Performance studies of multilayer hard surface coatings (TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) of indexable carbide inserts in hard machining: Part-II (RSM,grey relational and techno economical approach)

This paper presents the mathematical modelling and parametric optimization on flank wear and surface roughness based on response surface methodology and grey-based Taguchi method in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (HRC 47 ± 1) using multilayer coated carbide (TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN) insert under dry environment. The economical feasibility of utilizing multilayer TiN coated carbide insert has been described. Model adequacy has been checked using correlation coefficients. From main effect, it is evident that, cutting speed is the most significant factor for flank wear followed by depth of cut and feed. Again, feed is the most significant factor for surface roughness followed by cutting speed and depth of cut. The coefficient of determination (R²) is more than 75% for RSM models developed, which shows the high correlation exist between the experimental and predicted values. The experimental vs. predicted values of flank wear and surface roughness (Ra and Rz) are also found to be very close to each other implying significance of models developed. The improvement of grey relational grade from initial parameter combination (d2–f3–v4) to the optimal parameter combination (d1–f1–v3) is found to be 0.3093 using grey relational analysis coupled with Taguchi method for simultaneous optimization of responses. Flank wear (VBc) and surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz) are decreased 1.9, 2.32 and 1.5 times respectively considering optimal parametric combinations for multi-responses. The calculated total machining cost per part is only Rs. 3.17 due to higher tool life (47 min at their optimal level) of multilayer TiN coated carbide insert. It brings to the reduction of downtime and increases the savings.     

Experimental investigations on machinability aspects in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer coated carbide inserts

The present work deals with some machinability studies on flank wear, surface roughness, chip morphology and cutting forces in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using uncoated and multilayer TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts at higher cutting speed range. The process has also been justified economically for its effective application in hard turning. Experimental results revealed that multilayer TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN coated insert performed better than uncoated and TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/ZrCN coated carbide insert being steady growth of flank wear and surface roughness. The tool life for TiN and ZrCN coated carbide inserts was found to be approximately 19 min and 8 min at the extreme cutting conditions tested. Uncoated carbide insert used to cut hardened steel fractured prematurely. Abrasion, chipping and catastrophic failure are the principal wear mechanisms observed during machining. The turning forces (cutting force, thrust force and feed force) are observed to be lower using multilayer coated carbide insert in hard turning compared to uncoated carbide insert. From 1st and 2nd order regression model, 2nd order model explains about 98.3% and 86.3% of the variability of responses (flank wear and surface roughness) in predicting new observations compared to 1st order model and indicates the better fitting of the model with the data for multilayer TiN coated carbide insert. For ZrCN coated carbide insert, 2nd order flank wear model fits well compared to surface roughness model as observed from ANOVA study. The savings in machining costs using multilayer TiN coated insert is 93.4% compared to uncoated carbide and 40% to ZrCN coated carbide inserts respectively in hard machining taking flank wear criteria of 0.3 mm. This shows the economical feasibility of utilizing multilayer TiN coated carbide insert in finish hard turning.     

A comparative study on performance of multilayer coated and uncoated carbide inserts when turning AISI D2 steel under dry environment

The present work deals with a comparative study on flank wear, surface roughness, tool life, volume of chip removal and economical feasibility in turning high carbon high chromium AISI D2 steel with multilayer MTCVD coated [TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN] and uncoated carbide inserts under dry cutting environment. Higher micro hardness of TiN coated carbide samples (1880 HV) compared to uncoated carbide (1430 HV) is observed and depicts better resistance against abrasion. The low erosion rate was observed in TiN coated insert compared to uncoated carbide. The tool life of TiN coated insert is found to be approximately 30 times higher than the uncoated carbide insert under similar cutting conditions and produced lower surface roughness compared to uncoated carbide insert. The dominant wear mechanism was found to be abrasion and progression of wear was steady using multilayer TiN coated carbide insert. The developed regression model shows high determination coefficient i.e. R² = 0.977 for flank wear and 0.94 for surface roughness and accurately explains the relationship between the responses and the independent variable. The machining cost per part for uncoated carbide insert is found to be 10.5 times higher than the multilayer TiN coated carbide inserts. This indicates 90.5% cost savings using multilayer TiN coated inserts by the adoption of a cutting speed of 200 m/min coupled with a tool feed rate of 0.21 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.4 mm. Thus, TiN coated carbide tools are capable of reducing machining costs and performs better than uncoated carbide inserts in machining D2 steel.     

Performance studies of multilayer hard surface coatings (TiN/TiCN/Al2O3/TiN) of indexable carbide inserts in hard machining: Part-I (An experimental approach)

In recent years, hard machining using CBN and ceramic inserts became an emerging technology than traditional grinding and widely used manufacturing processes. However the relatively high cost factors associated with such tools has left a space to look for relatively low cost cutting tool materials to perform in an acceptable range. Multilayer coated carbide insert is the proposed alternative in the present study due to its low cost. Thus, an attempt has been made to have an extensive study on the machinability aspects such as flank wear, chip morphology, surface roughness in finish hard turning of AISI 4340 steel (HRC 47 ± 1) using multilayer coated carbide (TiN/TiCN/Al₂O₃/TiN) insert under dry environment. Parametric influences on turning forces are also analyzed. From the machinability study, abrasion and chipping are found to be the dominant wear mechanism in hard turning. Multilayer TiN coated carbide inserts produced better surface quality and within recommendable range of 1.6 μm i.e. comparable with cylindrical grinding. At extreme parametric conditions, the growth of tool wear was observed to be rapid thus surface quality affected adversely. The chip morphology study reveals a more favorable machining environment in dry machining using TiN coated carbide inserts. The cutting speed and feed are found to have the significant effect on the tool wear and surface roughness from ANOVA study. It is evident that, thrust force (Fy) is the largest component followed by tangential force (Fz) and the feed force (Fx) in finish hard turning. The observations yield the machining ability of multilayer TiN coated carbide inserts in hard turning of AISI 4340 steel even at higher cutting speeds.     

Optimization of surface roughness and flank wear using the Taguchi method in milling of Hadfield steel with PVD and CVD coated inserts

In this paper, the Taguchi method and regression analysis have been applied to evaluate the machinability of Hadfield steel with PVD TiAlN- and CVD TiCN/Al₂O₃-coated carbide inserts under dry milling conditions. Several experiments were conducted using the L₁₈ (2 × 3 × 3) full-factorial design with a mixed orthogonal array on a CNC vertical machining center. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of the machining parameters on surface roughness and flank wear. The cutting tool, cutting speed and feed rate were selected as machining parameters. The analysis results revealed that the feed rate was the dominant factor affecting surface roughness and cutting speed was the dominant factor affecting flank wear. Linear and quadratic regression analyses were applied to predict the outcomes of the experiment. The predicted values and measured values were very close to each other. Confirmation test results showed that the Taguchi method was very successful in the optimization of machining parameters for minimum surface roughness and flank wear in the milling the Hadfield steel.     

Investigations of flank wear, cutting force, and surface roughness in the machining of Al-6061�CTiB2 in situ metal matrix composites produced by flux-assisted synthesis

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the machinability of in situ Al-6061?CTiB₂ metal matrix composite (MMC) prepared by flux-assisted synthesis. These composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-hardness analysis. The influence of reinforcement ratio of 0, 3, 6, and 9?wt.% of TiB₂ on machinability was examined. The effect of machinability parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on flank wear, cutting force and surface roughness were analyzed during turning operations. From the test results, we observe that higher TiB₂ reinforcement ratio produces higher tool wear, surface roughness and minimizes the cutting forces. When machining the in situ MMC with high speed causes rapid tool wear due to generation of high temperature in the machining interface. The rate of flank wear, cutting force, and surface roughness are high when machining with a higher depth of cut. An increase in feed rate increases the flank wear, cutting force and surface roughness.     

The effect of cutting parameters and cutting tools on machining performance of carbon graphite material

Abstract

The present study focuses on the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and cutting tool material on the machining performance of carbon graphite material. Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) cutting tools are used in machining experiments and its performance is compared with the tungsten carbide (WC) and Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools. Machining performance criteria such as flank and nose wear and resulting surface topography and roughness of machined parts were studied. This study illustrates that feed rate and cutting tool material play a dominant role in the progressive wear of the cutting tool. The highest feed rate and cutting speed profoundly reduce the tool wear progression. The surface roughness and topography of specimens are remarkably influenced from the tool wear. Major differences are found in the wear mechanisms of PCD and WC and CBN cutting tools.     

Some studies on hard turning of AISI 4340 steel using multilayer coated carbide tool

Hard turning with multilayer coated carbide tool has several benefits over grinding process such as, reduction of processing costs, increased productivities and improved material properties. The objective was to establish a correlation between cutting parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with machining force, power, specific cutting force, tool wear and surface roughness on work piece. In the present study, performance of multilayer hard coatings (TiC/TiCN/Al₂O₃) on cemented carbide substrate using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for machining of hardened AISI 4340 steel was evaluated. An attempt has been made to analyze the effects of process parameters on machinability aspects using Taguchi technique. Response surface plots are generated for the study of interaction effects of cutting conditions on machinability factors. The correlations were established by multiple linear regression models. The linear regression models were validated using confirmation tests. The analysis of the result revealed that, the optimal combination of low feed rate and low depth of cut with high cutting speed is beneficial for reducing machining force. Higher values of feed rates are necessary to minimize the specific cutting force. The machining power and cutting tool wear increases almost linearly with increase in cutting speed and feed rate. The combination of low feed rate and high cutting speed is necessary for minimizing the surface roughness. Abrasion was the principle wear mechanism observed at all the cutting conditions.     

Cutting Behaviour Using Variable Feed and Variable Speed when Drilling Stainless Steel with TiN-Coated Carbide Drills

Variable feed and variable speed machining is a significant method for improving the performance of cutting for hard and difficult to machine materials. Tests for optimising tool wear using variable feed and speed for drilling stainless steel using TiN-coated carbide drills are reported. This paper proposes the modelling of the feed and speed variations: f (x) = f _c [1+a sin(2π(x/L) + 3/2π)], ω(x) = ω _c [1+b sin(π(x/L) + 3/2π)], respectively. The results indicate that variable feed machining is superior to constant feed machining with respect to tool life, burr height, and surface roughness. The amplitude of variation of feed, a = 0.8 and the amplitude of variation of speed, b = 0.07, is optimum for maximum tool life. The range of surface roughness from the variable feed and variable speed can be limited from 0.7 μm to 3 μm. The cutting-edge wear and outer corner wear were the dominant mechanisms of the drill wear.     

Optimization of surface roughness and tool wear in hard turning of austempered ductile iron (grade 3) using Taguchi method

In this work, the cutting parameters are optimized in hard turning of ADI using carbide inserts based on Taguchi method. The cutting insert CVD coated with AL₂O₃/MT TICN. Experiments have been carried out in dry condition using L₁₈ orthogonal array. The cutting parameters selected for machining are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut with each three levels, nose radius in two levels maintaining other cutting parameters constant. The ANOVA and signal to noise ratio are used to optimize the cutting parameters. The cutting speed is the most dominant factor affecting the surface roughness and tool wear. In optimum cutting condition, the confirmation tests are carried out. The optimum cutting condition results are predicted using signal to noise ratio and regression analysis. The predicted and experimental values for surface roughness and tool wear adhere closer to 9.27% and 1.05% of deviations respectively.     

Experimental investigation and performance analysis of cemented carbide inserts of different geometries using Taguchi based grey relational analysis

In this work, effect of machining parameters cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, geometrical parameters cutting insert shape, relief angle and nose radius were investigated and optimized using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. 18 ISO designated uncoated cemented carbide inserts of different geometries were used to turn practically used automotive axles to study the influence of variation in carbide inserts geometry. Performance measures viz., flank wear, surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) were optimized using grey relational grade, based on the experiments designed using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments (DoE). A weighted grey relational grade is calculated to minimize flank wear and surface roughness and to maximize MRR. Analysis of variance shows that cutting insert shape is the prominent parameter followed by feed rate and depth of cut that contributes towards output responses. An experiment conducted with identified optimum condition shows a lower flank wear and surface roughness with higher MRR. The confirmation results obtained are confirmed by calculating confidence interval, which lies within the width of the interval.     

Performance assessment of microwave treated WC insert while turning AISI 1040 steel

This study attributed to post treatment of tungsten carbide (WC) inserts using microwave irradiation. Tungsten carbide inserts were subjected to microwave radiation (2.45 GHz) to enhance its performance in terms of reduction in tool wear rate, cutting force surface roughness and improvement in tool life. Performance of tungsten carbide insert is very much affected by machine operating parameters i.e. speed, feed and depth of cut. An attempt has been made to investigate the effects of machining parameters on microwave treated tool inserts. This paper describes the comparative study of machining performance of untreated and microwave treated WC tool inserts used for turning of AISI 1040 steel. Machining performance has been evaluated in terms of flank wear, cutting force, surface roughness, tool wear mechanisms. Critical examinations of tool wear mechanisms and improvements in metallurgical properties such as microstructural change, phase activation of WC grains were identified using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results obtained from the turning using the microwave treated tool inserts showed a significant reduction tool wear thereby enhancing the surface quality of workpiece.     

The evaluation of the effects of control factors on surface roughness in the drilling of Waspaloy superalloy

In this study, the effects of cutting tool type (Ct), cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (f) and drill bit angle (A) on the average surface roughness (Ra) were investigated in the drilling of Waspaloy superalloy with coated and uncoated solid carbide drills. Experimental studies were performed in the orthogonal array of L18 (2¹ × 3³) by using Taguchi method. A second order predictive equation was developed with Linear Regression Analysis and coefficient of correlation for Ra calculated as R² = 96.9%. The most effective parameters on Ra were determined as A, f, Vc and Ct with 49.44%, 15.0%, 14.45% and 13.47% contribution ratios, respectively. Ra surface roughness values increased with the increasing tool wear. In this study, the chip formation and tool wear were also evaluated. Three types chip formation such as spiral chip, string chip and short chip were observed in the drilling of Waspaloy with solid carbide drills.     

Study on tool wear and surface roughness in machining of particulate aluminum metal matrix composite-response surface methodology approach

Metal matrix composites (MMC) have become a leading material among composite materials, and in particular, particle reinforced aluminum MMCs have received considerable attention due to their excellent engineering properties. These materials are known as the difficult-to-machine materials because of the hardness and abrasive nature of reinforcement element-like silicon carbide particles (SiC_p). In this study, an attempt has been made to model the machinability evaluation through the response surface methodology in machining of homogenized 20% SiC_p LM25 Al MMC manufactured through stir cast route. The combined effects of four machining parameters including cutting speed (s), feed rate (f), depth of cut (d), and machining time (t) on the basis of two performance characteristics of flank wear (VB_max) and surface roughness (Ra) were investigated. The contour plots were generated to study the effect of process parameters as well as their interactions. The process parameters are optimized using desirability-based approach response surface methodology.     

铁基粉末冶金材料的高速干切削试验研究

用陶瓷刀具、涂层刀具和硬质合金刀具进行了铁基粉末冶金零件的干切削对比试验,研究了切削速度、切削深度以及进给速度与刀具耐用度和加工表面粗糙度的关系,分析了陶瓷刀具的磨损机理。结果表明所选用陶瓷刀具的切削性能明显优于涂层刀具和硬质合金刀具;陶瓷刀具前刀面主要磨损形式为月牙洼磨损与剥落,后刀面的主要磨损原因为磨粒磨损;认为陶瓷刀具更适合用于粉末冶金零件的切削加工。     

TiAlN涂层硬质合金刀具铣削35CrMoSiV钢的切削性能研究

采用有和无PVD TiAlN涂层的细晶硬质合金铣刀对35CrMoSiV合金钢进行了干式端面铣削试验。分别测量了有、无涂层情况下铣刀后刀面径向磨损量和加工槽的表面粗糙度,通过光学显微镜观察了切屑,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子能谱(EDX)分析了后刀面的磨损形态。研究结果表明:TiAlN涂层明显提高了硬质合金刀具的切削性能;硬质合金刀具后刀面磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,而涂层损伤是粘着磨损、剥层和氧化磨损共同作用的结果;在正常工作区内,提高铣削的转速和进给量,有利于减轻刀具的粘着,提高切削效率和质量。     

Experimental research of face mill wear effect to flat surface roughness

In this article, we researched the effect of wear face mills to finish the surface roughness by various conditions of cutting a steel-45 workpiece. The article shows how to affect the feed, cutting speed, and tool wear of a T5K10 carbide tool on the roughness of flat surfaces. The paper analyzes the nature the microprofile of changes in machined surfaces based on increasing the wear surface on the tooth flank.     

Effect of machining parameters on surface roughness and tool wear for 7075 Al alloy SiC composite

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface roughness during machining of 7075 Al alloy and 10 wt.% SiC particulate metal-matrix composites. The experiments were conducted on a CNC Turning Machine using tungsten carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) inserts. Surface roughness of 7075Al alloy with 10 wt.% SiC composite during machining by tungsten carbide tool was found to be lower in the feed range of 0.1 to 0.3 mm/rev and depth of cut (DOC) range of 0.5 to 1.5 mm as compared to surface roughness at other process parameters considered. Above cutting speed of 220 m/min surface roughness of SiC composite during machining by PCD tool was less as compared to surface roughness at other values of cutting speed considered. Wear of tungsten carbide and PCD inserts was analyzed using a metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Flanks wear of carbide tool increased by a factor of 2.4 with the increase of cutting speed from 180 to 240 m/min at a feed of 0.1 mm/rev and a DOC of 0.5 mm. On the other hand, flanks wear of PCD insert increased by only a factor of 1.3 with the increase of cutting speed from 180 to 240 m/min at feed of 0.1 mm/rev and DOC 0.5 mm.     

Comparative evaluations of machining performance during turning of 17-4 PH stainless steel under cryogenic and wet machining conditions

Productivity in machining of 17-4 PH stainless steel is adversely affected by the premature failure of tool and poor surface finish as a consequence of high cutting temperatures. Conventional cutting fluids not only create environmental and health problems but also fail to overcome the high cutting temperatures during machining. Cryogenic cooling is an environmentally clean cooling technology for attractive management of machining zone temperatures. The present study investigates the effect of cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN₂ at ?196°C) on cutting temperatures, cutting forces (main cutting force, feed force), surface roughness, tool flank wear and chip morphology in turning of 17-4 PH stainless steel with AlTiN PVD-coated tungsten-coated carbide inserts and results were compared to wet machining. In overall, cryogenic machining reduces the cutting temperature, cutting forces, surface roughness and tool flank wear to a maximum of 73.4, 17.62, 44.29 and 55.55%, respectively. Improved chip breakability was found in cryogenic machining.     

Performance evaluation of CBN,coated carbide,cryogenically treated uncoated/coated carbide inserts in finish-turning of hardened steel

In the present work, the performance of cubic boron nitride (CBN) inserts was compared with coated carbide and cryogenically treated coated/uncoated carbide inserts in terms of flank wear, surface roughness, white layer formation, and microhardness variation under dry cutting conditions for finish turning of hardened AISI H11 steel (48–49 HRC). The flank wear of CBN tools was observed to be lower than that of other inserts, but the accumulated machining time for all the four edges of carbide inserts were nearer to or better than the PCBN inserts. Results showed that tool life of carbide inserts decreased at higher cutting speeds. The surface roughness achieved under all cutting conditions for coated-carbide-treated/untreated inserts was comparable with that achieved with CBN inserts and was below 1.6 μm. The white layer formation and microhardness variation is less while turning with cryogenically treated carbide inserts than the CBN and untreated carbide. At low to medium cutting speed and feed, the performance of carbide inserts was comparable with CBN both in terms of tool life and surface integrity.