燃煤锅炉PM2.5控制现状及改进建议

燃煤锅炉消耗大量煤炭,对大气环境中PM 2.5含量影响很大。对燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的治理是一个综合治理的过程,即包含一次可过滤颗粒物和一次可凝结颗粒物的治理,也包含对二次颗粒物前驱物SO2、NOx等的治理。本文从一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物治理角度,论述了燃煤锅炉PM 2.5的产生、控制现状,提出了PM 2.5控制技术的改进建议。     

PM2.5限排与燃煤工业锅炉发展

从GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》增设PM2.5排放限值,简述PM2.5的定义及其危害性;分析了锅炉大气污染物中烟尘的来源、烟尘初始排放浓度限值,导出燃煤锅炉烟尘初始排放浓度计算公式;随后介绍了烟尘分散度、除尘器分级效率以及煤粉锅炉飞灰中的PM10/PM2.5分布特性,预测了GB 13271《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》修订时对烟尘与PM10/PM2.5的排放限值;最后提出了燃煤工业锅炉应对PM2.5限排的几个建议方法。     

燃煤可吸入颗粒物声波团聚效果的实验研究和数值分析

1引言我国是燃煤大国,每年燃煤产生的一次和二次颗粒物数量巨大。排放到空气中的颗粒物不仅降低了大气的能见度,影响环境和气候,而且危害人体健康,使致病率和死亡率上升。可吸入颗粒物(<10μm)是目前我国城市大气环境的主要污染物,尤其是空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物(PM2.     

燃煤锅炉一次PM2.5的监测与控制技术

燃煤锅炉是我国一次PM2.5主要的人为排放源之一,对燃煤锅炉一次PM2.5的排放治理是一个综合防治过程。针对燃煤锅炉烟气高温﹑高湿和高尘等特点,综述了燃煤锅炉一次PM2.5排放的监测方法和控制技术,探讨了这些监测方法和控制技术的应用范围。     

不同煤粉燃烧对一次颗粒物排放特性的影响

在实验室条件下,以沉降炉作为燃烧设备,用8级Andersen粒子撞击器分离并收集燃烧后的颗粒物,研究了3种煤粉燃烧后生成的一次颗粒物中可吸入颗粒物排放的特性.结果表明,煤粉燃烧后,PM10、PM2.5、PM1的排放量并不是煤中灰分、固定碳或挥发分的单一函数.用Rosin-Ramm ler函数对一次颗粒物的质量-粒径分布进行曲线拟合,并计算了其中PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5的值.结果显示,灰分较高的煤粉生成的PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5值较高,灰分含量低的煤粉生成的PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5值较低.但PM2.5/PM10、PM1/PM2.5的值与灰分含量并不成正相关性.分析认为,不同煤粉中组分形式和含量的不同,影响了煤粉燃烧后一次颗粒物形成的过程,造成一次颗粒物排放特性的不同.     

1000 MW燃煤机组变负荷条件下颗粒物排放特性研究

研究了某1000 MW燃煤机组在不同负荷条件下烟囱出口的颗粒物排放特性以及静电除尘器与脱硫塔的除尘特性。结果表明,低负荷条件下,烟气中颗粒物总质量浓度与高负荷条件下相比有所降低,但PM2.5含量更高,所占比例也更大;静电除尘器的颗粒物捕集效率均在99.59%以上,脱硫塔的颗粒物脱除效率在40%~50%,静电除尘器和脱硫塔对颗粒物的脱除效率均随机组负荷的下降略有上升,根据颗粒物电镜分析得知脱硫塔出口颗粒物与石膏液滴之间的粘附作用导致脱硫塔颗粒物脱除效率降低。     

可吸入颗粒粒径声学夹带法测量的实验研究

1引言可吸入颗粒物(空气动力学直径小于10μm)是目前我国城市大气环境的首要污染物,尤其是空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物(PM2.5),这些细颗粒物主要来源于燃煤电厂的粉尘排放和城市中的机动车尾气排放,其数目浓度高,颗粒粒径小,富集了大量的重金属和有机化合物,不能在人体体     

终端用户少用煤

正陈贵锋表示,为减少燃煤带来的大气污染,严格控制用煤总量是非常必要的,但同时更重要的是需明确一个概念,是需严格控制终端用户用煤量,而不是盲目地拒绝使用煤。煤炭将在相当长时间内占我国能源主导地位面对最近两年我国大面积频繁的雾霾天气,我国多地展开大气颗粒物源解析,寻找雾霾"元凶"。据了解,北京是最早公布颗粒物源解析的城市,今年4月公布的结果显示,北京PM2.5本地排放源以机动车、燃煤、工业生产、扬尘为主,分别占比31.1%、22.4%、18.1%和14.3%。天津PM2.5中扬尘、燃煤、机     

湿式电除尘技术及其在燃煤电厂中的应用

目前工业粉尘等污染物排放量日益增多,产生的颗粒物特别是微细颗粒物(PM2.5)对环境及人类健康危害巨大,而燃煤电厂是微细颗粒物的主要排放源。湿式电除尘器作为大气多污染物控制系统的终端精处理装备,具有捕集烟气中超细颗粒物和雾滴的功能,因此在化工和电力领域得到了较多应用。介绍了湿式电除尘器的工作原理、结构特点、材料选取和布置形式,以及湿式电除尘器在燃煤电厂的应用情况和今后的研究发展方向。     

燃煤工业锅炉能效损失的原因分析与措施

节能减排是我国的一项基本国策,也是实现我国经济可持续发展的必然选择。我国燃煤工业锅炉广泛应用于生产和生活中,普遍存在能耗高、效率低等问题,节能降耗意义重大。长久以来,燃煤工业锅炉在实际使用中暴露出诸多问题,这些问题不仅是安全隐患,也是能源浪费根源。从经济性出发,立足问题,阐述不足,从燃煤工业锅炉的设计、使用、人员水平及自动化程度等多方面对影响燃煤工业锅炉运行效率的诸多问题进行分析和总结,深入地剖析锅炉效率偏差产生的根源,并从人员和设备两方面提出了有针对性的措施。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.