Adaptive spectral band identification method in noncontact temperature measurement based on dynamic programming

An adaptive method based on dynamic programming is proposed to identify the spectral band for noncontact measurement of surface temperature of heatshield materials when Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is used to collect the radiation spectrum in the dynamic heating environment of a high-frequency plasma wind tunnel. First, the radiation spectrum is converted to a time series. Then, high-frequency parts of the measurement spectral signal are obtained by multi-resolution analysis of one-dimensional discrete wavelet and then the suitable spectral band required by a noncontact temperature measurement is adaptively identified based on dynamic programming. Eventually, surface temperature and its corresponding emissivity can be determined. Results of the experiment conducted on a benchmark material (graphite) in the dynamic heating environment of high frequency plasma wind tunnel show the proposed method to be practical.     

A Dynamic Thermoradiometer for Measuring Thermal Radiation of Materials

A method for measuring the thermal-radiation characteristics of materials, which uses the concept of a dynamic calorimeter with a solid absorber, is considered. A thin disk with a high thermal conductivity is heated by an external radiation source, and the difference in the rate of its temperature change is measured in the presence and in the absence of a sample. The method allows the simultaneous measurement of the reflection and radiation coefficients over a wide temperature range. The results of the measurements of the thermal-radiation characteristics of the reference materials under equilibrium conditions and in the dynamic heating mode are presented.     

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and emissivity of lunar regolith simulant using dual-channel millimeter-wave radiometry

Millimeter wave (MMW) radiometry can be used for simultaneous measurement of emissivity and temperature of materials under extreme environments (high temperature, pressure, and corrosive environments). The state-of-the-art dual channel MMW passive radiometer with active interferometric capabilities at 137 GHz described here allows for radiometric measurements of sample temperature and emissivity up to at least 1600?°C with simultaneous measurement of sample surface dynamics. These capabilities have been used to demonstrate dynamic measurement of melting of powders of simulated lunar regolith and static measurement of emissivity of solid samples. The paper presents the theoretical background and basis for the dual-receiver system, describes the hardware in detail, and demonstrates the data analysis. Post-experiment analysis of emissivity versus temperature allows further extraction from the radiometric data of millimeter wave viewing beam coupling factors, which provide corroboratory evidence to the interferometric data of the process dynamics observed. These results show the promise of the MMW system for extracting quantitative and qualitative process parameters for industrial processes and access to real-time dynamics of materials behavior in extreme environments.     

复杂背景下三维弯曲表面红外测温修正

航空发动机涡轮叶片的断裂脱落与叶片温度密切相关,准确测量涡轮叶片温度对航空发动机的安全运行具有重要意义。针对涡轮叶片材料发射率不均匀、周围高温物体反射严重以及探测角度变化等因素导致传统红外辐射测温方法精度难以保证的问题,基于辐射传输理论与红外热成像测温原理,分析了对红外测温结果影响的主要因素,提出了复杂背景下三维弯曲表面红外辐射测温的修正模型。通过设计实验测量获得弯曲表面的发射率、双向反射分布函数、角系数等重要参数,根据提出的温度修正模型,得到弯曲表面红外修正温度。通过与典型位置上热电偶的测温结果对比,测温误差由修正前的4%左右下降到1%以内,证明了所提的修正模型具有较高的精度和适应性,可为涡轮叶片气动传热试验技术的提升和航空发动机等重大装备的研制提供支撑。     

大型空间反射镜发射率测量及误差分析

为了准确测定空间相机主镜毛坯件的表面发射率以便定量分析相机热控效果,本文在分析热像仪测温原理的基础上,利用现有测量条件,提出一种利用两种已知发射率材料作为参考的发射率测量方法.根据测量试验,得到主镜表面发射率为0.565.为定量反映各因素对测量精度的影响,对测量公式进行了误差分析.分析结果表明,与被测件表面发射率接近的材料的热像仪测温误差及发射率标称误差对测量精度有较大影响,同时得到本次试验因热像仪测温误差及参考材料发射率标称误差带来的测量误差为±0.028.最后,结合相机热平衡试验的数据对测量结果进行了验证,结果表明测量得到的主反射镜的发射率基本反映了热平衡试验的主镜表面状态,证明本文的方法对主反射镜发射率的测量是适用有效的.     

红外热像仪精确测温技术

为实现红外热像仪对温度的精确测量,根据热辐射理论和红外热像仪的测温原理,推导了计算被测物体表面真实温度的通用计算公式;讨论了发射率对测温精度的影响,分析了用红外热像仪进行精确测温的条件,探讨了环境、大气和热像仪本身对测量精度的影响,并绘制了各种因素对测温精度影响的理论曲线。结果表明:发射率为0.7时,真实温度为50℃,发射率偏离0.1时,对于3~5 μm热像仪来说,测温结果偏离真实温度0.76~0.89 ℃; 对于8~14 μm热像仪来说,测温结果偏离真实温度1.56~1.87℃。本研究结果对提高热像仪测量温度和表面发射率的准确性,减小不必要的测量误差具有实际意义。     

Thermal shock/fatigue evaluation of FGM by AE technique

This study has been carried out to analyze the thermal shock and fatigue characteristics of functionally gradient material (FGM). The thermal shock/fatigue tests were conducted at a specific temperature and fracture patterns were studied by SEM and AE. Also, thermal fracture behavior of plasma-sprayed FGM and conventional coating material (NFGM) was examined by acoustic emission technique under heating and cooling. Furnace cooling and air cooling tests were used to examine the effect of temperature change under various conditions. The conventional and FGM coatings were compared to heat-resistant property and fracture surface of these materials for each temperature history. Based on these results, some critical temperature at the onset of coating failure can be evaluated to characterize the thermal resistance of the materials. It turned out to be that FGM gives higher thermal property compared with NFGM by AE signal and fracture surface analysis.     

低温状态下的材料法向发射率测量

研究了在-60~50℃条件下准确测量材料法向发射率的方法。基于发射率定义建立了材料法向发射率测量模型。为屏蔽环境杂散辐射与大气吸收的影响,利用真空液氮背景通道搭建了低温状态下材料发射率测量装置。测量了氧化铜与高发射率陶瓷两种样品的法向发射率随温度、波长的变化情况。结果表明:两种样品的法向光谱发射率均随波长增加而降低;随温度的升高,氧化铜样品法向积分发射率稳定为0.850±0.012,陶瓷样品的法向积分发射率降低了0.124。最后,实现了低温状态下红外光谱辐射的高精度采集,对低温状态下材料法向光谱发射率测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,得到的结果显示其相对扩展不确定度小于6.0%。     

A full Stokes vector ellipsometry measurement system for in situ diagnostics in dynamic experiments

A fast ellipsometry system with a resolution of only a few nanoseconds that can simultaneously measure all four Stokes parameters was developed for use in dynamic experiments. Due to its fine temporal resolution, the system is useful for a wide variety of dynamic setups, two of which are presented, fast foil heating and shock compression. As a test case the optical properties of nickel were measured in a fast foil heating setup. The complex index of refraction and emissivity at 532 nm and in the range of 1000-1900 K are presented. It was found that the emissivity monotonously increases below and above the melting point while an abrupt increase of about 2% was observed at the phase transition. These results are in accordance with the literature. Shock compression experiments included sample-free surface measurements. Samples of 1020 steel were shocked up to 25 GPa on the Hugoniot curve. The measured optical properties under these conditions showed a significant change; the value of the emissivity was doubled.     

Irradiance-based emissivity correction in infrared thermography for electronic applications

This work analyzes, discusses, and proposes a solution to the problem of the emissivity correction present in infrared thermography when coatings with known emissivity cannot be deposited on the inspected surface. It is shown that the conventional technique based on two reference thermal images and the linearization of the blackbody radiation dependence on temperature is not a reliable and accurate solution when compared with the coating procedure. In this scenario, a new approach based on the direct processing of the output signal of the infrared camera (which is proportional to the detected irradiance) is proposed to obtain an accurate emissivity and surrounding reflections map, perfectly compensating the thermal maps. The results obtained have been validated using a module as a test vehicle containing two thermal test chips which incorporate embedded temperature sensors.     

发热物体表面发射率在线长时测量方法

为了解决发射率长时持续测量中的温度补偿问题,介绍了一种发热物体表面发射率的在线测量方法.其系统由半球反射罩、半球吸收罩、热电堆探测器和补偿用各测温元件等组成.文中详细分析了基于转换黑体法的发射率测量中的误差补偿问题,建立了合理可行的补偿模型,消除了反射罩、吸收罩和探测器冷端温度变化带来的影响,从而实现发射率的长时持续在线实时测量.通过对实验室标准样板进行对比实验,证实该方法切实可行,具有较好的应用前景.     

Emissivity estimation for high temperature radiation pyrometry on Ti–6Al–4V

The paper demonstrates a versatile procedure suitable for industrial implementation of temperature measurement on a hot titanium alloy. The driving force has been the need for an accurate temperature measurement during additive manufacturing using laser welding technology where Ti–6Al–4V-wire is melted. The challenges consider both industrial constraints and the varying emissivity of the surface. Measurements makes use of a narrow bandwidth spot radiation pyrometer and a calibration procedure for estimation of the surface temperature through spectral emissivity estimation. The theoretical results are validated through experiments. A number of difficulties in radiation temperature measurements for metals with varying surface properties are discussed; especially the case of surface oxidation. The uncertainty in temperature reading due to the uncertainty in the emissivity estimate is established along with a model that qualitatively describes surface oxidation. The procedure is expected to be useful for several manufacturing applications where it is important to control high temperatures.     

端面滑动摩擦副接触界面波段发射率研究

为研究滑动摩擦过程中接触界面波段发射率的变化规律,设计并开展了一系列实验。以端面滑动摩擦副的接触界面为研究对象,在含二硫化钼的脂润滑条件下,开展定载荷、定转速实验,利用热像仪和自制装置测量了不同摩擦时间后的波段发射率,并根据发射率变化规律对红外测温仪测得的接触界面辐射亮温进行了修正。结果表明：测量装置能够较准确地实现摩擦接触界面波段发射率的测量;含有润滑脂和磨屑的接触界面发射率总体上在一定范围内波动,在摩擦过程中,具有先下降后上升的趋势;在稳定摩擦阶段,对辐射亮温的修正精度较高。     

碲镉汞光导探测器在中红外激光测量中的热问题

为了准确测量中红外高能激光系统的远场功率密度时空分布等参数,分析了室温光导型碲镉汞(HgCdTe)探测器在环境温度变化和光热效应情况下存在的探测器光敏元温升等热问题,并分别给出了应对措施。从HgCdTe的电学参数经验公式和光导型探测器工作原理出发,分析了暗电阻和响应率与光敏元工作温度的相关性。建立了计入接触热阻和自然对流效应的光导型HgCdTe探测器热分析模型,并对模型进行了实验验证。分析了光敏元与环境温度间的热平衡时间特性,提出了连续激光测量中的环境温度校正模型。讨论了激光辐照下探测器的动态响应特性,给出了激光加热探测器光敏元导致的附加光热信号的修正方法,该方法在典型应用条件下可将测量系统的单通道测量不确定度降低2%以上。目前,所述方法均已成功应用于多套远场激光光斑定量测量系统。     

Application of multispectral radiation thermometry in temperature measurement of thermal barrier coated surfaces

Ceramics coatings are materials widely used in gas turbines to provide thermal shielding of superalloy materials against excessive turbine temperatures. However, measurement of their surface temperatures using conventional radiation thermometers, more so in the presence of high ambient radiation and low emissivity is quite challenging. A multispectral method employing curve fitting technique to measure the temperature of such targets in the range of 800–1200 K and ambient temperature of 1273 K is implemented in this paper through simulation. Several simulated experiments were carried out to identify emissivity models best suited for multispectral radiation thermometry applicable to ceramic coatings. The best emissivity model applicable to yttria-stabilized zirconia of coating thickness of 330 μm in the wavelength range of 3.5–3.9 μm was found to predict temperature with an error of less than 1.5% in the presence and absence of background noise.     

A setup for studying thermal characteristics of metals at high temperatures

A setup for studying the radiation characteristics of metals based on calorimetry of metals exposed to electron heating under high-vacuum conditions has been developed. A new design of the cathode-anode unit ensures a uniform distribution of the electron flow over the sample surface. The created decelerating field prevents secondary electrons from leaving the cathode-anode unit. The serviceability of the setup was tested via measurements of the integral hemispherical emissivity of extremely pure titanium (>99.91 mass %). The emissivity changes in the temperature range 1155–1165 K, associated with the restructuring of the crystal lattice from a close-packed hexagonal structure into a body-centered cubic structure, has been revealed.     

Methodology for spectral emissivity measurement by means of single color pyrometer

The application of non-intrusive optical devices, such as infrared pyrometers able to measure the temperature of surfaces, makes possible the evaluation of emissivity curve of the tested materials at different temperature values. In this paper the authors propose a methodology for the spectral emissivity measurement by means of a single color pyrometer providing a semi-empirical formula, obtained experimentally at CIRA’s laboratory. The semi-empirical formula allows to know the actual emissivity value of the sample’s surface for whatever emissivity value set up on the pyrometer. The agreement between the experimental emissivity and the emissivity predicted by semi-empirical formula was verified.     

柱形锻件热处理过程中传热模拟分析

以YB-65柱形锻件为研究对象,试验测量其三种不同组织（珠光体、贝氏体、马氏体）的热物性参数,并用JMatPro热力学软件对其进行计算。采用敷偶法研究实际热处理过程中锻件内部温度场的变化,运用商用非线性有限元软件对不同热物性参数条件下锻件不透烧加热、淬火及回火过程中的温度场进行模拟。通过实测和模拟,建立起反映这一热处理过程的传热模型,确定该模型的物性参数、燃气炉加热的表面有效黑度,淬火换热系数等重要参数,模拟结果较好地反应了实际传热过程。     

基于PLC热工量综合测控系统设计与实现

介绍了实验水箱热工量综合测控系统,涉及液位、温度的测量,并能够对水箱液位和加热温度进行准确控制.系统采用PLC作为主控系统,应用PID算法实现控制调节,通过模拟量的扩展模块EM235实现输入测量信号的模-数转换及输出控制信号的数-模转换.通过组态软件完成上位机的测控界面设计,实现上下位机之间的通信,参数的输入输出传送、显示及控制曲线的实时监视.     

Thermography in incremental forming processes at elevated temperatures

Temperature measurement is essential for several forming processes at elevated temperatures. It serves to determine and control the workpiece temperature. Thermography as a non-contact-based technology offers the possibility to capture thermograms of complete workpieces without any time-offset. However, the application of thermography requires the knowledge of the fundamentals of radiation thermometry, in particular the emissivity. This paper presents the results of the application of thermography in incremental sheet forming (ISF) with Joule heating and radial–axial ring rolling as a bulk forming process. Using thermography for the determination of the temperature of the forming zone allows for a real-time closed loop control in ISF with Joule heating. Additionally, the results of the temperature measurement of the surface temperature of radial–axial rolled rings are presented, which can be used as a starting point to make a forecast of the rings’ dimensions in cold state.