Lipid Classes, Fatty Acids, Flavor and Storage Stability of Washed Sheep Meat

Lamb was used for all experiments, except flavor evaluations for which mutton was used. Washing ground lamb 4 times with high-pH (8.2) tap water, at a meat-to-water ratio of 1:4 and with a 15 min extraction/washing cycle, sharply lowered total fat content (primarily by removing neutral lipids), lipid oxidation potential, and the volatile branched-chain fatty acids which reportedly contribute to undesirable species-related flavor of sheep meat. A trained sensory panel determined that washed-cooked mutton had "very weak" species-related flavor (<2 on a 9-point scale).     

PROCESSING, CHEMICAL, SENSORY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BACON-CHOPPED AND FORMED, MADE FROM PORK, BEEF, MUTTON AND CHEVON

By extruding alternating layers of chopped lean and fat tissue, bacon-chopped and formed (CF) products were processed from pork, beef, mutton and chevon lean and beef fat. Slabs processed from beef materials had less weight loss and changes in width and thickness during smoking than the other formulations. Various sensory and consumer panels found pork-bacon-CF product to rate highest among the four formulations for tenderness, flavor and overall satisfaction. This formulation was rated as being closest in sensory traits to commercial bacon. Chevon and mutton bacon-CF products were found to be less desirable in flavor. Inclusion of pork lean and fat with chevon and mutton lean can potentially improve the acceptability of bacon-CF processed with lean from these two species. However, this process and product appears promising as methods of increasing consumption of underutilized meat animal species.     

无菌包装滩羊肉冷拼菜肴在冷藏过程中品质的变化

通过对冷藏过程中五种肉制品的色泽、质构以及风味的检测,评价无菌包装的肉制品品质的变化。每隔6 d对上述指标进行检测,结果表明:随着冷藏时间延长,白切羊肉、凉手抓羊肉、椒盐羊肝、酱羊肉和酱羊头肉的L*(亮度值)、剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性以及弹性均发生改变,在风味方面,这五种肉制品在贮藏终点时的挥发性风味物质总数有所减少,但主要风味物质和贮藏起点时差异不大,并且无腐败风味物质产生。综上所述,在0~5℃条件下,无菌包装的白切羊肉和凉手抓羊肉保鲜期在30 d内,椒盐羊肝在28 d内,酱羊肉和酱羊头肉在35 d内,品质指标变化幅度不大,适合消费者食用。      

烤制羊肉加工工艺及挥发性风味物质的研究进展

烤制羊肉是我国一种特色的传统肉制品,因其风味独特而深受消费者喜爱。但当前我国烤制羊肉生产多以手工作坊为主,质量不统一且存在食品安全问题,很大程度上限制了烤制羊肉的发展。加工工艺会影响产品的风味,风味极大程度决定了消费者对于食品的接受程度,目前已有研究主要从原料肉的选择、加工工艺的优化及风味物质等方面进行研究。本文就烤制羊肉目前工艺现状,对烤制羊肉的挥发性风味物质来源及电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱-离子迁移谱等检测方法进行概述,以期为我国烤制羊肉产业的发展提供一定的参考。     

牛羊肉冰温保鲜技术研究进展

冰温（－0.5～－2.8 ℃）可抑制生鲜肉中内源酶的活性及微生物生长,进而影响产品品质。但是冰温保鲜这一新技术对牛羊肉品质的作用机制仍然缺乏系统的总结,尤其是冰温对生鲜肉嫩度的影响是否起到积极作用尚未有定论。因此,本文立足于近年来的研究进展,深入分析了冰温保鲜对牛羊肉嫩度的影响,同时概述了该技术对肉色、汁液损失、风味（脂肪氧化）和微生物的作用,总结了该技术目前存在的问题及未来发展方向,以期为冰温保鲜技术在我国的广泛应用提供理论指导。     

Evaluation of Antioxidant Effects of Raisin Paste in Cooked Ground Beef, Pork, and Chicken

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible antioxidant activity of raisin paste added to raw ground beef, pork, or chicken before cooking to 163 °C. Samples were held at 2 °C for up to 14 d. TBA values were measured using a distillation method, to avoid yellow color interference found in "wet" TBA methods. Sample meat flavor intensity, rancid flavor intensity, and raisin flavor intensity were evaluated by a trained panel (n = 6). Addition of raisin paste lowered ( p < 0.05) TBA values and decreased panel scores for rancid flavor scores of all meat samples in a concentration-dependent manner. Highest antioxidant effects were obtained with a minimum of 1.5%, 2.0%, or 2.0% raisin paste in cooked ground beef, pork, or chicken, respectively. There was a high correlation (0.93, 0.94, 0.94) between TBA values and sensory rancid flavor scores in beef, pork, and chicken samples respectively. Addition of a reducing sugar (glucose) was nearly as effective as raisins for maintenance of low TBA values and rancid flavor scores, probably due to antioxidant effects of Maillard browning products. There was no detectable raisin flavor in cooked ground beef samples with added raisins. However, all meats with added glucose had a higher raisin flavor intensity score than controls, indicating that panelists associated sweetness with raisin flavor. Maillard browning (sample darkening) was evident after cooking of ground chicken with either raisins or glucose.     

Heptaplex real-time PCR for the identification and quantification of DNA from beef,pork, chicken,turkey, horse meat,sheep (mutton) and goat

Meat products are often composed of meat from several species. Due to fraud or incorrect manufacturing processes, different proportions of unexpected or undeclared meat may be incorporated. Pork, beef, chicken, turkey, horse meat, sheep (mutton) and goat are the most common types of meat in these products. To measure the fractional proportion of each of the seven meat types simultaneously, a quantitative multiplex PCR has been developed. This system has proven its applicability in the examination of meat compounds with fractional proportions between 2 and 100%. The uncertainty was 32% or better. In a single analytical step, the multiplex PCR identifies and in certain cases quantifies the most probable species of composed meat products. Additionally, this study illustrates that by using dyes with different wavelength shifts, more targets can be distinguished than channels provided for by the Rotorgene 6000^® thermocycler.     

不同黔北麻羊加工产品中挥发性风味物质分析

为研究不同黔北麻羊加工产品风味物质的变化规律,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发性风味成分进行鉴定和分析。结果表明：生羊肉、白切羊肉、清汤羊肉及红汤羊肉中共检测出76 种挥发性风味成分,以醛类、烃类、酮类为主;主成分分析表明,柠檬烯、茴香烯、石竹烯、芳樟醇、2,3-辛二酮、草蒿脑、己醛、壬醛和辛醇为黔北麻羊系列产品的主要风味成分;韦恩图分析表明,己醛、壬醛和辛醇构成黔北麻羊4 种系列产品风味的基本骨架,己醛、壬醛、辛醇、柠檬烯和石竹烯构成黔北麻羊3 种加工产品的主要风味骨架。     

新疆特色风味羊肉松的工艺研究

试验以新疆羊肉的羊前腿或后腿瘦肉为原料,经过加工研制出香味浓郁、风味独特、营养丰富的特色麻辣羊肉肉松。     

牛、羊肌肉的显微结构及剪切力在高压处理下的变化

实验研究了超高压处理条件下牛、羊肌肉感官特性、显微结构及剪切力值的变化,并探讨了超高压处理对牛、羊肌肉的嫩化作用。在压力为700MPa,室温,保压20min的处理条件下,牛、羊肌肉显微组织结构变化明显:肌节发生明显收缩,牛肉肌节收缩率为34.8%,羊肉肌节收缩率达22.2%;同时肌原纤维的Z线断裂,M线降解,I带变白。高压处理后牛肉的剪切力值显著下降(p<0.05),羊肉的剪切力值显著下降(p<0.01),证明超高压处理对牛、羊肉具有嫩化作用。高压处理牛、羊肌肉的感官特性发生一定的变化:颜色变淡,弹性下降,并有轻微的类似“蒸煮”的风味,属于处理强度过量。只要压力、温度、保压时间选择适当,就可以达到杀菌、嫩化的目的,同时保持产品的天然风味。     

基于氨基酸和脂肪酸的藏羊肉质量评价

为探索藏羊肉的评价分级方法,采用氨基酸分析仪和气相脂肪酸甲酯法分析评价了羔羊肉和成年藏羊肉的氨基酸及脂肪酸比例构成。结果表明:成年藏羊肉氨基酸评分（AAS）与化学评分（CS）分值分别为7.65和5.54,风味及功能氨基酸含量较高,质量评价等级优于羔羊肉。n-3PUFAs与n-6PUFAs的比值成年藏羊肉为11.19%,羔羊肉为12.88%,符合FAO/WHO所推荐的日常膳食比值10%²0%。羔羊肉PUFA比例（5.32%）显著高于成年藏羊肉（3.68%）（p<0.05）,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的种类较成年藏羊肉丰富。氨基酸及脂肪酸含量及比例构成是实现藏羊肉营养质量评定及分级的重要指标。      

辅料配比及烹饪方式对速冻羊肉饼品质的影响

研究木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶3 种辅料对速冻羊肉饼质构特性与感官品质的影响,确定羊肉饼的最 佳工艺配方;同时对3 种烹饪方式（100 ℃蒸煮20 min、121 ℃高温蒸煮20 min、160 ℃大豆油油炸8 min）熟制后 的羊肉饼进行质构、风味特性及感官品质评价。结果表明：当木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别为12%、 90%和1.5%时,羊肉饼的质构特性和感官评分的综合评价最好;油炸羊肉饼的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性明显优于其他 2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）,且油炸羊肉饼中的醛类、含氮含硫类物质等羊肉特殊挥发性风味物质的种类及相对含 量均显著高于其他2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）。综上所述,辅料配方中木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别 为12%、90%和1.5%、经160 ℃大豆油炸熟制的羊肉饼咀嚼性更强、风味佳、品质好。     

肉制品加工过程风味和伴生危害物的生成及关联规律

热加工过程对食品的风味、色泽以及危害物的形成具有重要影响。在肉类加工过程中,美拉德反应、脂质氧化和其他前体物质的降解以及它们之间的相互作用为主要的风味形成途径,赋予肉制品特征肉香味和色泽,但往往会同时衍生出杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)、晚期糖基化末端终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)、丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AA)等多种危害物,增加人们罹患癌症和心血管疾病等的风险。美拉德反应和脂质氧化是肉类加工过程中占主导地位的2类反应,在风味和危害物的形成中都发挥了重要作用,这2类反应的复杂性和相互作用使风味和危害物的形成存在着一定程度的相关性,往往同时形成并消耗同种或同类前体物,彼此相互影响。本研究综述了肉及肉制品中风味的形成机制、肉制品中常见的化学危害物(HAs、AGEs及AA)及其与风味化合物形成之间的关联,以期为肉及肉制品风味的改善及危害物的减控提供理论参考。     

基于气相-离子迁移谱技术分析烤羊肉串的挥发性风味成分

为构建市售烤羊肉串特征风味指纹图谱,采用气相-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS）对5家烧烤店的市售烤羊肉串风味物质进行测定与分析。结果表明:共检测鉴定出82种挥发性风味化合物,包括单体和二聚体,其中烤羊肉串样品共有的物质有:醛（戊醛、壬醛、辛醛、己醛、庚醛、异戊醛、苯甲醛、3-甲硫基丙醛）,酮（2-庚酮、2-丁酮、甲基庚烯酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、γ-丁内酯）,醇（戊醇）和酯（乙酸乙酯）。通过构建加香辛料烤制和未加香辛料烤制的羊肉串风味指纹图谱,可明显观察不同市售烤羊肉串样品异同,羊肉串在加入香辛料烤制后甲基庚烯酮的含量降低;2-庚酮、丙酮和戊醇的含量升高;己醛、壬醛、庚醛、异戊醛、苯甲醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮的含量几乎不变,可能为羊肉串烤制后本身的特征风味物质。依据指纹图谱信息对烤羊肉串样本进行主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis,PCA）,结果显示,不同市售烤羊肉串样本特征风味具有一定的差异。综上,气相-离子迁移谱可检测烤羊肉串挥发性化合物风味成分和进行多变量分析,为烤羊肉串风味评价提供一定的理论和实际应用价值。     

Comparisons of patties using mixtures of ground meat from beef, pork and chevaline

Sensory panels were used to evaluate five different ground meat products. The control product was ground beef and this was compared with products consisting of 70% beef and 30% pork; 50% beef, 30% pork, and 20% chevaline; 40% beef, 30% pork, and 30% chevaline; and 30% beef, 30% pork, and 40% chevaline. Analysis of sensory panel data revealed no significant difference (P < 0·05) in juiciness, flavor intensity, or flavor desirability. Raw and cooked samples of each of the five products were analyzed for proximate composition and were found to be comparable in nutritive value. There were small but non-significant differences in amino acid composition.     

基于实时荧光PCR对肉制品中羊肉的精确定量

该研究将实时荧光定量PCR技术(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,r PCR)与微滴式数字PCR技术(micro-droplet digital PCR,dd PCR)相结合,利用dd PCR建立拷贝数和羊肉质量的函数关系,确立了基于r PCR定量检测羊肉含量的方法。特异性实验结果表明,除绵羊和山羊外,非目标物种DNA未出现特异性扩增;灵敏度实验结果表明,该方法的最低检出限为0. 01 ng/μL;通过对已知成分的混合样品和市售样品的检测表明,该方法能够对含量在5%以上的羊肉进行准确定量。因此,该方法在肉制品中羊肉含量检测和掺假鉴别方面具有较好应用潜力。     

鱼肉羊肉猪肉复合香肠的开发研究

以新鲜的鱼肉、羊肉、猪肉为主要原料，根据其生物学和生物化学特性，运用正交试验设计和模糊数学理论，采用复合式即食香肠制作新工艺，研制了一种营养价值较高、风味独特、质构较好的鱼肉、羊肉、猪肉复合香肠。产品色泽均匀一致，淡红偏白，具有鱼肉、羊肉和猪肉的复合香味，肉质细嫩，口感良好，咸淡适宜，组织紧密，光滑有弹性。经产品质量检验，各项指标均符合肉与肉制品国家标准。主要原料配比为：鱼肉60g、羊肉54a、猪肉100a、猪肥腰15a.     

Meat flavor volatiles: A review of the composition,techniques of analysis,and sensory evaluation

Flavor is an important quality attribute which relates to the organoleptic characteristics of meat. Although perception of flavor is a complex phenomenon, odor is the most important single factor contributing to the overall characteristics of flavor. A large number of compounds have been identified in the volatile fraction of red meats and poultry. An overview of the chemical constituents present in the volatiles of beef, pork, mutton, and chicken is presented according to species and arranged by chemical class — hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, sulfides, heterocyclic compounds, etc. The volatile components of cured and uncured pork are compared. The field of meat flavor is assessed in terms of what has been accomplished and the direction in which it may proceed. Techniques for analysis of these volatiles are briefly described.     

4种市售不同香型肉味香精挥发性风味成分的比较

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对市售的鸡肉、牛肉、猪肉和羊肉香精的挥发性风味成分进行了分析,并对其中的主要成分及含量进行了比较,探讨了4种不同香型的肉味香精挥发性风味的差异.研究结果表明,在4种肉味香精中共鉴定出80种挥发性成分,主要为醇、醛、酮、酯、酸、吡嗪类化合物,并且不同香型的肉味香精中所含风味成分的种类和含量有较大的差异.研究结果对了解不同香型肉味香精的香气成分,合成不同的肉味风味料提供了参考.