基于JIAJIA系统的消息传递和共享存储编辑模式比较

为了研究基于软件DSM系统的OpenMP实现，该文以一类具有代表性的用户题为例，分别测试了其基于JIAJIA系统的两种实现力的加速比：一种是用JIAJIA提供的消息传递系统调用，实现了个类MPI版本（方式1）：另一种是用多个处理机对共享数组的读写来替代消息传递系统调用（方式2），测试结果发现，对少量处理机系统，两种方式还具有可比性，但是，随着处理机数的增多，共享存储应用的性能急剧下降。通过对测试结果的分析及对用户题的进一步测试，发现方式2的时间主要花费在做一致性处理和缺页中断处理而导致的大量小消息通信上，测试表明，JIAJIA共享存储程序一般会比MPI程序导致更重的网络负载，要在JIAJIA共享存储基础之上建立一种实用的共享并行计算环境，尤其在支持OpenMP等共享编程语言方面，还有待进一步工作。     

基于JIAJIA系统的消息传递和共享存储编程模式比较

为了研究基于软件DSM系统的OpenMP实现，该文以一类具有代表性的用户题为例，分别测试了其基于JIAJIA系统的两种实现方式的加速比：一种是用JIAJIA提供的消息传递系统调用，实现一个类MPI版本（方式1）；另一种是用多个处理机对共享数组的读写来替代消息传递系统调用（方式2）。测试结果发现，对少量处理机系统，两种方式还具有可比性，但是，随着处理机数的增多，共享存储应用的性能急剧下降。通过对测试结果的分析及对用户题的进一步测试，发现方式2的时间主要花费在做一致性处理和缺页中断处理而导致的大量小消息通信上。测试表明，JIAJIA共享存储程序一般会比MPI程序导致更重的网络负载。要在JIAJIA共享存储基础之上建立一种实用的共享并行计算环境，尤其在支持OpenMP等共享编程语言方面，还有待进一步工作。     

PC机群上JIAJIA与MPI的比较

对JIAJIA和MPI (message passing interface)是进行了比较.JIAJIA和MPI分别代表共享存储和消息传递的编程模式.MPI显式进行数据传输,编程复杂;JIAJIA由底层维护数据一致性,并附加提供简单的消息传递函数,编程容易、灵活.JIAJIA分配共享内存时开销较大,初始化时间比MPI长.提出了一个关于并行加速比与进程数目之间关系的近似经验公式,推出JIAJIA和MPI性能差距随着进程数目的增多而增大的结论.测试结果表明,大部分应用程序的JIAJIA和MPI版本的并行性能差距不超过10%.对于通信量很小的应用程序,其JIAJIA和MPI的性能差距较小,而通信量本身较大的应用程序,其JIAJIA和MPI的性能差距主要取决于运行时产生的实际通信量.     

基于发布/订阅模型的异构网络数据交换方法

消息数据高效传输是混合式网络的一个研究重点. 发布/订阅模型实现了消息发布者和消息订阅者之间解耦的消息传递模式, 适用于混合网络之间的消息数据传输. 通过将发布/订阅模型应用于消息数据交换, 规范了消息数据的格式, 实现了对各类通信设备的灵活管理以及基于消息内容的动态数据路由; 并利用一种基于循环调度的动态负载均衡算法, 对低速率网络和高速率网络之间的性能进行合理调度, 提高了低速率网络的性能. 模拟实验结果表明, 在混合式网络中发布/订阅模型能实现可靠的消息数据交换, 在负载平衡算法下性能更好.     

优化设计SCI软件反射存储网的逻辑拓扑

SCI(IEEE1596-1992)高速互连协议以其极低延迟的特点被应用于许多关键领域.SCI软件反射存储网是基于SCI的软件分布式共享存储系统,主要用于集群并行计算和实时系统中的数据共享.结点通过读写物理上分布、逻辑上唯一的共享存储空间共享数据.任何结点写入数据时,数据将以一定的逻辑拓扑被传送到所有结点的物理内存上.传送数据的逻辑拓扑直接影响网络的写延迟,因此提出一种动态、低延迟的最优树逻辑拓扑,并在此基础上设计和实现了延迟低、易编程的SCI软件反射存储通信库-RFM.实验证明,提出的最优树逻辑拓扑设计大大降低了网络的写延迟,提高了网络的通信性能.     

DTN中服务感知的自适应消息转发路由算法

在PROPHET算法的基础上,提出一种服务感知的自适应消息转发DTN路由算法SAAMFR.该算法在估算传输概率时考虑节点相遇的连通时长以提高传输概率估算的精确度,采用区分服务机制,实现紧急消息优先传输.同时根据传输概率进行自适应消息冗余转发,在提高传输性能的同时,又控制网络开销.仿真结果表明,该算法在传输性能和网络开销之间达到很好的折衷效果.     

机群OpenMP系统的设计与实现

OpenMP以其易用性和支持增量并行的特点成为共享存储体系结构的编程标准．目前机群系统已成为高性能计算的主流平台,研究机群OpenMP系统对推进并行应用的开发和普及非常有意义．该文作者以软件DSM系统JIAJIA作为OpenMP的运行时系统,结合一个前端编译器OMP2JIA,在机群系统上实现了OpenMP／JIAJIA计算环境,同时在提高性能方面根据机群系统特点扩展了OpenMP制导,优化了后端运行时库。通过11个OpenMP应用,作者比较了该计算环境和一个支持OpenMP的硬件cc-NUMA系统(SGI 2100)的性能．结果表明,作者的机群OpenMP系统的7机平均加速比为4．62;SGI 2100系统为4．55,二者性能相当．     

互联网上基于对等网络的消息通信编程环境

描述了一个互联网上基于时等网络的消息通信编程环境P2PE(P2P-based programming environment).P2PE利用对等网络的JXTA协议采组织互联网上的各种节点,形成一个应用层的覆盖网络.P2PE把基于对等网络的计算资源共享平台的功能需求划分为服务的形式,该服务可以被对等节点或节点组利用.通过提出具有质量保证的消息,实现了消息通信过程的同步异步通信、远程过程调用、动态的数据传输.测试与性能分析表明,P2PE在处理分布式计算的消息通信问题上,轮回时间、消息队列的效率、远程过程调用的开销、吞吐量等都有较好的性能.     

SCI环性能研究与仿真

SCI（Scalable Coherent Interface）协议是IEEE提出的一种标准,主要用于高速、低延迟的大规模集群系统。其传输方式不同于传统的总线方式,本文分析了SCI节点的结构及环型拓扑的高带宽性能,通过仿真实现一个三节点环状网络。从性能上分析了SCI协议的特点。     

基三分层网络中的受限多播路由算法

多播路由算法对互连网络的通信性能和多处理机系统性能的发挥起着重要作用。针对基三分层互连网络,在权衡性能、成本和实现的基础上,提出一种基于树的受限多播路由算法TRMA。该算法充分利用基三分层互连网络的层次特性和节点编码中所含的网络拓扑信息实现消息路由,算法设计简单,易于硬件实现。和其他基于树的多播路由算法相比,TRMA算法不需要源节点在发送消息前构建多播树,并将多播树的信息存放在消息中,大大降低了源节点的工作负载,提高整个系统的性能。通过仿真比较了TRMA和基于单播的多播路由算法,结果表明TRMA具有较低的网络延迟和较小的网络流量。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.