诊断X射线能谱影响因素的模拟与分析

诊断X射线的能谱分布受到一系列因素的影响。为了进一步了解影响诊断X射线能谱的因素,从而为评估光机自身特性导致诊断结果的差异提供技术基础,通过仿真模拟的方法建立了诊断X射线光机的物理模型。模拟计算和比较了诊断X射线光机在不同管电压、发射角、过滤材料、纹波等条件下的出射能谱。研究结果表明,管电压、发射角、过滤材料(包括厚度)以及管电压纹波都会影响射线能谱分布和平均能量。诊断X射线光机的上述关键参数可能会直接影响诊断结果的可靠性,在光机运行过程中,参数的选择和质量控制方面需要予以重视。     

钨靶光管钼过滤X射线空气比释动能的量值复现北大核心CSCD

基于低能钨靶X射线光机,配置钼过滤材料参考建立了管电压为23kV、25kV、28kV、30kV、35kV的辐射质,其附加过滤均为0.06mm的钼片。测量了5个辐射质的半值层,结果显示,半值层值在0.346mmAl到0.405mmAl之间。有效能量在15.4~16.4keV之间,明显高于相同管电压激发钼靶光管产生的X射线辐射质。对乳腺X射线自由空气电离室进行了各个修正因子的测量,完成了空气比释动能的测量工作。     

225 kV X光机管电压、管电流及固有过滤的研究北大核心CSCD

X光机的管电压、管电流及固有过滤是X射线光机质量控制的重要参数。X光机管电压、管电流以及固有过滤的测量,对于X光机的性能评价和参考辐射质的建立是非常必要的。以一台管电压上限为225kV的X光机为例,用能谱终点法测量对X光机的管电压进行测量,得出X光机能在±0.2%的范围内显示管电压值;用指型电离室PTW30013测量了高能X光机管电流的线性,测量得到的X光机的的管电流性能良好;用半值层法测量X光机的固有过滤,固有过滤为0.058mmAl.     

低本底环境低能X射线参考辐射场的研究

在平均γ射线剂量率为9.9 nSv/h的环境下进行10 ～50 keV低能X射线参考辐射场研究.利用电离室RC6M测量辐射野的均匀性,使用9种材料的K荧光刻度碲化镉探测器,测量了微型X光机能谱,并计算了空气比释动能率.结果显示:在距X射线出口55 cm处水平方向均匀性好于95％辐射野尺寸约为14 cm,竖直方向辐射野尺寸为16 cm,按窄谱系列附加过滤后能谱与ISO4037中标准模拟谱基本吻合.     

30~160keV单能X射线装置的单色性实验研究

单能X射线光源是由X射线光机、双晶单色器、标准探测器以及准直系统组成。X射线光机产生的连续X射线,通过与双晶单色器发生布拉格衍射完成单色化,调节不同的特定布拉格角度得到能量范围30~160keV的单能X射线。为了研究标定装置的能量展宽,需要对该装置产生的单能X射线的能量分辨率进行研究。结果表明Si(220)晶体产生的单能X射线的能量分辨率为0.91%@30keV和2.3%@70.6keV,Si(551)晶体为1.97%@80.1keV和3.45%@142.6keV。使用这套装置对溴化镧晶体探测器的能量响应进行校准验证,实验发现该装置的能量分辨率良好,可以应用在多种类型探测器的标定实验、X射线质量衰减系数测量以及多层膜反射率测量等领域。     

工业X射线光机管电压测量的研究

用非介入管电压测量仪测量了工业X射线光机标称管电压在70～120 kV的管电压,并与介入式测量方法的测量结果傲了比较;在用非介入式测量管电压时比较了不同附加过滤对测量结果的影响.结果显示,附加过滤的厚度会影响非介入式管电压测量结果的准确性,在实验条件下最大的标准偏差能达到2.5％,根据附加过滤对非介入式测量结果进行修正后最大偏差为0.4％.     

热释光剂量计测量X射线半值层法初步探讨

随着国内X光机数量的迅速增多,简易有效的X光机半值层(HVL)质量检测方法也越来越重要.使用Penelope 软件模拟 N80(65 keV)、N100(83 keV)、N150(118 keV)、N200(164 keV)重过滤窄谱辐照场中氟化锂热释光(LiF(Mg,Cu,P))剂量计在不同铜过滤片厚度下的能量沉积,...     

EGSnrc程序模拟低能X射线光管参数对射线能谱的影响

研究了低能X射线光管出射的初始能谱形状.在理论分析的基础上,采用蒙特卡罗程序EGSnrc模拟了低能X射线光管中的焦点大小,阳极靶的材料、厚度、角度、面积,这五个参数分别对低能X射线能谱的影响.结果表明:焦点对能谱的影响随着入射粒子能量的增加稳定在1％以内;靶材料的原子序数越高,谱线的强度越大;随着阳极靶角的增大,谱线的...     

6～70keV同步辐射X射线能量标定

为建立高注量率同步辐射X射线计量领域相关的国家标准,对同步辐射X射线能量标定方法进行研究。在北京同步辐射装置上选择6、10和20keV三个能量点进行实验,得到的传递探测器校准因子与辐射能量的关系曲线近似直线,变化趋势呈线性递减;在20keV能量点,不同直径光阑条件下进行的标定实验验证了传递探测器的校准因子与光源照射到基准电离室与传递探测器的光子通量有关。在上海光源上进行10～70keV能量标定实验,得到传递探测器的校准因子拟合曲线;10～20keV能量段的变化趋势与在北京同步辐射装置得到的校准因子变化趋势一致,30～70keV能量段的校准因子随着能量的增加而平稳缓慢增大。对各个能量点标定产生的A类不确定度进行评定,为后续建立国家计量标准同步辐射X射线空气比释动能量值传递体系提供了技术数据。     

介入法测量工业X射线光机管电压的研究

建立了基于分压箱介入法测量工业X射线光机管电压的方法,测量了工业X射线光机MG165的管电压。结果显示管电压纹波小于4%,其中35 kV以上,纹波小于1%;7.5～150 kV范围内平均管电压与标称值偏差小于1.8%,多次测量管电压重复性好于0.01%,测试重新出束和开机条件下的管电压重复性,结果好于0.02%,达到了低能X射线空气比释动能国家基准量值复现、量值传递和国际比对的要求。     

X射线半值层测量方法研究

根据ISO 4037建立了窄谱系列规范辐射质,研究了射束宽窄与探测距离对X射线半值层测量的影响.结果显示:当X射线能量较高时,在半值层的测量中,不可忽略散射的影响,需要在窄束下测量;在依据ISO 4037建立的窄谱X射线半值层的测量中,当管电压高于60 kV,对应的射束的能量高于45.8 keV时,需要在窄柬测量;适当的增加探测距离也可减少散射对半值层测量的影响.     

X reference radiation qualities produced with tube voltages above 300 kV for the calibration and testing of dosemeters

In the international standard ISO 4037-1, only X reference radiation qualities produced with tube voltages of up to 300 kV and with mean photon energies of lower than 250 keV are defined. Higher energy reference photon fields are given with a mean energy only from 662 keV (S-Cs) upwards. To close this energy gap, four new X radiation qualities, produced with tube voltages of 350 kV and 400 kV, were realised. The filtration of two of these qualities-called N-350 and N-400-was chosen in such a way that they agree with the specifications of the narrow-spectrum series (N-series) defined in ISO 4037-1. The other qualities which have been created-called H-350 and H-400-can be assigned to the high air-kerma rate series (H-series). The fluence spectra of these qualities were measured by using X-ray spectrometry. The values of 23 characteristic parameters were determined and compared with the ISO specifications for X-ray reference fields.     

Characterisation of micro-sized and nano-sized tungsten oxide-epoxy composites for radiation shielding of diagnostic X-rays

Characteristics of X-ray transmissions were investigated for epoxy composites filled with 2–10 vol% WO₃ loadings using synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at 10–40 keV. The results obtained were used to determine the equivalent X-ray energies for the operating X-ray tube voltages of mammography and radiology machines. The results confirmed the superior attenuation ability of nano-sized WO₃-epoxy composites in the energy range of 10–25 keV when compared to their micro-sized counterparts. However, at higher synchrotron radiation energies (i.e., 30–40 keV), the X-ray transmission characteristics were similar with no apparent size effect for both nano-sized and micro-sized WO₃-epoxy composites. The equivalent X-ray energies for the operating X-ray tube voltages of the mammography unit (25–49 kV) were in the range of 15–25 keV. Similarly, for a radiology unit operating at 40–60 kV, the equivalent energy range was 25–40 keV, and for operating voltages greater than 60 kV (i.e., 70–100 kV), the equivalent energy was in excess of 40 keV. The mechanical properties of epoxy composites increased initially with an increase in the filler loading but a further increase in the WO₃ loading resulted in deterioration of flexural strength, modulus and hardness.     

X射线石墨空腔电离室壁修正因子的蒙特卡罗模拟

在250～600 kV X射线宽谱系列辐射质下,运用EGSnrc蒙特卡罗程序模拟计算3种不同结构石墨空腔电离室的壁修正因子.根据辐射质和光机参数使用BEAMnrc程序包模拟8组规范下辐射质的X射线注量谱,将模拟得到的相空间文件作为X射线源,运用EGSnrcMP程序包中的cavity程序代码模拟计算得到石墨空腔电离室的壁修正因子.模拟结果表明:对于相同体积的球型电离室,收集极长的电离室其壁修正因子更大;对于收集极长度相同电离室,球柱球型电离室比球型电离室的壁修正因子数值大.并且当X射线能量增加时,电离室的壁修正因子都有减小的趋势.     

The performance of commercial photodiodes for dosimetry in mammography

This paper reports the results of an investigation carried out to determine the suitability of using a commercially available photodiode for dosimetry in mammography thereby providing a low cost dosemeter with a direct reading of the radiation dose. A mammographic X-ray generator (Siemens Mammomat 1000) with tube potential in the 23-30 kV range and a constant potential X-ray generator (Pantak) with a W/Mo anode/filter combination were used in this study. The results showed that the photodiode response is highly linear within mammographic dose ranges and that the energy dependence was <3% at tube potentials of 25-30 kV. Good agreement was observed between the incident air kerma measured with both the photodiode and the ionization chamber. These results show the viability of using the photodiode as a dosemeter system in mammography.     

The applicability of radiophotoluminescence dosemeter (RPLD) for measuring medical radiation (MR) doses

The applicability of radiophotoluminescence dosimetry was determined by assessing various radiophotoluminescence dosemeter (RPLD) properties for measuring medical radiation doses from radiation sources of a continuous spectrum. The RPLD was found to be accurate for measuring doses in diagnostics (50-125 keV) and radiation therapy (6, 10 and 18 MV photons, 6 and 15 MeV electrons). The RPLD shows excellent dose linearity (R(2) > 0.99), reproducibility and batch uniformity, and minimal fading and accurate accumulated dose measurement. The dosemeter material is independent of photon energy in the diagnostic range; however, the dosemeter requires additional calibration in the mammography energy range and also for accurate dose measurement with photon or electron energies in radiation therapy. RPLD measurements with a tin filter show considerable angular dependence at angles exceeding 50° between the photon beam and the normal to the long axis of the dosemeter. The RPLD measurement accuracy at high doses can be improved with optimised pre-heating schemes.     

纳秒级紫外/软X射线条纹相机

纳秒级紫外/软X射线条纹相机是一种利用高速扫描电路实现将纳秒级光信号转化为图像信 号的高速图像设备,它主要包括了条纹管、高速高压扫描单元、高压单元以及控制记录单元等部分。系统设计中采用近贴聚焦电子光学系统和雪崩管电路使得目前所能达到的指标为:能谱响应范围紫外～1keV,空间分辨力静态15Lp/mm,动态5Lp/mm,时间分辨力为500ps。