Fatty acid composition of baboon milk lipids

The predominant fatty acids of mature baboon milk were shown by gas-liquid chromatography to be (by weight) palmitic (16%), oleic (23%), and linoleic (38%) acids. The high proportion of linoleic acid was attributed to the corn oil in the diet. Less myristic acid (1.3%), but more caprylic (5%) and capric (8%) acids, were present in baboon milk than in human milk. The proportions of these short-chain fatty acids were highest during early lactation.     

Fatty acid composition of monkey milk lipids

Milk from 6 species of monkeys contained 2.2–8.5% total lipids, and 11.5–16.5% total solids. The fatty acid composition of the milks, as determined by an improved gas liquid chromatographic techniques, was generally similar among the six species. The predominant fatty acids (by wt) were capric (7.5–14.6%), palmitic (19.4–23.3%), oleic (22.4–30.3%), and linoleic (13.6–15.2%). Small amounts of butyric (0.1–1.2%) and caproic (0.5–0.8%) acids were present in all samples. The averaged data were compared with the fatty acid compositions of primate and cow milks. Milks of the nonhuman primates contained less myristic, but more caprylic and capric acids, than did human or cows' milk. Data taken from thesis of S. Hardjo submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters' degree in food science.     

Fatty acid composition of polar lipids in goats' milk

Silicic acid column chromatography was used to separate the polar lipids of goats' milk into glycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin fractions. Each fraction was purified by column chromatography and its fatty acid profile determined by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The glycerophospholipids each contained 18∶1 as the predominant fatty acid (∼45%). The sphingolipids contained a high percentage of long-chain saturated fatty acids (C₂₂ to C₂₄>45%); the glycolipid fraction also contained ca. 2% 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The data represent a comprehensive cross-sectional study of the major polar lipids found in goats' milks.     

Fatty acid composition of garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) lipids

Chloroform-methanol extracted lipids of garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) amounted to 0.6% on a dry weight basis. Fractionation by silicic acid column chromatography showed that garlic lipids comprise 62.6% neutral lipids 14.0% glycolipids and 23.4% phospholipids. Fatty acid compositions of total lipids and component lipid fractions were determined.     

Fatty acid composition of seed oil triglycerides inCoincya (Brassicaceae)

Oil and triglyceride contents and fatty acid composition were determined for seeds in nine taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The oil content ranges from 11.1 to 24.6%, triglycerides from 68.7 to 88.5%. The major fatty acids were erucic (24.6–30.5%), linolenic (17.7–27.7%), linoleic (13.9–24.6%) and oleic acid (12.3–21.8%).     

Fatty acid composition of 19 species of fish from the black sea and the Marmara Sea

Evidence suggests that differences in fatty acid composition among various fish species may be due to differences in diet or to environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and depth at which the fish are caught. The beneficial effects of a diet containing fish on cardiovascular or other diseases have been associated with their high content of eicosapentaenoic (20∶5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22∶6n-3) acids. In this study we analyzed the fatty acid composition of the flesh of 18 different species of marine fish and of cultured rainbow trout. The fish were obtained from the Black and the Marmara Seas, both of which have unique biological and ecological systems as well as eutrophication and pollution. The contents of 20∶5n-3 and 22∶6n-3 in the marine fish ranged from 4.2 to 13.3 wt% of total fatty acids, and from 6.6 to 40.8 wt%, respectively. The most important differences from other studies on oceanic fish were the tendencies toward higher percentages of 16∶0 and 22∶6n-3. The n-3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acids were present as 32.4±1.9% of the total fatty acids. The present study suggests that mature and immature Pomatomus saltator, as well as Engraulis encrasicolus, Mullus surmuletus, Sardina pilchardus, Mugil cephalus, and Sarda sarda may be preferred for the Turkish diet as a result of their high 20∶5 n-3 and 22∶6 n-3 contents. The cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is not as good a source of n-3 fatty acids as are the marine fish.     

Fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides during growth inGlomerella cingulata

The fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides accumulated at selected ages during the growth ofGlomerella cingulata was investigated. Glyceride accumulation was taken as mg glyceride/mg N and the nitrogen content of the fungus at the ages investigated was used as an index of growth. The fatty acids produced were identified by comparing their retention times on gas liquid chromatography with that of known standards. The results showed that whereas total glyceride and fatty acid content varied from age to age, the fatty acid composition at the various ages remained the same.     

Fatty acid composition of liver lipids during development of rat

The fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids from rat liver was determined throughout the period of growth in the rat. Major changes in the triglyceride fatty acid composition were observed during the period studied. The triglycerides from fetal and newborn rats contained only a small percentage of polyunsaturated acids compared with suckling and weanling rats. During the suckling phase the liver triglycerides were rich in long chain polyunsaturated acids such as 20∶4, 20∶5, 22∶5, and 22∶6; once the pups were weaned, the percentage of these acids in the liver triglycerides fell. In these experiments, 18∶2 and 18∶3 were the only polyunsaturated acids in the maternal diet. However, the stomach contents of the suckling pups contained 18∶2 and 18∶3, as well as the long chain polyunsaturated acids. Radioactive 18∶3 and 22∶6 were fed to suckling pups, and the results suggested that the LCP in the rat liver triglycerides during the suckling period were derived from the long chain polyunsaturated acids in the dam's milk, rather than by synthesis from either 18∶2 or 18∶3 within the pups.     

Fatty acid composition and cyclopropene fatty acid content of China-chestnuts (Sterculia monosperma,ventenat)

The China-chestnuts (Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat) were examined for their fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The oil in nuts contained cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) determined as silver nitrate derivatives of their esters. The values (area %) for the major fatty acids as methyl esters were 23.47% C16:0, 1.25% C16:1, 2.56% C18:0, 24.89% C18:1, 18.24% C18:2, 5.40% dihydrosterculic, 3.21% C18:3 + C20:0 and 19.15% sterculic. The proportion of CPFA in the oil did not decrease upon cooking the nuts.     

Fatty acid composition of milk phospholipids. III. Camel,ass, and pig milks

Phospholipids were isolated from camel, ass, and pig milks, and their fatty acid compositions were determined by gasliquid chromatography. The specific distributions of fatty acids in phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) were determined. The results are compared with previous results for bovine, sheep, Indian buffalo, and human milks. The milk phospholipids which were studied can be grouped, on the basis of their fatty acid compositions, into those from ruminant herbivores, nonruminant herbivores, and nonherbivores. The phospholipids of camel milk however have features typical of all groups as well as 15% plasmalogen in the PE fraction. For Parts I and II, see References 1 and 2.     

Fatty acid composition of milk phospholipids. II. Sheep,Indian buffalo and human milks

Phospholipids were isolated from sheep, Indian buffalo, and human milks, and their fatty acid compositions determined by gas chromatography. The specific distributions of fatty acids in phosphatidyl cholines (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE) were determined after phospholipase A hydrolysis. Fatty acid compositions and specific distributions were similar in sheep and buffalo milk phospholipids, and compared closely with those of bovine milk. Human milk phospholipids, particularly PE, contained much larger amounts of polyunsaturated acids, but negligible amounts of branchedchain acids. Palmitic and oleic acids were evenly distributed in human milk PC and PE, whereas they were preferentially located in the α′ position in PC and PE of ruminant milks. The results are discussed in the context of current theories of lipid biosynthesis. Part I of this series is “Fatty Acids of Bovine Milk Glycolipids and Phospholipids, and Their Specific Distribution in the Diacylglycerophospholipids,” W. R. Morrison, E. L. Jack and L. M. Smith. JAOCS,42, 1142–1147 (1965).     

Fatty acid composition of lipids from the contents of rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) cephalothorax

The contents of rock lobster cephalothorax were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid composition. They contain a diversity of saturated (35.5±0.5%), monounsaturated (26.3±1.7%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (11.5±0.5%) among them. The possibility of using these products as a supplement to fish and food animals’ diets is discussed.     

Fatty acid composition of wild and cultivated gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Total lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined for wild and cultivated gilthead seabream and sea bass. Fatty acid analyses were carried out by gas chromatography‐ mass spectrometry. Respective total lipid content of flesh in cultivated gilthead seabream and sea bass were 1.7‐5.0‐times those of wild samples. Palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n‐9) were the major fatty acids respectively among the saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids of each fish species. It is noteworthy that both linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) were predominant in total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the respective cultivated and wild types. Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n‐3) amounts were significantly higher in flesh of cultivated fish than in wild fish.     

Fatty acid content and composition of freshwater finfish

The fatty acid content and composition of 18 species of freshwater fish filets were determined. The fat content and composition varied with anatomical location. The anterior ventral regions of trout and salmon contained more lipids than the posterior dorsal sections. Marked variations in fatty acid composition between species were observed. Palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:l), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 ω3), and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 ω3) were the most abundant fatty acids. The fatty acids were tabulated according to the number and positions of the double bonds. Significant quantities of ω6 C18:2 and C20:4 fatty acids were found in several species.     

Fatty acid composition and its relationship with physicochemical properties of pecan (Carya illinoensis) oil

The composition and physicochemical properties of pecan (Carya illinoensis) kernels and oils from different native trees of the central region of Mexico were investigated. The main compositional characteristic of the kernel was the high lipid content (70–79% w/w on dry basis) with elevated concentration of oleic acid (55–75% w/w). The results confirmed the relationship in the biosynthesis of linoleic and linolenic acids from oleic acid existing in oilseeds. Our results indicate that in pecans such relationship is a function of pecan tree age. The proportion of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids determined the oxidative stability, viscosity, and melting/crystallization behavior of pecan oil. In general, these properties in pecan oils were similar or superior to extra-virgin olive oil and unrefined sesame oil. Although all native pecan oils studied showed a significant concentration of oleic acid, a particular group of native Mexican pecan trees produces an oil with a fatty acid composition with the nutritional appeal that consumers demand nowadays (i.e., very high oleic acid, 60–75%), with excellent natural oxidative stability (i.e., induction time for oxidation between 8.5 and 10.8 h), and substantially higher concentrations of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol than in pecan varieties previously reported in the literature.     

Bis-(monoacylglyceryl)-phosphate of rat and human liver: Fatty acid composition and NMR spectroscopy

Bis-(monoacylglyceryl)-phosphate was isolated from liver lysosomes that had been prepared from rats pretreated with Triton WR-1339. Analysis of the fatty acids in this lipid by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed that they were composed of 69% docosahexenoic acid. NMR spectroscopy of bis-(monoacylglyceryl)-phosphate isolated from liver of a patient who had a lipid storage disease revealed that the peak corresponding to the chemical shift of protons of esterified secondary carbons of glycerol was absent. This suggests that fatty acids are esterified to the primary position of both glycerols.     

Fatty acid composition of seeds from the AustralianAcacia species

Presented are the lipid content and fatty acid composition of 20 species of edible AustralianAcacia seeds. Aborigines reportedly have used at least 18 of these as foods. Seed lipid content ranged from 3% to 22%, with an average of 11% on a dry weight basis. Linoleic (12–71%), oleic (12–56%) and plamitic (7–35%) acids were the major fatty acids. Smaller proportions of behenic, stearic and vaccenic acids were detected. Seventeen of the 20 species were found to have polyunsaturated to saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratios greater than 1, with four species having ratios in excess of 4. The persistent arils attached to the seeds of certain AustralianAcacias and containing a portion of the total lipid were associated with a significantly reduced proportion of linoleic acid in the total seed material. This observation was explained by the aril lipid possessing a markedly different fatty acid composition from that of the seed lipid. For comparison, seeds from two non-AustralianAcacia species (A. farnesiana andA. cavenia) were analyzed. Australian and non-Australian were found to exhibit markedly different fatty acid profiles. Some of this work published as short report inProc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 10, 209–212 (1985).     

Fatty acids of the milk and food of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

Platypus milk fat contains 98.5% triglyceride. Polyunsaturates (C18∶2–C22∶5) account for 29% of the triglyceride fatty acids in the milk fat and 32% of the total fatty acids in the lipid of the food of the platypus. Linoleate and arachidonate are the major ω6 polyunsaturates of both food and milk lipids. However, while the ω3 polyunsaturates linolenate and eicosapentaenoate are present in both food and milk, docosapentaenoate is present in meaningful amounts in milk only. It is suggested that with the exception of 22∶5ω3, the polyunsaturates in platypus milk originate in the diet.     

Fatty acid composition, extraction, fractionation, and stabilization of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) oil

The oil extracted from the fat-storage organ (fat body) of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) was characterized for its fatty acid composition. The main fatty acids were palmitic (18.1%), stearic (4.1%), myristic (2.7%), oleic (31.7%), and linoleic (12.9%) acids. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were also present in significant amounts, i.e., eicosapentaenoic (1.5%) and docosahexaenoic (4.7%), and were probably derived from the fish meal content of the diet. A partially fractionated oil was extracted from the homogenized and frozen fat body with an oleic acid content of 43.2%. The natural alkaloid boldine, added at 0.5 mg/g oil level, improved the oxidative stability by a factor ranging from 1.7 to 2.4, as assessed by the Oil Stability Index method between 90 and 110°C. The stabilization effect of boldine was higher than that of naringenin, morin, and quercitin and for the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene at the same concentration level.