浅析VOA燃油添加剂对柴油机动力性及尾气排放的影响

采用廉价植物油通过一步法合成一种新型纳米添加剂—VOA燃油添加剂。这种方法能大幅度降低燃油添加剂的生产成本。在485QB柴油机试验台架上进行了纯柴油和加剂柴油的全负荷速度特性、负荷特性和排放的对比研究。结果表明,加0.5%VOA添加剂的柴油与纯柴油比较,二者全负荷速度特性基本一致;加剂柴油的油耗率降低,经济性提高;加剂柴油的尾气排放明显降低。     

柴油催化燃烧添加剂制备及应用

通过对添加剂的组成及配比的研究，得到一种新型高效柴油催化燃烧添加剂。测定了添加剂的理化性质，对添加剂的节油率及烟度降低率进行了综合测试和评价     

消烟助燃剂研究的发展

消烟助燃剂能有效提高燃烧效率，抑制污染物的生成，在各种燃烧装置上得到广泛应用。文章简要介绍了消烟助燃剂的发展史，对有灰型与无灰型消烟助燃剂的功能单元及作用机理进行分析。无灰剂虽然效果不如有灰剂，但不会造成二次污染，是消烟助燃剂的发展方向。利用有灰剂与无灰剂之间的协同效应，复合添加剂能产生比单剂更大的效果，这是消烟助燃剂的另一个发展方向。纳米材料也被应用在消烟助燃剂的研究上，为我们提供了一个新的研究思路。     

柴油添加剂和微粒捕集器的协同性分析与研究

柴油添加剂可以降低发动机燃烧室内的碳烟生成,而微粒捕集器则能有效控制柴油机尾气中微粒排放。对柴油添加剂种类、微粒捕集器过滤体材料和微粒捕集器的再生方法分别作了介绍,并着重对柴油添加剂促进微粒捕集器再生的机理和存在的问题进行了分析和研究。     

CT—1型柴油添加剂———一种节能新产品

柴油是应用广泛的二次能源，提高柴油的利用效率对节约能源和提高经济效益都有很大的现实意义。与燃料成分相配的柴油添加剂不但可以提高柴油机械的效率、可靠性和使用寿命，还可以降低排气烟度、减轻对环境的污染，是一种节能新产品。本文介绍了该厂研制的ＣＴ—１型柴油添加剂的配方机理及性能试验结果，分析了应用该添加剂的节能效益。     

柴油添加剂和微粒捕集器的协同性分析与研究

介绍了柴油添加剂种类、微粒捕集器过滤体材料和微粒捕集器的再生方法,并着重对柴油添加剂促进微粒捕集器再生的机理和存在的问题进行了分析和研究.     

新型无灰助燃剂对柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响

采用无灰助燃添加剂FT在F6L913柴油机上进行了外特性和负荷特性试验,研究了新型无灰助燃剂对柴油机动力性、经济性、燃烧和排放特性的影响。研究结果表明:与燃用柴油(0~#)相比,柴油机燃用添加无灰助燃剂FT的燃油(1~#)时,发动机功率平均提高了5.12%;燃油消耗率有所降低,外特性和负荷特性试验分别平均降低了2.59%、1.68%;气缸压力、压力升高率和放热率峰值均有所升高,缸压峰值出现位置变化不大,压力升高率和放热率峰值出现位置前移曲轴转角1°~2°,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;一氧化碳(CO)、碳化氢(HC)、氮氧化物(NO_x)排放有所降低,碳烟排放外特性和负荷特性试验分别平均降低了12.8%、26.5%。     

柴油添加剂功效影响因素的灰色关联分析

提出了一种柴油添加剂非台架实验的功效判断方法——灰色关联分析法。应用这个方法分析待测功效的柴油添加剂，可通过测定加入它后的柴油样品的物理性质和加入已知功效较好的柴油添加剂的柴油样品的物理性质，再作灰色关联分析，综合关联顺序以评定其功效好坏。应用这个方法还可推断柴油样品的表面张力是影响燃烧好坏的主要因素，其次是粘度、十六烷值和燃点。     

柴油机燃油添加剂研究发展综述

综合介绍了柴油燃料添加剂的目前研究与应用状况,并对各类添加剂作用机理的研究现状作了较为全面的阐述;同时指出柴油添加剂的今后发展方向。     

高原环境下柴油机燃料与排放的研究现状及展望

对高原环境下使用柴油、其它新型燃料及加入助燃剂柴油的柴油机在经济性、动力性、排放性等方面进行对比,论述国内在醇类燃料、醚类燃料、沼气-柴油双燃料、无灰助燃剂及其他生物燃料等方面研究所取得的进展,着重分析各种燃料在经济性、动力性、排放性等方面的差异,指出现有研究的现状和不足。针对醇类燃料与柴油燃料难以完全互溶、双燃料需对发动机的燃烧室及供油系统等主要部分进行改装、无灰助燃剂的生产和成分计量困难因而加入量受到限制等各种新型燃料存在的问题,研究利用氮气吸附法从进气源头上减少氮气含量,提高进气含氧量,从而提高和改善柴油机在高原环境下的经济性、动力性和排放性能。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.