基于自混合干涉的齿轮箱故障诊断技术

将激光自混合干涉（SMI）技术用于齿轮箱的故障检测,设计出一种新的齿轮箱故障检测传感器。采用QL65D5SA型半导体激光自混合传感器、冯哈勃2342l012CR空心杯减速电机自带的行星齿轮箱,搭建了行星齿轮箱故障SMI检测系统,并对行星轮Z1做断齿故障实验。通过对时域波形的分析,可以找到额定转频下的12个冲击点;通过对齿轮箱故障信号傅里叶频谱的分析,发现故障齿轮的啮合频率周围出现与故障齿轮特征频率和行星架转频呈整数倍关系的边带,且啮合频率处的波形幅值明显增大,这些都与齿轮副的理论振动模型相符合。     

Gearbox Deterioration Detection under Steady State, Variable Load, and Variable Speed Conditions

Multiple dominant gear meshing frequencies are present in the vibration signals collected from gearboxes and the conventional spiky features that represent initial gear fault conditions are usually difficult to detect. In order to solve this problem, we propose a new gearbox deterioration detection technique based on autoregressive modeling and hypothesis testing in this paper. A stationary autoregressive model was built by using a normal vibration signal from each shaft. The established autoregressive model was then applied to process fault signals from each shaft of a two-stage gearbox. What this paper investigated is a combined technique which unites a time-varying autoregressive model and a two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, to detect the deterioration of gearing system with simultaneously variable shaft speed and variable load. The time-varying autoregressive model residuals representing both healthy and faulty gear conditions were compared with the original healthy time-synchronons average signals. Compared with the traditional kurtosis statistic, this technique for gearbox deterioration detection has shown significant advantages in highlighting the presence of incipient gear fault in all different speed shafts involved in the meshing motion under variable conditions.     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

基于包络加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱特征提取

行星齿轮箱由于行星轮通过效应、太阳轮与行星架的旋转及时变工况,导致其振动响应存在时变传递路径及非平稳性等特点,且传统的同步平均将不能直接应用于行星齿轮箱。笔者在国外加窗同步平均的基础上提出一种能有效克服时变传递路径及非平稳性的基于包络信号角域加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱故障特征提取方法。首先,基于谱峭度提取出行星齿轮箱振动信号的包络信号;其次,再利用计算阶比跟踪技术对包络信号进行等角度重采样,行星架每旋转一圈,选择合适的窗函数对角域信号进行多齿宽加窗截取;最后,验证齿轮啮合齿序特征,根据重排齿序对加窗信号进行重构振动分离信号,对振动分离信号进行角域同步平均,提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。行星齿轮箱故障实测信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。     

Gearbox fault detection using Hilbert and wavelet packet transform

Demodulation is an important issue in gearbox fault detection. Non-stationary modulating signals increase difficulties of demodulation. Though wavelet packet transform has better time–frequency localisation, because of the existence of meshing frequencies, their harmonics, and coupling frequencies generated by modulation, fault detection results using wavelet packet transform alone are usually unsatisfactory, especially for a multi-stage gearbox which contains close or identical frequency components. This paper proposes a new fault detection method that combines Hilbert transform and wavelet packet transform. Both simulated signals and real vibration signals collected from a gearbox dynamics simulator are used to verify the proposed method. Analysed results show that the proposed method is effective to extract modulating signal and help to detect the early gear fault.     

Sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet and its application to the fault diagnosis of gearboxes

Based on the chirplet path pursuit and the sparse signal decomposition method, a new sparse signal decomposition method based on multi-scale chirplet is proposed and applied to the decomposition of vibration signals from gearboxes in fault diagnosis. An over-complete dictionary with multi-scale chirplets as its atoms is constructed using the method. Because of the multi-scale character, this method is superior to the traditional sparse signal decomposition method wherein only a single scale is adopted, and is more applicable to the decomposition of non-stationary signals with multi-components whose frequencies are time-varying. When there are faults in a gearbox, the vibration signals collected are usually AM-FM signals with multiple components whose frequencies vary with the rotational speed of the shaft. The meshing frequency and modulating frequency, which vary with time, can be derived by the proposed method and can be used in gearbox fault diagnosis under time-varying shaft-rotation speed conditions, where the traditional signal processing methods are always blocked. Both simulations and experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于电机电流经验模态分解的行星轮故障诊断

在故障诊断领域,电机电流信号分析法(MCSA)已经逐渐应用于齿轮故障诊断中,但该方法在诊断行星轮缺齿故障时由于电流基频干扰较大,导致故障特征不明显,难以实现故障诊断。因此提出一种基于电流信号经验模态分解(EMD)的故障诊断方法。通过对电机电流信号进行EMD分解,选取合适的IMF分量经傅立叶变换求其频谱图,根据频谱图中是否存在与故障特征频率相关的频率,实现了对行星轮缺齿故障的有效诊断。并通过实验分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

齿轮故障对直齿轮副时变啮合刚度的影响研究

提出了一种基于计算机仿真的解析法,用于量化齿轮副在不同齿轮故障情况下的时变啮合刚度.齿轮故障在影响齿轮副传动的同时往往也伴随着刚度的降低,时变啮合刚度是状态监测和啮合齿轮副动态特性描述的一项重要参数,势能法是计算时变啮合刚度最常用的分析方法之一.采用势能法研究了含裂纹齿轮、断齿和齿面剥落等3种故障情况对于齿轮啮合刚度的...     

基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对多输入多输出齿轮箱传动系统和齿轮箱集群的振动信号中各啮合频率阶次相互干扰,从而导致故障诊断困难的问题,研究提出一种基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解提取各对传动齿轮的啮合频率,以各啮合频率为中心频率,对应转频的倍频为滤波带宽分别设计自适应时变滤波器对信号进行滤波,逐个提取振动信号中的啮合频率调制分量,再分别对提取的啮合频率调制分量单独进行阶比分析,有效地抑制其他无关联轴上齿轮啮合振动信号和其他非阶比噪声信号对阶比谱的影响,较好地解决阶比信号相互干扰的问题,提高阶比谱的调制识别效果,为多输入多输出齿轮箱系统和齿轮箱集群的故障诊断提供一条有效途径。仿真算例和应用实例说明方法的有效性。     

Characteristics of transmission error and vibration of broken tooth contact

One of the most important research topics relating to the development of a vibration-based condition monitoring system for a gearbox is that of quantitative analysis and testing of the effect of gear tooth damage on gearbox vibration. This paper presents a finite element model of the Transmission error (TE) and its associated characteristics, together with experimental results of vibration of broken tooth contact in a spur gear. The two-dimensional finite element model is developed to analyze the TE of the spur gear, and the TE for both the normal contact and broken tooth contact state of the spur gear pair are analyzed. As a result, the developed FE model well represents the difference in the static TE for a single-tooth and double-tooth contact of the undamaged and damaged gear pair. The Peak-to-peak magnitude of the static TE of the full-tooth fractured gear pair is significantly higher than that of undamaged gear pair. While the Peak-to-peak TE (PPTE) of the damaged gear tooth increases with increasing load, the ratio of PPTE of the undamaged gear pair and the full-tooth fractured gear pair decreases exponentially with increasing load. This shows that, to determine the fault level of gearbox, it is necessary to carefully apply the condition indicator when analyzing the impulse character of a vibration signal.

     

Latent component-based gear tooth fault detection filter using advanced parametric modeling

In this paper, a new parametric model-based filter is proposed for gear tooth fault detection. The designing of the filter consists of identifying the most proper latent component (LC) of the undamaged gearbox signal by analyzing the instant modules (IMs) and instant frequencies (IFs) and then using the component with lowest IM as the proposed filter output for detecting fault of the gearbox. The filter parameters are estimated by using the LC theory in which an advanced parametric modeling method has been implemented. The proposed method is applied on the signals, extracted from simulated gearbox for detection of the simulated gear faults. In addition, the method is used for quality inspection of the produced Nissan–Junior vehicle gearbox by gear profile error detection in an industrial test bed. For evaluation purpose, the proposed method is compared with the previous parametric TAR/AR-based filters in which the parametric model residual is considered as the filter output and also Yule–Walker and Kalman filter are implemented for estimating the parameters. The results confirm the high performance of the new proposed fault detection method.     

Spur Gear Tooth Pitting Propagation Assessment Using Model-based Analysis

Tooth pitting is a common failure mode of a gearbox. Many researchers investigated dynamic properties of a gearbox with localized pitting damage on a single gear tooth. The dynamic properties of a gearbox with pitting distributed over multiple teeth have rarely been investigated. In this paper, gear tooth pitting propagation to neighboring teeth is modeled and investigated for a pair of spur gears. Tooth pitting propagation effect on time-varying mesh stiffness, gearbox dynamics and vibration characteristics is studied and then fault symptoms are revealed. In addition, the influence of gear mesh damping and environmental noise on gearbox vibration properties is investigated. In the end, 114 statistical features are tested to estimate tooth pitting growth. Statistical features that are insensitive to gear mesh damping and environmental noise are recommended.     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive zero phase time-varying filter based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition

When used for separating multi-component non-stationary signals, the adaptive time-varying filter(ATF) based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition(MCSSD) generates phase shift and signal distortion. To overcome this drawback, the zero phase filter is introduced to the mentioned filter, and a fault diagnosis method for speed-changing gearbox is proposed. Firstly, the gear meshing frequency of each gearbox is estimated by chirplet path pursuit. Then, according to the estimated gear meshing frequencies, an adaptive zero phase time-varying filter(AZPTF) is designed to filter the original signal. Finally, the basis for fault diagnosis is acquired by the envelope order analysis to the filtered signal. The signal consisting of two time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation(AM-FM) signals is respectively analyzed by ATF and AZPTF based on MCSSD. The simulation results show the variances between the original signals and the filtered signals yielded by AZPTF based on MCSSD are 13.67 and 41.14, which are far less than variances (323.45 and 482.86) between the original signals and the filtered signals obtained by ATF based on MCSSD. The experiment results on the vibration signals of gearboxes indicate that the vibration signals of the two speed-changing gearboxes installed on one foundation bed can be separated by AZPTF effectively. Based on the demodulation information of the vibration signal of each gearbox, the fault diagnosis can be implemented. Both simulation and experiment examples prove that the proposed filter can extract a mono-component time-varying AM-FM signal from the multi-component time-varying AM-FM signal without distortion.     

齿廓误差对齿轮时变系统拍击门槛转速的影响

建立了具有时变啮合刚度的二级齿轮系统的动力学方程式。用算符分解算法（AOM）研究了齿轮啮合误差和时变啮合刚度对拍击门槛转速的影响。结果表明,时变啮合刚度和齿面误差可以导致拍击;齿轮啮合频率、或者齿面误差频率等于派生系统的固有频率引起的共振是产生拍击的原因之一;低速端的齿面误差对系统拍击门槛转速影响较小,而高速端的齿面误差对拍击门槛转速影响较大;齿面误差对拍击门槛转速的影响不仅与自身的变化频率、幅值大小有关,更重要的是与时变频率及其组合频率有关。     

The fault feature extraction and classification of gear using principal component analysis and kernel principal component analysis based on the wavelet packet transform

The vibration signal of a gear system is selected as the original information of fault diagnosis and the gear system vibration equipment is established. The vibration acceleration signals of the normal gear, gear with tooth root crack fault, gear with pitch crack fault, gear with tooth wear fault and gear with multi-fault (tooth root crack & tooth wear fault) is collected in four kinds of speed conditions such as 300 rpm, 900 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm. Using the method of wavelet threshold de-noising to denoise the original signal and decomposing the denoising signal utilizing the wavelet packet transform, then 16 frequency bands of decomposed signal are got. After restructuring the decomposing signal and obtaining the signal energy in each frequency band, the signal energy of the 16 bands is as the shortlisted fault characteristic data. Based on this, using the methods of principal component analysis (short for PCA) and kernel principal component analysis (short for KPCA) to extract the feature from the fault features of shortlisted 16-dimensional data feature, then the effect of reducing dimension analysis are compared. The fault classifications are displayed through the information that got from the first and the second principal component and kernel principal component, and these demonstrate they have a different and good effect of classification. Meanwhile, the article discusses the effect of feature extraction and classification that caused by the kernel function and the different options of its parameters. These provide a new method for a gear system fault feature extraction and classification.     

齿轮早期疲劳裂纹的混沌检测方法

齿轮箱振动信号中调制现象普遍存在,而且啮合频率产生的周期冲击成分占很大比重,反映齿轮箱故障的特征信号的幅值相对较低,难以检测。根据齿轮箱振动信号的特点,提出了基于混沌振子的齿轮早期疲劳裂纹检测方法,区别于目前常用的基于混沌振子的微弱信号检测方法。该方法通过辨识混沌振子加入齿轮箱振动信号后发生的由大尺度周期状态到混沌状态的反向状态改变,确定齿轮啮合频率边频带的状态,从而判断齿轮裂纹的发展情况,在齿轮裂纹的监测中取得了良好的效果。     

高速列车转向架区气动噪声分离研究

提出了一种基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换时频分析方法,并将该方法用于行星齿轮箱的故障诊断。该时频分析方法通过使用快速路径优化获得瞬时频率变化规律,在短时傅里叶变换过程中自适应的改变时窗长度,从而获得更恰当的时频分辨率。针对行星齿轮箱运行状态不稳定的特点,通过使用笔者提出的时频分析方法可以有效地提取出行星齿轮箱的转速信息,利用参考转速对故障信号角度域重采样和阶次分析,从而实现变转速情况下的行星齿轮箱故障诊断。仿真分析表明,与传统短时傅里叶变换相比基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换得到的时频分布能量更加集中;试验分析证明了基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换方法在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的有效性。     

基于小波分析的重载卡车变速箱装配品质在线检测方法研究

为确定某型变速箱装配品质,从变速箱内部结构出发,简要介绍了变速箱常见装配故障,从理论上分析了变速箱在各挡位情况下各齿轮和轴承等零件的常见故障特征频率,并搭建声压信号采集平台,采集变速箱不同挡位运转时产生的声压信号,利用小波阈值去噪法对采集的原始声压信号进行去噪,并运用小波分析对去噪后的声压信号进行分解,对相应的频段信号...     

DETECTION OF INCIPIENT LOCALIZED GEAR FAULTS IN GEARBOX BY COMPLEX CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM

As far as the vibration signal processing is concemed, composition of vibration signal re-sulting from incipient localized faults in gearbox is too weak to be detected by traditional detectingtechnology available now.The method, which includes two steps: vibraton signal from gearbox is firstprocessed by synchronous average sampling technique and then it is analyzed by complex continuouswavelet transform to diagnose gear fault, is introduced. Two different kinds of faults in the gearbox, i.e.shaft eccentricity and initial crack in tooth fillet, are detected and distinguished from each other suc-cessfully.