动物血浆蛋白水解物功能及应用研究进展

动物血液是动物屠宰加工的主要副产物之一,蛋白质含量丰富、营养价值高,其中血浆蛋白作为重要的蛋白原料,可用于动物饲料和食品加工。研究表明,血浆蛋白经酶处理得到由小肽和氨基酸组成的水解物,更易被机体消化吸收,同时表现出抗氧化、抑制血管紧张素转化酶活性、减毒等功能特性,可作为潜在的营养补充剂、食品添加剂和营养保健品。本文对血浆蛋白水解物的酶解条件、特性以及应用进行综述,以期为动物血浆蛋白水解物的研究和应用提供参考。     

Antioxidant evaluation protocols: Food quality or health effects

Increasing research on natural antioxidants in foods and development of new assays has prompted critical reflection on the field. It has been common practice to identify health benefits from antioxidant activity on the cellular level with antioxidant capacity of food measured in vitro. The use of antioxidants and their positive effects on food quality has been demonstrated in a large variety of foods and beverages using various methods for detection of lipid and protein oxidation or various assays based on electron transfer or hydrogen-atom transfer. A direct positive effect on markers of oxidative status after dietary intervention has, however, been difficult to confirm and much has still to be learnt about antioxidant action in vivo including synergistic or inhibitory roles, the uptake, biotransformation, and tissue distribution of potential antioxidants. This review critically evaluates various types of assays for antioxidative capacity, i.e. the stoichiometry, and antioxidative activity, i.e. the kinetics of the antioxidant action, with focus on the antioxidant mechanism of natural dietary antioxidants, particularly phenolic compounds, on lipid oxidation. It is concluded that it is difficult to transfer antioxidant mechanisms established in model systems and in foods to the in vivo situation and that no simple relationship has been recognized so far between antioxidant capacity determined for various foods and beverages and health benefits for humans. Screening of antioxidant capacity using simple assays in order to predict positive health effects of food are not scientifically justified. Different protocols will have to be used for evaluation of the protection of food by antioxidants and for evaluation of the health effect of antioxidants.     

Specialty seeds: Nutrients,bioactives, bioavailability,and health benefits: A comprehensive review

Seeds play important roles in human nutrition and health since ancient time. The term “specialty” has recently been applied to seeds to describe high-value and/or uncommon food products. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to identify various classes of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols in specialty seeds. This review discusses nutrients, fat-soluble bioactives, polyphenols/bioactives, antioxidant activity, bioavailability, health benefits, and safety/toxicology of commonly consumed eight specialty seeds, namely, black cumin, chia, hemp, flax, perilla, pumpkin, quinoa, and sesame. Scientific results from the existing literature published over the last decade have been compiled and discussed. These specialty seeds, having numerous fat-soluble bioactives and polyphenols, together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been consumed. Hence, these specialty seeds can be considered as a valuable source of dietary supplements and functional foods due to their health-promoting bioactive components, polyphenols, and corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from these specialty seeds demonstrate bioavailability in humans with promising health benefits. Additional long-term and well-design human intervention trials are required to ascertain the health-promoting properties of these specialty seeds.     

Therapeutic Spectrum of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides: Overview of Current State and Prospect

Functional oligosaccharides have emerged as valuable components of food and dietary supplements. Their resistance to digestion and fermentation by colonic microbes has given them the nutritional edge. Apart from implications as dietary fibers, sweeteners, and humectants, they are hailed as prebiotics. Their beneficial effects extend from antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, hypotensive, hyperlipemic, neuroprotective to anticancer. The rising popularity of bioactive oligosaccharides has accelerated the search for their generation from new, sustainable sources. The surfacing crucial role in healthcare and unprecedented demand necessitates deeper investigation. The present review embodies an overview on various aspects of production, properties with emphasis on therapeutic applications of functional oligosaccharides. The biological efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of oligosaccharides have also been discussed.     

Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review

In the last few years, the consumption of dietary supplements, especially those having plants as ingredients, has been increasing due to the common idea that they are natural products posing no risks to human health. In the European Union and the United States, dietary supplements are legally considered as foods/special category of foods, thus are not being submitted to any safety assessment prior to their commercialization. Among the issues that can affect safety, adulteration by the illegal addition of pharmaceutical substances or their analogs is of major concern since unscrupulous producers can falsify these products to provide for quick effects and to increase sales. This review discusses the various classes of synthetic drugs most frequently described as being illegally added to dietary supplements marketed for weight loss, muscle building/sport performance and sexual performance enhancement. Information regarding regulation and consumption is also presented. Finally, several conventional and advanced analytical techniques used to detect and identify different adulterants in dietary supplements and therefore also in foods, with particular emphasis on plant food supplements, are critically described. This review demonstrates that dietary supplement adulteration is an emerging food safety problem and that an effective control by food regulatory authorities is needed to safeguard consumers.     

Clinical use of flavonoid enriched biologically active food supplements in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis in combination with chronic cholecystitis or bile ducts dyskinesia

60 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and secretory insufficiency allied with chelicobacterial infection in combination with chronic unlithic cholecystitis or diskinesia of choledoch ways were explored with a view to study the efficiency of dietary cure including biologically active food supplements--flavonoids source. Fortification of the patients food intake with flavonoids-containing biologically active food supplements benefits mucous membrane of gastroduodenal zone that is evidenced in decrease of activity of pyloric chelicobacteriosis and resolvent and reparative effect, it also contributes to normalization of hepatobiliaric system condition and antioxidant status.     

Consumption,intake patterns,and exposure

Despite the wide public and scientific interest in antioxidant nutrients and their roles in disease prevention, limited data are available to assess population consumption, individuals’ intake patterns, and trends in exposure. This article reviews data on levels of these nutrients in the food supply, intake patterns from food and supplement use derived from national surveys, and trends in exposure. The food supply and intake data indicate that levels of vitamins E and C and the carotenoids in the diet have increased since the 1970s, but the increases are not consistent among all age groups. Dietary supplements make a major contribution to intakes of vitamins E and C. Nutrient and nonnutrient antioxidants added to the food supply do not contribute appreciably to antioxidant exposure. Groups at high risk of poor dietary intakes of antioxidant nutrients are the poor, tobacco users, nonsupplement users, and the elderly, especially those living alone.     

An overview of consumer attitudes and beliefs about plant food supplements

The use of dietary supplements is increasing globally and this includes the use of plant food supplements (PFS). A variety of factors may be influencing this increased consumption including the increasing number of older people in society, mistrust in conventional medicine and the perception that natural is healthy. Consumer studies in this area are limited, with a focus on dietary supplements in general, and complicated by the use of certain plant food supplements as herbal medicines. Research indicates that higher use of dietary supplements has been associated with being female, being more educated, having a higher income, being white and being older, however the drivers for consumption of supplements are complex, being influenced by both demographic and health-related factors. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the users and the determinants of usage of plant food supplements. With growing consumption of these products, the need for effective risk-benefit assessment becomes ever more important and an insight into who uses these types of products and why is an important starting point for any future science-based decisions made by policy makers, PFS manufacturers and ultimately by consumers themselves.     

Composition and Nutrient Value Proposition of Brewers Spent Grain

Brewer's spent grain (BSG), a major brewing industry byproduct, is generated in large quantities annually. This review summarizes research into the composition and preservation of BSG, different extraction techniques for BSG proteins and phenolic acids, and the bioactivities of these phenolic components. Moreover, this article also highlights BSG integration into foodstuff for human consumption and animal feed supplements. BSG is considered a rich source of fiber, protein, and phenolic compounds. The phenolic acids present in BSG are hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic, p‐coumaric, and caffeic acids), which have many biofunctions, such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, and antiinflammatory activities. Previously, attempts have been made to integrate BSG into human food, such as ready‐to‐eat snacks, cookies and bread, to increase fiber and protein contents. The addition of BSG to animal feed leads to increased milk yields, higher fat contents in milk, and is a good source of essential amino acids. Therefore, many studies have concluded that integrating the biofunctional compounds in BSG into human food and animal feed has various health benefits.     

Monitoring of the amphetamine-like substances in dietary supplements by LC-PDA and LC–MS/MS

Recently, amphetamine-like substances derived from the β-phenylethylamine core structure have been detected in dietary supplements. Especially, β-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), an amphetamine isomer, has been found in dietary supplements labeled as containing Acacia rigidula. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration determined that BMPEA is not naturally present in food and does not meet the statutory definition of a dietary ingredient. In addition, BMPEA has been classified as a psychotropic drug in South Korea and a doping substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary supplements contained amphetamine and amphetamine-like substance, including β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) and BMPEA using LC-PDA and LC–MS/MS. In 10 of 110 samples, illegally added compounds were detected in the following ranges; β-PEA 1.4–122.0 mg/g and BMPEA 4.7–37.6 mg/g. This study will contribute to enhancement of food safety in the South Korea.     

党参多糖的生物活性及产品开发研究进展

党参是目前我国普遍使用的药食两用药材之一。现代药理学研究发现,党参多糖是党参的重要活性成分之一,在预防保健和治疗疾病方面具有多种生物活性,已经开发有相关的人类保健食品和动物饲料添加剂产品。本文检索了近五年来的相关文献,对党参多糖的免疫活性、抗氧化与抗衰老、抗炎与抗溃疡、降糖、改善肠道菌群、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、神经保护、缓解体力疲劳的生物活性,在人类保健食品及动物饲料添加剂领域的相关产品开发进行综述,以期为党参多糖进一步的研究及相关产品的开发提供参考依据。     

Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics,nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of Chinese organic hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida)

Hawthorn berry (Crataegus pinnatifida), approved as ‘medicine food homology’ fruit by China’s National Health Commission, has been associated with positive effects on human health. In-depth study of nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity can provide basic information on food value of Chinese organic frozen (OFHB)/freeze-dried (OFDHB) hawthorn berries. Higher levels of dietary fibre, pectin, ascorbic acid, mineral and antioxidant capacity were found compared with some common fruits and other species hawthorn. Both OFHB and OFDHB samples have much higher content of potassium (1.02 × 10⁴ and 9.73 × 10³ mg kg⁻¹) than sodium (54.23 and 42.31 mg kg⁻¹). OFDHB had a more desirable ratio (2.68:1) of insoluble/soluble dietary fibre which is suitable for use as a food ingredient. Antioxidant capacity varied considerably depending on the part (peel > pulp) and reaching up to 577.5 µmol Trolox equivalent g⁻¹. OFHB and OFDHB are excellent natural nutrient-dense and antioxidant sources for dietary supplements and functional foods development.     

A 100-Year Review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the protein and amino acid (AA) nutrition of dairy cows. The chemistry of feed crude protein (CP) appears to be well understood, as is the mechanism of ruminal protein degradation by rumen bacteria and protozoa. It has been shown that ammonia released from AA degradation in the rumen is used for bacterial protein formation and that urea can be a useful N supplement when lower protein diets are fed. It is now well documented that adequate rumen ammonia levels must be maintained for maximal synthesis of microbial protein and that a deficiency of rumen-degradable protein can decrease microbial protein synthesis, fiber digestibility, and feed intake. Rumen-synthesized microbial protein accounts for most of the CP flowing to the small intestine and is considered a high-quality protein for dairy cows because of apparent high digestibility and good AA composition. Much attention has been given to evaluating different methods to quantify ruminal protein degradation and escape and for measuring ruminal outflows of microbial protein and rumen-undegraded feed protein. The methods and accompanying results are used to determine the nutritional value of protein supplements and to develop nutritional models and evaluate their predictive ability. Lysine, methionine, and histidine have been identified most often as the most-limiting amino acids, with rumen-protected forms of lysine and methionine available for ration supplementation. Guidelines for protein feeding have evolved from simple feeding standards for dietary CP to more complex nutrition models that are designed to predict supplies and requirements for rumen ammonia and peptides and intestinally absorbable AA. The industry awaits more robust and mechanistic models for predicting supplies and requirements of rumen-available N and absorbed AA. Such models will be useful in allowing for feeding lower protein diets and increased efficiency of microbial protein synthesis.     

Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes

The much publicised global trend in rising levels of obesity and diabetes has refuelled interest in the dietary intake of the macronutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) necessary to maintain the state of normalcy (good health) of an individual. Both scientific and public attention have focused on the dietary mediation of chronic health syndromes, either through use of dietary supplements, or a review of the whole diet situation. Dietary supplements have been used extensively both as pharmacological supplements, food ingredients, in processed foods to aid weight control, and the regulation of glucose control for diabetic patients. Particular interest has focused on the use of dietary fibres, especially soluble dietary fibres (such as guar gum, locust bean gum, and psyllium fibres), resistant starch, and slowly digestible carbohydrates. These have been shown to alter food structure, texture, and viscosity, and hence the rate of starch degradation during digestion. Research has also illustrated an association between the rate of carbohydrate degradation during digestion, and the regulation of postprandial blood sugar and insulin levels. The current paper explores the potential use of dietary fibres in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.     

Defining the Public Health Threat of Dietary Supplement Fraud

Adverse health events resulting from dietary supplement fraud (DSF)—fraud conducted for economic gain using dietary supplements—have received increased recognition from agencies and industry. There is a growing awareness that this issue represents a significant public health threat. With increasing consumption of supplements, there are increasing consequences—good and bad—for food science and food safety. “Dietary supplements” are a special category of food that consists of finished products (for example, a vitamin D tablet) that contain 1 or more dietary ingredients. “Dietary ingredients” are the components of those finished products (for example, vitamin D added to a food product such as breakfast cereal). Due to a number of factors, potentially harmful dietary supplements reach—and often remain—in the market. DSF is a type of product fraud, as is food fraud, which is often classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as Economically Motivated Adulteration (EMA). Since the adulterants are unconventional, DSF may represent an even greater public health threat than traditional dietary supplement safety issues (though it is important to note that adulteration is only one type of fraud). Criminology concepts such as situational crime prevention and the crime triangle deepen understanding of the relationship of fraud opportunity as it relates to fraudsters and established hurdles to fraud. The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview on the public health threat of DSF, and to focus on altering current intervention and response‐based approaches that are prevention‐based.     

微生物富集有机硒研究进展

硒是生物体的必需微量元素,在人体免疫、抗肿瘤和抗氧化等方面发挥重要作用,硒缺乏和摄入过量都会引发相关疾病。微生物在食品、医药卫生、环境治理和工业生产中具有广泛应用,其能够吸收环境中的无机硒合成有机硒,而有机硒毒性低且易于被人体吸收,是理想的硒源类营养补充剂。该文阐述了微生物富集有机硒的合成途径,并比较了细菌、酵母、霉菌和蕈菌的富硒方式和能力。     

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Ribes nigrum extracts

Blackcurrant berries contain high amounts of flavonoids with various health benefits as anti-inflammatory properties attributed to their antioxidant potential. Leaves and buds actually used to produce food supplement could also exhibit such interesting properties.In the literature, various methods are often used and valid indicators of the antioxidant potential of dietary substances. However these assays do not provide evidence that antioxidants have in vivo or ex vivo activity when consumed. To obtain biologically relevant information, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated on cellular models implicating the measurement of blood haemolysis, the Cellular Antioxidant Activity on endothelial cells and the anti-inflammatory activities on isolated equine stimulated neutrophils and purified myeloperoxidase.These tests generally showed that the blackcurrant leaf extract have the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (inhibition of MPO activity and ROS production on activated neutrophils) capacities correlated to the highest total phenolics content.     

菊粉生物活性的研究进展

菊粉是一种不易被人体消化的碳水化合物,可从3600多种植物中提取。美国食品药品监督管理局批准菊粉用于提高食品的营养价值,因而菊粉已用于脂肪替代品、质地调节剂和功能性食品的开发。菊粉具有益生元特性,即促进双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌等有益菌增殖,同时对宿主基因、肠道局部和全身代谢产生影响。目前研究发现菊粉在养生保健和治疗疾病方面具有多种生物活性,已经开发有相关的人类保健食品和动物饲料添加剂产品。本研究综述了菊粉抗氧化、抗疲劳、延缓衰老、降低炎症、刺激免疫应答、改善糖脂代谢紊乱等生物活性以及作用机制,提出现有研究的不足,并对菊粉未来研究方向进行了展望,为更深入地研究菊粉生物活性提供思路,为菊粉后续开发和利用提供理论依据。     

Nutraceutical Potential of Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure,Bioactivity, Safety,and Toxicity

In recent years, marine organisms including seaweeds have been highlighted as potential sources of useful metabolites and bioactive compounds, with vast biological and physiological activities. Seaweeds have long been used as a food source, for medicinal purposes, and as dietary supplements in various Asian countries, and their potential benefits have recently attracted the attention of many Western and European countries. Their commercial value depends on their applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Seaweeds are considered a potential source of nutraceuticals or functional foods, and analysis of taste‐oriented motives has revealed that seaweeds are preferentially selected over other types of marine foods by seafood consumers and people with high levels of health, education, and living status. It is a general perception that health conscious people prefer environmentally friendly food sources, and present an opportunity to focus on seaweed‐based foods, which have significant nutritional benefits to humans. Among the various bioactive constituents, seaweed polysaccharides have been proven to possess various beneficial properties including anticoagulant, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and antiviral activities. The diversity and composition of seaweed polysaccharides play vital roles in these biological activities. Seaweeds are a rich source of sulfated polysaccharides, which are responsible for much of the bioactivity, as they can interact with various textures and cellular proteins. A number of toxicological assays and clinical trials suggest that the ingestion of seaweeds as functional foods should be considered worldwide to improve immune responses. In this review, different polysaccharides from seaweeds and their compositions and potential nutraceutical applications are discussed.