10-Gb/s Operation of RSOA for WDM PON

We report on the 10-Gb/s operation of the reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) for the next-generation wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON). The bandwidth of the RSOA used in this experiment is merely 2.2 GHz. Nevertheless, a clear eye opening is obtained at 10 Gb/s by using the electronic equalizer processed offline. We investigate the impacts of the network's operating conditions (such as the injection power to the RSOA and the fiber length) on the performances of these equalizers. The results show that the RSOA-based WDM PON is operable at 10 Gb/s and the maximum reach can be extended to ${>}$ 20 km with the help of the forward error correction codes.      

直接检测的光正交频分复用传输系统最小均方自适应算法

为了减少直接检测的光正交频分复用(DD-OOFDM)传输系统中色散对系统的影响,传输系统使用了基于频域的最小均方(LMS)自适应均衡技术,由于基于频域的LMS估计方法计算复杂度低且便于信号块处理,相比最小平方(LS)估计方法,可更有效地追踪信道变化,减小相位噪声对传输系统的影响。实验结果表明,经背靠背(BTB)和100km标准单模光纤(SSMF)传输后,使用频域LMS估计方法的信号比使用频域LS估计方法的信号系统接收功率代价在误码率为10×10-2.5和10×10-2.0时分别降低了2dB及2.5dB,频域LMS估计方法比频域LS估计方法对传输系统具有更好的色散补偿效果。     

Optical circuits for equalizing group delay dispersion of opticalfibers

Optical circuits are synthesized for equalizing the group delay dispersion of single-mode fibers. The transfer function of the equalizing circuits are given by Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. The various realization methods for the group delay equalizer are shown, including periodic structures using birefringent crystals, birefringent fibers, and Mach-Zehnder interferometric planar optical circuits. An optical equalizer employing TiO₂ birefringent crystals was fabricated and evaluated by using an optical network analyzer, which operates by making modulation-envelope phase and amplitude measurements while scanning the optical carrier frequency. The measured optical equalizer characteristics show excellent agreement with the simulation analysis. The effectiveness of the equalizer for substantial reduction of the dispersion penalty for a 10 Gb/s signal transmitted over 30 km of normal dispersion fiber was demonstrated. The periodicity of the equalizer results in periodic dispersion-free bands, and hence, the equalizer is suitable for use in future multichannel FDM systems     

A CMOS 1 Gb/s 5-Tap Fractionally-Spaced Equalizer

This paper presents the design of a 1 Gb/s 5-tap T/2 fractionally-spaced equalizer. The T/2 delay lines are based on third-order linear-phase double terminated sections that offer a tunable group delay of 500 ps with less than 10% ripple and a 3 dB bandwidth greater than 600 MHz. Furthermore, the equalizer architecture introduces a broadband summing circuit using a transimpedance $I/V$ converter that increases the bandwidth by a factor of 3.6 over a conventional resistive loaded analog adder. The topology's performance is demonstrated in the equalization of 1 Gb/s binary data through CAT5e twisted-pair cables for up to 23 meters. The vertical eye-opening increases from 0% to 58%. Implemented in CMOS 0.35 $mu{hbox{m}}$, the transversal equalizer occupies an area of 26 ${hbox{mm}}^{2}$ and consumes 32 mA.      

A novel multi-band OFDMA-PON architecture using signal-to-signal beat interference cancellation receivers based on balanced detection

We have proposed a novel multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and passive optical network (OFDMA-PON) architecture using signal-to-signal beat interference cancellation receivers based on balanced detection at both the optical line terminal and the optical network units (ONUs). Simulation of the full-duplex system with 20 km SSMF transmission and a 1:4 split is achieved successfully. Without a laser source and amplifier at the ONU, our proposed multi-band OFDMA-PON system reduces the signal-to-signal beat interference simply and effectively, while the space of each band can be as small as 1 GHz and optimum carrier-to-signal power ratio at about 10 dB. Simulation results show that the OSNRs of the 40 Gb/s downstream and 30 Gb/s upstream transmission are only 20 and 16 dB required at \(\hbox {BER}=3.8 \times 10^{-3}\), respectively.     

50-Gb/sPAM-4调制NG-PON系统中的基于特征向量构建的改进型SVM均衡算法

本文针对低成本下一代无源光网络(NG-PON)传 输系统中带宽限制和光纤累计色散所产生的严重码间串扰问题,提出了一种基于特征向量 构建的改进型支持向量机(SVM)的均衡 算法。该算法充分考虑了码间串扰信号的特性,并在此基础上构建了新颖的特征向量,从而 适用于带限NG-PON系统中。此外,为了实现对PAM-4信号的多分类任务,该算法采用了 多对多(MVM)的方法训练三个独立SVM分类器。本文搭建了基于10-G 带宽光电器件的 50-Gb/sPAM-4信号传输实验来进一步验证本算法的可行性。实验结 果表明,相比于经典 前馈均衡器(FFE)和判决反馈均衡器(DFE),本算法可将接收灵敏度在HD-FEC门限下 (BER=3.8e－3)提高约1dB,从而使系统 在不使用任何放大器的情况下功率预算达到了20 dB。 此外,本方案对CDR定时偏移误差更稳定,可在相当大的偏移范围内保持可观的性能。因 此,该方案可被应用在NG-PON系统中用于更好的提升系统传输性性能。     

PMD Compensation in Polarization-Multiplexed Multilevel Modulations by Turbo Equalization

We propose the multilevel maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) detector suitable for use in polarization-multiplexed optical communications using multilevel modulation and coherent detection. The proposed multilevel MAP detection scheme considers two symbols transmitted over two orthogonal polarization states as a two-component symbol. We demonstrate experimentally that the proposed MAP scheme is effective in eliminating the bit-error-ratio (BER) floor phenomenon introduced by the conventional MAP equalizer, which considers the symbols transmitted over both polarizations independently. To improve further tolerance to optical fiber polarization-mode dispersion, we iterate extrinsic soft information between the MAP detector and soft-iterative decoder, in a turbo equalization fashion. Penalty of less than 1.5 dB at 20 Gb/s (and BER of $10^{-6}$ ) for differential group delay of 100 ps is reported.      

A 3-Gb/s optical detector in standard CMOS for 850-nm optical communication

This paper presents a monolithic optical detector, consisting of an integrated photodiode and a preamplifier in a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. A data rate of 3 Gb/s at BER <10/sup -11/ was achieved for /spl lambda/=850 nm with 25-/spl mu/W peak-peak optical power. This data rate is more than four times than that of current state-of-the-art optical detectors in standard CMOS reported so far. High-speed operation is achieved without reducing circuit responsivity by using an inherently robust analog equalizer that compensates (in gain and phase) for the photodiode roll-off over more than three decades. The presented solution is applicable to various photodiode structures, wavelengths, and CMOS generations.     

A 40 Gb/s CMOS Serial-Link Receiver With Adaptive Equalization and Clock/Data Recovery

This paper presents a 40 Gb/s serial-link receiver including an adaptive equalizer and a CDR circuit. A parallel-path equalizing filter is used to compensate the high-frequency loss in copper cables. The adaptation is performed by only varying the gain in the high-pass path, which allows a single loop for proper control and completely removes the RC filters used for separately extracting the high- and low-frequency contents of the signal. A full-rate bang-bang phase detector with only five latches is proposed in the following CDR circuit. Minimizing the number of latches saves the power consumption and the area occupied by inductors. The performance is also improved by avoiding complicated routing of high-frequency signals. The receiver is able to recover 40 Gb/s data passing through a 4 m cable with 10 dB loss at 20 GHz. For an input PRBS of 2 $^{7}-$1, the recovered clock jitter is 0.3 ps$_{rm rms}$ and 4.3 ps$_{rm pp}$. The retimed data exhibits 500 mV $_{rm pp}$ output swing and 9.6 ps$_{rm pp}$ jitter with ${hbox{BER}}≪ 10^{-12}$ . Fabricated in 90 nm CMOS technology, the receiver consumes 115 mW , of which 58 mW is dissipated in the equalizer and 57 mW in the CDR.      

The TAT-12/13 Cable Network

The TAT-12/13 Cable Network will provide a 10 Gb/s capacity between the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. By using ring switching equipment, this capacity is fully restorable within the network without dropping calls in the process. The undersea repeaters in this network use optical amplifier technology to transport a single 5 Gb/s optical signal on each fiber pair. With the upgrade potential already demonstrated, TAT-12/13's transport capacity may at least double before the end of its 25-year design life     

基于偏振复用的WDM-OFDM-PON

波分复用无源光网络(WDM-PON)是一种容量大、易升级、网络安全性高的光接入网技术。利用正交频分复用(OFDM)调制技术在传输速率、距离和色散容限方面的优势,提出一种基于偏振复用的WDM-OFDM-PON,同时在光网络单元(ONU)中实现了无光源的无色设计。仿真实验表明该系统可以在50km单模光纤上利用每一波长实现下行10Gb/s、上行5Gb/s的双向传输。     

Highly spectrum efficient OFDM/PDM wireless networks by usingoptical SSB modulation

Optical frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless access network using optical single-sideband modulation is proposed, which allows to deliver different wireless signals from a central station to each base station over an optical fiber network. The optical single-sideband (SSB) OFDM can achieve the highest spectrum efficiency of 0.25 b/s/Hz. A 0.25 b/s/Hz has been experimentally verified by the error-free transport of two-channel 4.98 Gb/s BPSK signal on 10 GHz wireless carrier with the frequency channel interval of 20 GHz at 1550 nm over 50 km-long standard single-mode fiber link. Furthermore, it has been also experimentally confirmed that by introducing the polarization division multiplexing (PDM), the ultimate spectrum efficiency of 0.5 b/s/Hz can be achieved by the hybrid OFDM/PDM     

Performance and scalability of a single-stage SOA switch for 10/spl times/10 gb/s wavelength striped packet routing

This letter reports successful routing of 10/spl times/10 Gb/s multiwavelength optical packets using single-stage semiconductor optical amplifier switches. Performance under switching is assessed with up to ten wavelengths with particular emphasis being placed on the limit of operation. A 15.2-dB power margin is demonstrated which allows at least eight port connections with a commercially available 0-dBm output 10-Gb/s transmitter and -21-dBm sensitivity receiver.     

160 Gb/s Time-Domain Channel Extraction/Insertion and All-Optical Logic Operations Exploiting a Single PPLN Waveguide

160 Gb/s all-optical signal processing is demonstrated exploiting pump depletion in addition to sum and difference frequency generation (SFG/DFG) in a single periodically poled lithium-niobate (PPLN) waveguide. 160 Gb/s time-domain extraction and insertion operations of channels are obtained in an optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) system. Moreover, 160 Gb/s digital operations including half-adder, half-subtracter and and/or/xor functions are carried out. The use of pump depletion effect allows to process ultrafast signals due to its high efficiency and ultrafast dynamics. 160 Gb/s bit error rate (BER) measurements confirm the effectiveness of all presented functionalities.      

Analysis of 40 Gb/s TDM-transmission over embedded standard fiberemploying chirped fiber grating dispersion compensators

Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)- and return-to-zero (RZ)-transmission formats are investigated for 1.55 μm 40 Gb/s fiber grating dispersion compensated standard fiber transmission. The RZ-format is shown to give a twofold increase in transmission distance compared with the conventional NRZ-format. In addition, a larger power margin is obtained at the expense of a reduced dispersion tolerance. System guidelines are proposed relating the pulse width, equalizer spacing, input power and maximum transmission distance. The results are compared with prior theoretical works at 40 Gb/s using equalizer fiber and optical phase conjugation     

160 Gb/s variable length packet/10 Gb/s-label all-optical label switching with wavelength conversion and unicast/multicast operation

We report on the first demonstration of all-optical label switching (AOLS) with 160 Gb/s variable length packets and 10 Gb/s optical labels. This result demonstrates the transparency of AOLS techniques from previously demonstrated 2.5 Gb/s to this 160 Gb/s demonstration using a common routing and packet lookup framework. Packet forwarding/conversion, optical label erasure/re-write and signal regeneration at 160 Gb/s is achieved using a WDM Raman enhanced all-optical fiber cross-phase modulation wavelength converter. It is also experimentally shown that this technique enables packet unicast and multicast operation at 160 Gb/s. The packet bit-error-rate is measured for all optical label switched 16 /spl times/ 10 Gb/s channels and error free operation is demonstrated after both label swapping and packet forwarding.     

Experimental 2.5-Gb/s QPSK WDM Phase-Modulated Radio-Over-Fiber Link With Digital Demodulation by a -Means Algorithm

Highest reported bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s for optically phase-modulated radio-over-fiber (RoF) link, employing digital coherent detection, is demonstrated. Demodulation of 3$,times,$ 2.5 Gb/s quadrature phase-shift-keying modulated wavelength-division-multiplexed RoF channels is achieved after 79 km of transmission through deployed fiber. Error-free performance (bit-error rate corresponding to $10^{{-}4}$) is achieved using a digital coherent receiver in combination with a $K$-means algorithm for radio-frequency phase recovery.      

MLSE Equalizers for Frequency Discrimination Receiver of MSK Optical Transmission System

We propose maximum-likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) equalizers based on either Viterbi algorithm or template matching temple matching (TM) for the equalization of impairments imposed on the minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation formats in long haul transmission without optical dispersion compensation. The TM-MLSE equalizer is proposed as a simplified alternative for the Viterbi-MLSE equalizer. It is verified that the Viterbi-MLSE equalizer can operate optimally when noise approaches a Gaussian distribution. Simulation results of the performances of the two MLSE equalizers for optical frequency discrimination receiver-based optical MSK systems are described. The transmission performance is evaluated in terms of: (1) the chromatic dispersion (CD) tolerance for both Viterbi-MLSE and TM-MLSE equalizers; (2) transmission distance limits of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers with various number of states; (3)the robustness to fiber polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers; and (4) performance improvements for Viterbi-MLSE equalizers when utilizing sampling schemes with two and four samples per bit over the conventional single sample per bit. With a small number of states (64 states), the non-compensating optical link can equivalently reach up to approximately 928 km SSMF for 10 Gb/s transmission or 58 km SSMF for 40 Gb/s. The performance of 16-state Viterbi-MLSE equalizers for optical frequency discrimination receiver (OFDR)-based optical MSK transmission systems for PMD mitigation is also numerically investigated. The performance of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers can be further improved by using the sampling schemes with multiple samples per bit compared to the conventional single sample bit. The equalizer also offers high robustness to fiber PMD impairment.     

47.4 Gb/s Transmission Over 100 m Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fiber Based on Rate-Adaptive Discrete Multitone Modulation

We experimentally demonstrate a bit-rate of 47.4 Gb/s over 100 m of perfluorinated multimode graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) by exploiting discrete multitone (DMT) modulation with rate-adaptive bit-loading. The maximum achieved aggregate bit rate is 51.8 Gb/s including DMT transmission overhead (cyclic prefix and preambles) and the standard of 7% of forward-error-correction (FEC) overhead. This is achieved over an intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM-DD) link using a directly-modulated DFB laser (1300-nm) and a multimode fiber-coupled photodetector with a large diameter of 25-$mu$m. The bandwidth requirement is only 12 GHz due to the use of spectral-efficient modulation formats of up to 64-QAM.      

Demonstration of using multi-band 16-QAM OFDM modulation with direct-detection in 10 GHz bandwidth for 37.3-Gb/s PON

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a 37.3 Gb/s passive optical network using four-band orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) channels within 10 GHz bandwidth. Here, the required sampling rate and resolution of digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital (DA/AD) converter are only 5 GS/s and 8 bits to accomplish the 40 Gb/s OFDM downstream rate. Moreover, to reduce the power fading and fiber chromatic dispersion issues, a $-$ 0.7 chirp parameter Mach-Zehnder modulator is used for the four-band OFDM modulation scheme. Downstream negative power penalty of $-$ 0.37 dB can be obtained at the bit error rate of $3.8\times 10^{-3}$ after 20 km standard single mode fiber transmission without dispersion compensation.