尚有很大的提升空间。因此，应调整各项资源投入的配置，提升人力资本，提高资本有机构成，并正确处理自主创新与技术引进之间的关系，在科技成果方面开展更细致的工作。     

基于“3S”技术的南京市水土流失定量监测及分析

为定期对南京市水土流失开展动态监测,利用降雨资料、土地利用资料、环境卫星遥感数据、土壤和地形数据,采用“监测水土流失的定量新方法”,计算2011—2015年南京市水土流失。结果表明:①2011—2015年5 a平均南京市水土流失总量为201.42万t,其中,轻度以上水土流失面积为515.75 km²,水土流失量166.77万t,占全市水土流失总量的82.8%,轻度以上水土流失治理仍是水土流失治理中的重点;②5 a中2015年水土流失最严重,2013年则最轻,其中降雨侵蚀力R_i大小为决定因素;③5 a平均极强烈与剧烈水土流失量为分级侵蚀量中最大;④与2001—2010年10 a平均相比,2011—2015年5 a平均南京市微度水土流失面积增加7.6%,轻度以上水土流失面积减少42.5%,轻度以上年水土流失量减少23.7%,CP值的减小是2011—2015年5 a平均水土流失状况改善的主要原因;⑤3次水土流失定量监测表明,2011—2015年监测强烈、极强烈的水土流失面积和年水土流失量减幅下降,剧烈的水土流失面积和年水土流失量增大,主要原因是2011—2015年降雨侵蚀力R_i (5 a)平均值较大。研究成果为南京市水土保持规划和水土流失防治提供了重要的基础数据支撑和科学参考依据。     

长江流域水土流失健康状况评价方法初步研究

 从河流健康的角度出发,介绍了水土流失健康状况评价的单一指标法和综合指标体系法。基于单一指标法和综合指标体系法,并根据长江流域水土流失分区调查资料,对流域中8个片区的水土流失健康状况进行了初步评价。通过对这8个试验区水土流失健康指标的调查和计算,表明他们分别处于3种不同的阶段：3个处于相对稳定阶段(健康指数0.6～0.77);2个处于脆弱阶段;3个处于恶性循环阶段。这说明,长江流域中上游的水土流失情况是比较严峻的。     

Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in water resources: A review

Increasing public awareness, stricter measures and promulgation of new laws in the area of water resources have made the use of advanced technologies indispensable. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an effective tool for storing, managing, and displaying spatial data often encountered in water resources management. The application of GIS in water resources is constantly on the rise. In order to stress the importance of GIS in water resources management, applications related to this area are addressed and evaluated for efficient future research and development. Fundamentals of GIS are summarized and the history of the GIS evolution in water resources is discussed. Current GIS applications are presented including surface hydrologic and groundwater modeling, water supply and sewer system modeling, stormwater and nonpoint source pollution modeling for urban and agricultural areas, and other related applications. Future research and development needs are presented, based on these reviews.     

昆明市松华坝水源区小流域土壤侵蚀分析

以1993-2009年松华坝水源区及昆明市的气象资料、2009年土地利用资料、第二次全国土壤普查资料、水源区牧羊河小流域的径流和泥沙观测资料为基础,用SWAT模型模拟分析了牧羊流域土壤侵蚀的空间差异。结果表明：牧羊河小流域输沙在年际上表现为与年降水量和输沙量峰谷变化具有较好的一致性,在年内表现出,输沙主要集中在6-9月;空间上牧羊河土壤侵蚀模数多年平均值介于21.4~4 586.5 t/(km²·a),且以中轻度为主,土壤侵蚀模数的空间变化与土地利用类型和地形坡度密切相关;土壤侵蚀模数与降水在年际变化上有较好的一致性。这一研究可为水源区土壤侵蚀空间分布的掌握和估算,以及制定有针对性的水土保持措施提供重要的理论依据。     

GIS在开发建设项目水土流失预测中的应用探索

本项研究应用GIS系统的空间数据分析管理功能和二次开发功能,在对预测因子定量分析、分类提取信息的基础上建立了GIS水土流失预测系统,为开发建设项目水土流失预测提供一种新的方法。     

不确定性信息下流域土壤侵蚀量计算

根据流域土壤、地形、降雨、植被、管理技术等因素存在的多种不确定性特点，运用盲数来描述和处理通用土壤流失方程USLE中各参数的不确定性，尝试性地提出了不确定性信息下流域土壤侵蚀量计算的新方法。根据这一方法，不仅可以求得研究区域土壤潜在侵蚀量的各种可能取值区间，也可以得到各区间相应的主观可信度。再由盲数均值计算公式，最终得到整个研究区域土壤潜在侵蚀总量。在此基础上，结合区域土壤中氮、磷含量资料，可以计算出吸附态氮、磷的流失量。实例研究表明，运用盲数理论研究流域土壤侵蚀量和吸附态氮、磷流失量，理论上是可行的，计算结果是可信的。     

基于可侵蚀面类型的开发建设项目水土流失预测模型

针对开发建设项目水土流失预测方法现状,在充分考虑建设项目扰动堆积体物质特殊性的前提下,引入了土壤可侵蚀面的概念,并对开发建设项目的可侵蚀面进行分类。在此基础上,应用组合数学原理,利用侵蚀产沙函数和可侵蚀面的模块组合,建立基于可侵蚀面类型的开发建设项目水土流失预测模型。该模型的最大特点就是精度高、计算方便,所用参数容易获得,所得结果符合客观实际。     

基于地块间水沙运移的黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙模型

根据黄土丘陵沟壑区的侵蚀产沙规律，在晋西羊道沟小流域建立了坡面、沟坡和沟道侵蚀产沙子模型；在GIS的支持下计算出小流域地块间水沙汇流网络，并引入到小流域侵蚀产沙模型中，使小流域侵蚀产沙成为有机结合；模型对羊道沟22次侵蚀性降雨的侵蚀模数具有78．4％的预报精度，对羊道沟1956－1970的年侵蚀模数具有76．1％的预报精度；模型并通过了晋西汾河上游两个小流域的可移植性检验。     

山西省砂页岩土石山区土壤侵蚀的基本规律

砂页岩土石山区是山西高原水土流失最严重的地区。经对该区岩土性质及岩土组合与水土流失强度之间的关系进行调查分析，结果表明：随着岩土抗蚀能力的增大，土壤侵蚀模数减小，径流模数增大；随着岩石裸露程度的增大，土壤侵蚀模数减小，径流模数增大。就全区而言，具有土壤侵蚀模数越大，径流模数越小的特点。     

应用地理信息系统研究长江口南港底沙运动规律

利用地理信息系统软件强大的数据输入和空间数据分析功能，将长江口南港1988年至2000年的海图数字化，通过最小距离内插得到栅格水深图，并且通过相邻两年海图对应位置水深值相减，得到河床冲淤变化图，在此基础上定量分析成形沙体的特征，河道容积变化、河道淤积部位和底沙输移路线、预测下一年河道淤积部位、输沙率等。研究表明GIS技术是定量研究底沙运动的一种有效手段，长江口南港近12年内河道发生淤积，底沙主要来自洪水和落潮流冲刷上游河床底部，再在下游堆积形成新的淤积体。长江口南港底沙输移趋势以进入下游南槽为主，少量进入北槽。